Industrial and Environmental Safety

THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS NON-FERROUS METALS 2010, SEPTEMBER 24, 2010, KRASNOYARSK, RUSSIA
PART VIII
INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
The Second International Congress Non-Ferrous Metals 2010, September 24, Krasnoyarsk, Russia Contents
PART VIII. INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

On The Issue of Fluorination of The Natural Waters in The Baikal Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 N.I. Yanchenko, A.N. Baranov, V.L. Makukhin Hydrometallurgical Processing of Gas Purification Waste Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 of Copper-Nickel Production A.G. Kasikov, N.S. Areshina, I.E. Malts Application of Filtering Materialsfor Purification of Gases and Filtration of Solutions . . . . . . . . . 462 L.A. Filyanova, N.M. Sukhova Basic Directions of Air Medium Protection at Lead and Zinc Productions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 M.F. Bogatyryov, A.M. Bogatyryov Automation of Border MaSsif Stress State Estimate Process at Openpit Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 in Autocad Medium.Limit Equilibrium Problem Solving in A Plane Position N.I. Sartakov, V.. Bushkov, .N. Gurin, V.V. Nazima, I.L. Kharkhordin Influence of Water Vapours On Emissions of The Metallurgical Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 and Thermal Power Stations V.V. Mechev, O.A. Vlasov, P.V. Mechev
The Second International Congress Non-Ferrous Metals 2010, Krasnoyarsk, Russia Part VIII Industrial and Environmental Safety
ON THE ISSUE OF FLUORINATION OF THE NATURAL WATERS IN THE BAIKAL REGION

N.I. Yanchenko1, A.N. Baranov1, V.L. Makukhin 2
1
Irkutsk State Technological University, Irkutsk, Russia 2 Limnological Institute of SO RAS, Irkutsk, Russia
In Angara river area Irkutsk and Bratsk aluminum smelters are located. During 46 years of their work they used more than 1 000 000 tons fluorides in terms of fluorine. We assume that all the fluorine moves to Angara; it can result in some increasing of the existing low (relative to the norms for the drinking water) concentration in the natural waters. For the estimation of local contamination of the natural waters by fluorine mathematical model was suggested; as opposed to AUND-86 (All-USSR normative document. Polyakov V. D.), it takes into account transformation and relief of surroundings and estimates more objective the areas of local contamination by fluorine. In Shelekhov City Irkutsk aluminum smelter, built in 1962, is located. It has a current productivity 375 000 tons of Al per year. In 1966 Bratsk aluminum smelter with the design productivity 840000860000 tons was built; currently its productivity is around 1 million tons of Al per year. It is known that during electrolytic aluminum production from alumina containing cryolite melts aluminum fluoride consumption is approximately 40 kg of AlF3 per ton of Al. Therefore, by the productivity 1.3 million tons of aluminum per year in the Baikal area (catchment basin of Angara river) annually 35 000 tons of fluorides in terms of fluorine are spent. Conducted approximately calculations have shown that from the startup of aluminum smelters in the Baikal area together with raw materials more than 1 million tons of fluorine in fluorides are thrown out. Let us admit that from the Baikal Lake approximately 60 km 3 with the fluorine content 0.2 mg/dm 3 flow out (Angara flows out of the Baikal Lake). If 35 000 tons of fluorine enter this water probably fluorine concentration in the water will be increased by 0.58 mg/dm 3 and summary fluorine concentration will be 0.78 mg/dm 3, what doesnt exceed the prescribed norms for drinking water. This approximately made calculation is made on the suggestion that all the fluorine with thaw waters and atmospheric precipitations enters natural waters and Angara, e. g. distributed into the Baikal area waters. However, in reality the danger of local contamination of the water sources by fluorine exists, and therefore it is important to consider the fluorine distribution in the atmosphere, because hydrogen fluoride from the atmosphere is absorbed by the natural water surfaces and enters with atmospheric precipitations. Fluorine is an active chemical element, it doesnt occur naturally in its pure form, communicates even with inert gases; it interacts practically with all chemical elements and it leads to an abundance of its compounds. Fluorine enters the human organism in the composition of fluorine containing compounds only in regions with high natural and anthropogenic contamination, in other cases fluorine source is drinking water [1], nutritives. As shown in work [1], available data about fluorides in literature are connected with fluorosis (fluorine excess) or with caries (fluorine lack). Fluorine ions entry into plants, animals and people depend on its containing in the air, water and soils. All natural waters contain fluorine ion [2], although its concentrations are quite variable. It depends on fluoric minerals content in water-holding rocks, their porosity and physicochemical water properties. In the work of L.M Yanovski 781 sources of the Baikal region are explored and there is shown, that the population of taiga areas gets water of considerably less mineralization and fluorides levels than that of steppes and forest-steppes. Fluorine ion content in steppes opened waters is 0.8 0.112 mg/dm 3, in taiga regions 0.3 0.18 mg/dm 3 [2]. According to works [3, 4], fluorine ions content in Bratsk water storage is around 0.240.36 mg/dm 3, in Angara river 0.25 mg/dm 3, in the Baikal Lake it doesnt exceed 0.3 mg/dm 3. Fluorine is the only ion, for which the ranges of MPC (maximum permissible concentrations. Polyakov V. D.) in drinking water (0.71.5 mg/dm 3) are determined. Drinking water in Irkutsk City contains around 0.2 mg/dm 3. Thus, some part of the Baikal region population lacks of fluorine entry with drinking water. Thereby, it is of interest to consider fluorine anthropogenic entry with fluorine containing emissions of Baikal region smelters.
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Currently all conservancies, industrial enterprises and project/planning/design organizations appraise theoretical estimate of atmosphere contamination at state standard specification technology (based on AUND-86) [6]. After they played a positive role at first parts of potential estimate of environment contamination, they grew old from the viewpoint of today, because they have some fundamental defects, which permit to accept received data sooner as qualitative, than as quantitative ones [7]. This can be referred to defects: estimation symmetry at sectors with selected step (it becomes apparent by contamination estimation from single source); neglect of land climatic peculiarities and changing wind velocity vector, underlying surface characteristics; atmosphere stratification regard inconsistency (the temperature stratification coefficient is taken as one for too wide territories). Naturally, model must be useful for user (state standard specification technology correspond to these requests), but the main thing is that the model must reflect explored phenomena correctly. In the work [8] result of HF emission with regard of summation effect by AUND-86 technology is shown, by predictable HF emission capacity in the case of the first part of Bratsk smelter modernization (fig. 1).
Fig. 1. HF emission capacity 1007.9 tons. HF distribution in atmosphere. Meaning in MPC [8] For fluorides emission distribution modeling we have used numerical impurities distribution and transformation model. An area of square 6040 km 2 and of height 2400 m above the surface of Bratsk water storage. The calculation was done by following meanings of parameters. Steps in time and distance were equal 5 min and 2 km correspondingly; a vertical step was specified in the following way: till the height of 400 m it was 50 m, till that of 600 m 100 m, than 300, 500 and 1000 m. Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride emissions intensity is 1542 tons/year. Block of chemical reactions, which were taken into account for numerical experiments, is shown in [9]. The data about wind direction and velocity were taken from the work [10]. According to the Bratsk regional hydrometeorological observatory data, during winter months western winds are dominating, calm is often to be observed, as a rule, wind velocity is not higher than 5 m/sec., which is connected with anticyclonical weather character. In spring the southern and south-western winds reiteration grows, by remaining of western wind domination. In summer, by dominating western wind, the reiteration of all other winds is almost even, except on eastern wind, which is seldom noticed; wind velocity at all directions is small (15 m/sec.). In autumn western winds reiteration grows again in comparison ddth summer period [10]. With help of the numerical model, that is described above, the calculation was made in the chosen investigations area by different wind directions and velocities. In figure 2 distributions
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of calculated anhydrous hydrogen fluoride surface concentrations in parts of MPC by in the Bratsk area often reiterating south-western wind, which is conducive to the impurity transfer citywards. Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride MPC is 0.005 mg/m 3.
Fig. 2. Isolines of calculated HF surface concentrations in the Bratsk smelter area, measured by mkg/m 3, by western wind of 2 m/sec. Source intensity is 1542 tons/year Aluminum smelters emissions contain solid and fluid fluorides, which distribute in environmental objects, including rain and snow precipitations, enter superficial and underground waters etc. According to our 20082009 data, The content of water-soluble fluorine in rain precipitations in Padun of Bratsk City is 0.151.0 mg/dm 3, in snow ones 0.30.6 mg/dm 3. By the snow-chemical survey in march of 2010, within a radius of 40 km in east-north-eastern direction from Bratsk smelter, it is established/ascertained, that the water-soluble fluorine content in snow water filtrate, is in range from 0.1 mg/dm 3 to 7.0 mg/dm 3 and this fluorine will partly enter underground waters with thaw ones. Thereby, Fluorine distribution according to the model AUND-86 happens in all directions almost even, as getting further from smelters, without taking some regional features into account. The model proposed by us, which takes account of impurities transformation and relief, shows that fluorine distribution is uneven and there is danger of local fluorine contamination. Thus, fluorine compounds, contained in smelters emissions, distribute in rain precipitations and snow cover, raise fluorine content in drinking water and probably improve the drinking water quality by fluorine in some areas. Practical recommendations to the smelters environmental services result from it, to tend to such distribution of fluorine compounds in environment, which could not call its extreme storage in some local areas. The work is fulfilled by financial maintenance of the project 2.1.1./6448 of the Analytic departmental task program Development of higher school scientific potential (20092010). REFERENCES 1. Mobile forms of fluorine in ecosystems and endemic diseases/Dmytrenko G. E., Zhovinsky E.//The 31st International Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Aug. 617, 2000. Rio de Janeiro: Geol. Surv. Braz., 2000. P. 6014.
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2. Yanovskii L. M. Biogeochemical backgrounds for fluorine intoxication manifestation of the Baikal region population//Microelements in medicine. 2001. 2 (1). P. 4248. (Rus.) 3. Grebenschikova V. I., Lustenberg E. E., Kitaev N. A., Lomonosov I. S. Geochemistry of Baikal region environment (Baikal geoecological region). Novosibirsk: Geo Publishing company, 2008, 234 p. (Rus.) 4. Hydrometeorological conditions of the USSR lakes and water storages. Bratsk water storage/ed. by F. I. Belyh, V. A. Znamenskii. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1978, 166 p. (Rus.) 5. GN 2.1.5.228007 Maximum permissible concentrations of chemical substances in water of water bodies for household and community water use. (Rus.) 6. Design procedure for concentration of harmful substances, contained in plants emissions, in the atmospheric air: All-USSR normative document (AUND-86)/research manager. M. E. Berlyand. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1987. 93 p. (Rus.) 7. Arguchinceva A. V., Stashok O. V. City atmosphere antropogenic pollution assessment (by example of Bratsk City)//Izvestia IGU (Irkutsk State University proceedings. Polyakov V. D.). Series Sciences about the Earth. 2009. 1, 1. P. 2534. (Rus.) 8. The report Environmental assessment of technical development strategy of RUSAL Bratsk Public Corporation. Report supervisors: A. V. Timoshkin, V. S. Burkat. Organization: RUSAL VAMI Public Corporation, Saint-Petersburg, 2007. (Rus.) 9. Kerr J. A. Expert assessments of kinetic data for using them in atmospherical modeling investigations//Chemistry successes. 1990. 59, Issue 10. P. 16271653. (Rus.) 10. Bratsk City climate/edited by C. A. Shver, V. N. Babichenko. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985. 168 p. (Rus.)
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HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSING OF GAS PURIFICATION WASTE PRODUCTS OF COPPER-NICKEL PRODUCTION

A.G. Kasikov1, N.S. Areshina1, I.E. Malts2
1
I.V. Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials KSC RAS, Apatity, Russia 2 KOLA MMC JSC, Monchegorsk, Russia
In collecting and purifying of dust and gas in copper-nickel technology, the Severonikel Combine (Kola MMC) is faced with the problem of accumulating middlings and wastes which, if inadequately processed, damage the environment, represent a loss of valuable components, and may handicap the basic operations. The waste of pyrometallurgical processing of copper minerals here consist of various coppercontaining dusts, returned to the head of the process for recovery. In the case of highly dispersed dust, trapped by electric filters, this arrangement can hardly be considered advantageous due to the loss of valuable components and atmospheric contamination with heavy metals. The same occurs when heavily acidic flue pulps and excess scrubbing sulphuric acid from water washing are conveyed to dumps for neutralization. Besides the sulphate ion, they contain osmium, rhenium, and selenium hazardous for the environment. The latter also concentrates in slimes of the sulphuric acid shop, but primary selenium concentrate is hard to dispose of due to instable chemical composition and trace noble metals in the slime. So, by improving the existing processes for the middlings and gas-cleaning wastes and developing some new ones the benefit of the enterprise may be twofold. Our experiments were based on copper process dusts, scrubbing sulphuric acid solutions, strong-acid flue-duct condensates from Severonikel Combine, and selenium slimes of the gasdust cleaning system of Severonikel and Pechenganikel Combines (Kola MMC). The material composition is presented in tables 13. The main regularities of leaching, sorbing, extracting and precipitating processes were investigated on model solutions of a certain composition. The element contents in solutions and solid-phase middlings were determined by using atom-emission, atom-absorption, and mass-spectrometry analyses. The phase composition was determined by X-ray phase and mineralogical analyses. ble 1 Element contents in reverberatory process (RP) and copper stein converter (CSC) dusts of Severonikel Combine
Dust CSC RP Element contents, mass % Cutotal Cu (w. s.) Ni Fe Zn Pb Ag 21.131.7 18.624.6 0.400.70 1.54.5 0.330.50 0.410.58 0.0090.012 44.052.0 11.021.4 2.83.0 3.04.0 0.010.02 0.030.09 0.0130.017
ble 2 Element contents in selenium slimes of the gas-dust scrubbing system at Severonikel (SN) and Pechenganikel (PN) Combines
Slime SN PN Se 46.0 12.5 Cu 0.90 0.90 Element contents, mass % Ni Fe Pb 16.0 1.00 0.17 8.5 3.75 25.6 e 0.38 1.25 Ag 0.22 0.65
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ble 3 Averaged chemical composition of scrubbing acid solutions (SA) and liquid phase of the flue-duct condensate pulp (CP)
Solution Copper process SA Nickel process SA Mixed SA P of smoke exhauster P of flue P of gas-mixing chamber H2SO4 296 406 420 1590 1313 1026 Cu 14.8 1.1 6.8 3.2 0.48 0.65 Ni 6.0 1.7 12.0 0.28 1.92 2.7 Contents, g/l Fe Se 3.1 4.1 103 0.6 15.1 103 4.0 5.6 103 0.44 4.6 103 0.36 24.0 103 1.0 33.0103 Cl 15.1 0.9 1.0 Un/in 0.01 0.3
Hydrometallurgical processing of fine dusts from the copper process Nowadays, several works have been reported on hydrometallurgical processing of dusts [14]. However, they cannot be expected to fit all technologies due to variability of both phase and chemical compositions of copper-containing materials. Tests have shown that converter dusts contain substantial amounts of water-soluble copper, nickel and iron sulphates. The PR dusts differ from the former by higher copper contents, with the water-soluble part (w. s.) not exceeding 2040 %. Although the presence of impurities rules out cost-effective manufacturing of individual target products, the content of elements likely to affect the process is fairly low (Se<0.09 mass %, As<0.06 mass. %). This opens the possibility to obtain copper products in the cathode copper process. Considering the phase composition of copper stein converter dusts, copper was passed to solution through aqueous leaching under mechanical hashing in an assigned temperature regime and a liquid: solid phase ratio of S:L=1:(34), which was selected specially to preclude the emergence of copper sulphate crystals at leaching and filtrating stages. This allowed an in-depth extraction of copper to solution, the yield of insoluble residue (depending on the dust type) being 1.4 to 2.1 % (table 4). ble 4 Water leaching of converter dusts (t=70 oC, =1 hour, S:L=1:3)
Dust Antechamber I stage II stage III stage IV stage S:L 1:4 1:3 1:3 1:3 1:3 Contents in filtrate, g/l u Ni Fe 79.09 1.67 3.68 86.91 1.97 6.92 83.92 1.68 8.97 72.59 1.32 14.93 70.26 1.31 13.97 Extraction to solution, % u Ni Fe 99.8 95.2 98.2 99.9 98.6 98.9 99.9 96.7 99.7 99.9 99.0 99.5 99.9 98.4 99.8 Yield of residue, % 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.9
Apart from the elements shown in table 4, the solutions after leaching contained, g/l: Zn 0.0090.015; As 0.0150.026; Pb 0.0050.008; Ag 0.0030.005; Se 0.00250.0028; and also 3050 g/l H2SO4. So, the contents of nickel and micro impurities are high enough to undertake electric extraction. However, since considerable iron contents (up to 15 g/l) undesirably affect the engineering and economical performance, it was proposed to separate most of the copper from iron in the form of copper vitriol subsequently to be dissolved in sulphuric acid solution. It has been found that evaporation should be carried out up to the solution density of not more than 1.32 g/cm 3 (=905 oC). Then it was cooled to 1012 oC, which resulted in a fairly pure salt containing 23.024.5 % copper at a yield of 0.260.30 kg/l solution. In the course of large-scale laboratory testing, a mixture of converter dusts was processed to obtain a batch of copper vitriol containing, mass %: 24.3; Ni 0.005; Fe 0.56. Notwithstanding the great Fe content, the Cu: Fe ratio is sufficient to produce electrolyte for copper electroextraction with a high yield in current. As it has been shown, the technical copper vitriol obtained from dust makes an effective activator for sulphide copper-nickel ore flotation [5] and can substitute pure copper sulphate and acidic vitriol currently obtained from the copper process cutoff electrolytes [6].
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At operating plants, the mother liquor after copper vitriol separation can be conveyed to the second stage of copper electrolyte decuperization to produce regenerated copper, or further processed to recover copper by solvent extraction with an Acorga 5640 extractant [7]. By washing the RP dust mixture at 70 oC for 1 hour we extracted only 32 % copper, whereas with 100150 g/l H2SO4 solutions the result was 65 %. To rule out the crystals formation in solution, the S:L ratio for the reverberatory process was maintained at 1:5. As revealed by large-scale laboratory testing, notwithstanding the relatively low copper extraction (table 5), the resulting filtrate is rich enough to be processed by a pattern similar to that of dust processing. ble 5 RP dust leaching by sulphuric acid solution ( =1 hour, t=70 oC, S:L=1:5, H2SO4=100 g/l)
of exp. 1 2 3 Cu 64.0 65.0 64.0 Content in filtrate, g/l Ni Fe H2SO4 2.4 5.5 25.1 2.9 5.7 32.7 2.5 5.2 29.3 Extraction to solution, % Cu Ni Fe 48.2 32.3 60.8 48.9 25.0 62.0 48.2 17.5 55.9 Solid phase yield, % % 31.30 35.79 35.60
Under the evaporation-crystallization conditions, providing the optimum ratio between the salt quality and its yield, the copper content in the resulting salt was 19.124.0 mass % and yield up to 0.25 kg/l solution. Similar to the situation of dust processing, the Cu:Fe ratio in copper vitriol exceeded forty units, which made possible to apply electroextraction to the resulting electrolyte to produce high-quality copper. Mother liquors, purified from zinc, can be returned to the nickel process of Severonikel Combine. Relatively the starting product, the residue of converter dust leaching is enriched in lead (up to 33 %) and silver (up to 1 %), whereas the RP leaching dusts contain more than 60 % copper with much lower lead and zinc contents. In converter dusts, lead is present as PbSO4; copper predominantly in bornite and chalcosine. To separate silver from lead sulphate, flotation is recommended. Flotation was earlier tested on copper dust leaching residue of oxygen-torch melting [2]. The principal components of RP dust leaching residue are hardly decomposable copper sulphides which should be returned to pyrometallurgical smelting. Application of dusts hydrometallurgical processing allow to production of high quality metal additionally [8, 9]. Chemical concentration of selenium slime of the Severonikel and Pechenganikel Combines dust-gas cleaning. Investigating the possibility to produce pure selenium products As shown testing, both the element contents and phase composition of the dust-gas scrubbing slimes at Kola MMC enterprises may vary over a wide range (table 2). Therefore, depending on chemical composition, they can be purified from trace non-ferrous metals by leaching with a reagent in order to increase the selenium content in the product. We have studied the S:L ratio, time and temperature to determine the optimal leaching conditions (table 6). The crucial factor in reagent selection was found to be the percentage of water-soluble impurities and lead sulphide. Washing the Severonikel slimes with water and NaCl solution increased the selenium content 1.6 and 2 fold, respectively. ble 6 Preliminary concentration of selenium slimes (S:L=1:20, t=805 oC, =1 hour)
Product After treating with H2O After treating with H2SO4 After treating with NaCl After treating with H2O After treating with H2SO4 After treating with NaCl Se 72.0 73.0 71.0 12.5 14.0 25.0 Element contents, % Cu Ni Fe 0.60 15.0 0.40 0.55 14.0 0.50 0.58 15.0 0.45 0.78 7.7 3.40 0.45 6.8 2.20 0.95 14.7 5.8 Pb 0.23 0.25 <0.1 28.0 29.0 0.25
SN
PN
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Since the obtained concentrate is not a target product, we have examined the feasibility of employing solvent extraction to produce a pure selenium product. Decomposing the preliminarily concentrated selenium concentrates by H2SO4 and HCl solutions and acid mixtures with varied concentrations in the presence of an oxidizer (H2O2) at different S:L ratios has resulted in 99.0 % selenium. The most effective in this case was concentrated hydrochloric acid, whereas the mixtures containing tertiary amine and octanol-1 proved to be ineffective (table 7). ble 7 Leaching of selenium (S:L=1:20, t=805 oC, =3 hours) and extraction by a mixture containing 30 % , octanol-2 and a diluent (:W = 1:5, =15 min)
Reaction mixture Leaching Content in solution, Extraction to g/l solution, % 34.8 89.1 17.2 43.6 36.0 89.8 5.1 81.6 3.6 44.8 8.7 99.1 Solvent extraction Extraction in .ph., % 8.3 5.1 11.2 4.2 8.3 11.7
SN
PN
9HCl +3H2SO4 3HCl +6H2SO4 9HCl 9HCl +3H2SO4 3HCl +6H2SO4 9HCl
The discrepancy between estimated [10] and observed data can probably be explained by the simultaneous presence of Se (IV) and Se (VI), as well as by a high content of the element in the leaching solution doped with an oxidizer. Since lead was also extracted (up to 50 %), and some other impurities as well, this method had to be discarded. Currently, we are testing the sorption and precipitation methods on leached acidic solutions to obtain pure selenium products. omplex utilization of scrubbing acid solutions and flue-duct pulps Improving of the sorption process of scrubbing acid purification (Severonikel sulphuric acid shop) included studies of zinc and osmium sorption in porous and gel anionites produced by Purolite: A 100/2412, A 500/4994, A 501P, A 510, A 530, PFA 460/4783, PFA 600/4740. For this purpose, we examined the process kinetics under static conditions depending on temperature, Cl content, acidity and background salt composition. Satisfactory extraction (up to 99 % zinc) was achieved by using gel-like, highly basic PFA 460/4783 and PFA 600/4740 anionites at Cl in solutions of 1836 g/l and sulphuric acid concentration of up to 400 g/l. At higher nonferrous metal contents, the zinc sorption declined. At the same time, increasing sulphuric acid concentration in solutions free from Cl furthers zinc extraction, while in the presence of Cl , zinc is best extracted in a wide range of H2SO4 concentrations. Taking into account the fact that the starting materials here are impoverished solutions averaged in composition, the PFA 460/4783 and PFA 600/4740 anionites can be used commercially to eliminate zinc from off-grade sulphuric acid solutions of the copper-nickel process, provided they are preliminarily corrected for the Cl- ion content (table 8). ble 8 The results of large-scale laboratory testing of zinc sorption from sulphuric acid scrubbing solutions (SSA) (Severonikel Combine) with a corrected Cl content (S:L = 1:5, t = 251 oC, Cl = 36 g/l)
Zinc extraction, % PFA 600/4740 PFA 460/4783 1 hour 3 hour 5 hour 1 hour 3 hour 5 hour SSA of copper process (2SO4 = 406.0 g/l) 93.1 96.2 97.8 95.6 97.0 96.9 mixed SSA (2SO4 = 642.2 g/l) 86.7 92.8 96.2 91.9 94.7 96.2 Solution
It has also been established that PFA 460/4783 and PFA 600/4740 are able to extract up to 8090 % osmium from chloride solutions of scrubbing sulphuric acid in a wide concentration range, and from non-ferrous metal impurities. In eluates, no osmium was detected, which indicates that quality osmium concentrates can be obtained after prolonged periodic utilization
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of ion exchanger in the zinc-elimination process. Rhenium from sulphuric acid solutions can be selected by sorbing on carbon fibres [11]. To achieve a better recovery of scrubbing solutions and strong-acid flue-duct condensates, we have developed several flowcharts based on solvent extraction methods. The flowcharts can be adjusted to produce commercial-grade sulphuric acid, to concentrate and extract osmium and rhenium, and also to return the purified solutions to the mainstream cathode metals manufacturing technology [12, 13]. Further research has shown that the previous flowchart for solvent processing of SSA solutions, yielding commercial sulphuric acid, can be adjusted to jointly process both SSA and strongacid solutions [14]. Since it is important to avoid excess selenium contents in the mainstream process solutions, the task is to extract this harmful impurity from off-grade solutions and pulps. The extraction of selenium from joined scrubbing acid and condensate solutions was carried out in two stages. First, it was precipitated after mixing and correcting the H2SO4, concentration to enhance selenium extraction to the solid phase. This was followed by deep purification involving cementation on a copper-containing reagent (in this case cement copper from Severonikel Combine, or copper shavings). At the first stage, diluting up to H2SO4 100600 g/l yielded primary concentrates containing 4045 % Se element. Cementation at H2SO4=100600 g/l and 6070 o allowed to precipitate selenium to 30.232.0 % Se element in the form of copper selenide (I). The highest Cu2Se contents (up to 90 %) were found in the finest fractions, with residual selenium concentration in solution not exceeding 0.10.2 mg/l. Notice that cementation ensures the removal of 3090 % Cl ions as well, by precipitating them in the form of Cu (I) chloride. This is of special importance in the case of sulphuric acid extraction from the copper process scrubbing solutions, since elevated Cl- ion contents promote co-extraction of non-ferrous metals. Commercial experiments on cementation for scrubbing acid and flue-duct condensate purification using, for H2SO4 correction, the water condensates from other process stages, have confirmed the feasibility of purifying solutions from selenium (table 9) and producing primary selenium concentrates. ble 9 The results of commercial testing of the process of off-grade sulphuric acid solutions using cementation (t =5070 oC, = 13 hour)
Solution SA SA+smoke exhauster PC SA+ smoke exhauster PC Contents in mother solution, g/l H2SO4 Cl Se 181 0.66 2103 468 1.1 22103 342 1.0 3.7 Contents in filtrate, g/l Cl Se 0.2 0.1 103 0.09 0.33103 0.1 0.1 103
Studies of the Os and Re distribution during the scrubbing acid-condensate solvent extraction have revealed that unlike Re (VII), which mostly concentrates in the organic phase, following the earlier established common behavior of sulphuric acid solutions [15], osmium, present in solutions in the form of various complex compounds, gets disseminated over all the technological products. While initially the pulp liquid and solid phases contained 30 g/l Os, the osmium contents in the concentrate and filtrate after the first cleaning stage were 0.131.0 % and 13 mg/l, respectively. Unlike scrubbing sulphuric acid solutions in which, under varying Cl- ion concentrations, the extraction of chloride Os (IV) complexes may be as high as 60 %, the H2SO4 extraction-reextraction cycle can hardly be employed in osmium extraction from flue-duct condensates. The level of extraction from flue-duct condensates did not exceed 1012 % due to the fact that it is incorporated in inert Os (VI) sulphite complexes, i. e. the forms commonly occurring in a reducing medium at high H2SO4 and low Cl- ion contents. So, depending on situation, osmium should be selected by oxidizing to Os (VIII) to be subsequently extracted by one of the methods [13, 16]. However, taking into account the ratio of scrubbing acid and condensate volumes, and also the fact that the extragent for osmium and rhenium extraction is cut off after the summary metals content achieves 1.0 g/l, the pattern of H2SO4 regeneration seems best adapted to the existing processes, since it affords a simultaneous, cost-effective concentration of rare metals and recovery of waste products from the mainstream process.
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It should be noted that selenium-purified off-grade gas-cleaning solutions can be used as end products, substituting sulphuric acid, as a leaching reagent for leaching of reverberatory process dusts, as well as in copper electrorefining and electroextraction. These findings have made it possible to propose a series of effective approaches to the recovery of middlings and gas-cleaning wastes at Kola MMC JSC. By introducing these methods, the company can achieve a better extraction of metals from the copper-nickel ore process and diminish the load on the environment. The work was partly supported by the OKhIM-5 programme. REFERENCES 1. Karelov S.V., Mamyachenkov S.V., Naboichenko S.S. et al. Comprehensive processing of zinc- and lead-containing dusts of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. .: TsNIItsvetmet of economics and information, 1996. 41 p. 2. Bogacheva L.M., Ismatov Kh. R. Hydrometallurgical processing of copper-containing materials. Tashkent: FAN publ. of Uzbek SSR. 1989. 116 p. 3. Antipov N.I., Maslov V.I., Litvinov V.P. A hybrid pattern for the processing of fine converter dusts of the copper-smelter process//Tsvetnye Metally. 12. 1983. P. 1821. 4. Abisheva Z.S., Zagorodnyaya A.N., Sharipova A.S., Bukurov T.N. Hydrometallurgical processing of copper-process dusts//Tsvetnye Metally. 2004. 1. P. 3035. 5. Blatov I.A., Khomchenko O.A., Maksimov V.I., Kasikov A.G. producing a flotation activator from the copper-nickel process dusts of Severonikel Combine//Tsvetnyey Metally. 1997. 6. P. 1620 6. Kasikov A.G., Malts I.E. Copper extraction from electrolytes of Severonikel Combine using CuSO4 crystallization//Innovative Potential of Kola Science. Apatity: KSC RAS publ.,, 2005. P. 233237. 7. Kasikov A.G., Areshina N.S., Malts I.E. Hydrometallurgical processing of fine dusts of the copper-nickel process of Kola MMC JSC//Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya, 2, P. 110117. 8. RF patent 2346065//Kasikov A.G., Areshina N.S., Malts I.E. A method for copper production dust processing. Publ. 20.02.2009. 9. RF patent 2348714//Kasikov A.G., Areshina N.S., Bagrova E.G. A method for recovery of copper from sulphate- containing copper production dust. Publ. 10.03.2009. 10. I.I. Nazarenko, A.N. Ermakov. Analytical chemistry of selenium and tellurium. M., Nauka 1971251 P. 11. Vyatkina M.V., Ivanova M.A., Kasikov A.G., Elizarova I.R. Using carbon fibre for rhenium extraction from sulphuric acid solutions//Conference proceedings Theretical and Practical Issues of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies Apatity. 2009. P. 3741. 12. Kaskiov A.G., Areshina N.S., Kudryakov m. V., Khomchenko O.A. Achieving a comprehensive processing of scrubbing sulphuric acid from the copper-nickel process by using solvent extraction//Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya. 2004. 6. P. 2531. 13. RF patent 2291840//Kasikov A.G., Areshina N.S., Petrova A.M. A method for Os and Re extraction from scrubbing sulphuric acid solutions. Publ. 20.01.2007, BI 2. 14. Areshina N.S., Kasikov A.G., Malts I.E., Kuznetsov V.Ya. Recovering off-grade sulphuric acid solutions and gas-cleaning pulps of Severonikel Combine (Kola MMC JSC)//Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya. 82008 P. 3238. 15. Kasikov A.G., Petrova A.M. The effect of sulphuric acid concentration on rhenium (VII) extraction by tertiary amines//Tsvetnye Metally. 2008. 1 P. 6971. 16. Torgov V.G., Shulman R.S., Marochkina LYa. et al. Osmium tetroxide extraction by aliphatic, aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons//Abstract of a report for the XIII All-Union Chernyaevo conference on chemistry, analysis and technology of platinum metals. V. 1. Sverdlovsk. 1986. P. 28.
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APPLICATION OF FILTERING MATERIALS FOR PURIFICATION OF GASES AND FILTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

L.A. Filyanova, N.M. Sukhova State Affiliate The Eastern Mining and Metallurgical Research Institute for Non-ferrous Metals Republic State Affiliate National Enterprise of Complex Processing for Mineral and Raw Material of the Republic of Kazakhstan (SA VNIItsvetmet RSANE CPMRM RK), Ust-Kamenogorsk, Republic of Kazakhstan Various types of filtering materials are applied in metallurgical industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan for dust and gases collection as well as for purification of pulps and solutions from solid substances. Recently composition of the original raw materials at the non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises has changed, some equipment has been modified and replaced; these caused changes of physical properties of dust and solid substances in pulps and solutions. Very often new equipment is manufactured in far-abroad countries and equipped with foreign filtering materials; therefore when operating lifetime of the materials is over, non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of Kazakhstan are forced to acquire the materials abroad. It is necessary to point out that expenditures for buying of new filtering materials have always constituting a considerable part in total expenditures for equipment maintenance. Meanwhile, filtering materials manufactured in Kazakhstan and Russia earlier can not provide required rate of gases and solution purification, filtration velocity, operational lifetime, etc. Fabric industry enterprises of the CIS countries are interested in manufacture of new filtering materials which provide the required rates; but they are not able to carry out necessary researches on development and implementation of their materials by themselves. For some years the ASE VNIItsvetmet has been carried out works on study of various factors influencing degree of gas purification from dust as well as solutions and pulps from solids; these allowed gathering considerable experience in selection of the filtering materials. Physicaland-chemical parameters of filtrated mediums, mechanical features of the filtering units, chemical properties of the fabrics used for filtering material manufacture can be referred to these factors. All the factors predetermine character of the generating dust layer influencing efficiency of one or another filtering material. Recently in cooperation with textile enterprises of the CIS and Germany there have been carried out activities on improvement of the structure and selection of the improved filtering materials for purification of gases, solutions and pulps. The most important research in the field of liquid mediums filtration is selection of the fabrics produced in Russia, Kazakhstan, Germany for filter-presses (f/p) of Hoesch, Tefsa, Diefebach, Netzsch and Larox type manufactured in far abroad countries. As for all these devices liquid medium is supplied under pressure of 510 atm, they differ in constructional features. The tests were carried out in industrial conditions on real solutions and pulps of JSC Kazzinc and Balkhashtsvetmet. At that such parameters as filtered material quality (solid fractions content), sludge thickness, its moisture and removability for the fabric surface, filtering material operational lifetime, etc were under control. During the tests there were carried out chemical and phase analyses, and determined physical properties of sludge (specific and bulk weight, sludge distribution by fractions, average particles size as per Tovarov method). Moreover, physical-and-chemical properties prior to and after tests were determined for traditionally used and offered fabrics. As a result of the tests on fabric structure selection, the following polypropylene fabrics were recommended to be used at the filters if this type: art. 0498-VT (CJSC Voskresensk-Technotkan, Moscow region, Khorlovo village, Russia), art. TFP 92 and TFP 126 (TK Technotkan Ltd, Kustanay, Kazakhstan), art. RMM 3516 (MARKERT Grupp company, Germany). Nowadays there fabrics are successfully used at JSC Kazzinc (Ust-Kamenogorsk and Ridder metallurgical plants) and Balkhashtsvetmet (copper smelter and zinc plant) enterprises. Jointly with OEP Kometa (Vitebsk, Belorussia) the ASE VNIItsvetmet has selected parameters of foundation fabric made of lavsan fibers VF-18. Recently pilot and commercial tests of this material in disc vacuum filters have been carried out at Ridder metallurgical plant and Balkhash dressing factory. In comparison with traditionally used materials, there have been obtained higher
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parameters of sludge quality and operating lifetime of the fabrics. Table 1 presents physical-andmechanical features of the filtering materials selected for above-listed equipment; they have already been implemented and provide economic effect at the expense of reduction in expenditures for filtering materials acquisition. Recently all non-ferrous industry enterprises have been giving preference to hose filters with impulse regeneration of the hoses (filters FRIK, FRI, FRKI); needled framed felts are used as a filtering material. In cooperation with textile enterprises, the ASE VNIItsvetmet has selected physical-and-mechanical characteristics of needled framed felts made of polyether (lavsan) fibers of Ozon-K type (supplier CJSC Vkolbrok LTD, Moscow, Russia), and Filter 550 K (manufacturing supplier AS TOOM Tekstiil, Tallinn, Estonia) for purification of the gases with a temperature up to 140 o. Control over gases dustiness at outlet from these filters shows that for some gases it equals 110 mg/nm 3 that corresponds to or is below maximum admissible emission. But often the gases supplied to hose filters have the temperature of more than 140 o, increased moisture and contain aggressive components (sulphur anhydride, for example). Process gases from Waelz kilns RMK and UK MK, as well as rich gases of sintermachines at Kazzinc ltd refer to the gases of this type. Manufacture of the fabrics made of polyoxadiazole (arselone) fibers having operation temperature of up to 260 o but not standing against moist environment contenting sulphur anhydride) has been implemented in CIS countries. In this respect among filtering materials manufactured abroad, 2 types of needled framed felts were selected for purification of these gases: art. F-700 LFH (Andrew textile industries, England) art. PPS/PPS 554 CS18 (BWF Company, Germany); they are made of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and polyphenylsulphide felts respectively. Table 1 Physical-and-mechanical properties of the tested filtering materials
Parameter RMM 3516 1.Technical conditions Contractual parameters 275 0.43 Art. 0498 TU 8378 033052 501199 320 +- 20 0.90 Material, article TFP 92 TFP 126 VF-18
TU 39 10 RK TU RB 39589204 -012005 300478750.004 2004 280+-14 0.80 330 +- 17 0.77 328 +- 20 0.66
2.Mass of material, 1 m 2, g 3.Material thickness, mm 4. Breaking force of the material strip (50200 mm, ) along the length across the width 5.Elongation of material strip when breaking, % along the length across the width 6.Fibers quantity per 10 cm along the length across the width 7.Material air permeability upon =50 Pa, dm 3/m 2sec 8. Material manufacturer
3000 1500
4410 3230
3880 2450
450 270
1388 927
2530
50 40 186 +- 2 98 +- 4 2025
40 50 180 +- 4 90 +- 2 2030
35 25 190 +- 2 126 +- 2 4050
73 63 93103 OEP Kometa, Belorussia
MARKERT CJSC Grupp, VoskreGermany sensk-Technotkan, Russia
TK Technotkan ltd, Kazakhstan
9.Filter and its location
f/p Hoesch, f/p Tefsa and Diefebach, f/p Netzsch Disk filters, RMK Balkhashts- precious metals section and Larox, JSC Kazzinc vetmet of Balkhashtsvetmet , UK MK RMK and UK MK JSC JSC Kazzinc Kazzinc
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Both types of the filtering materials stand against operating temperature of 230250 o, and short-term temperatures of up to 250280 o. Physical-and-mechanical properties of the selected filtering materials for hose filters with impulse regeneration of hoses are presented in table 2. Table 2 Physical-and-mechanical properties of the needled framed felts
Parameter F-700 LFH 1. Technical conditions Material, article PPS/PPS Ozon K Filter 554 CS18 550 Contractual parameters TU 8397011 TU 100 94 195.1 515698422003 99 790 550 470 565 550 +- 28 0.9 1.70 2.2 +- 0.3 2.5 +- 0.3 1.7 +- 0.2
2. Mass of 1 m 2, g 3. Material thickness, 4. Breaking force of the material strip (50200 mm) along the length 765 890 1300 1400 1100 across the width 630 1245 1400 1500 1200 5. Elongation of material strip when breaking, % along the length 16 25 35 across the width 35 27 45 7. Material air permeability upon =50 Pa, dm 3/m 2sec 4060 3040 300 150 120 +- 20 8. Manufacturer or supplier Andrew tex- WF Compa- CJSC Volbrok LTD, AS TOOM Tekstiil, of the material tile Industries, ny, Germany Russia Estonia England 9. Gases to be purified Poor gases of Gases from Process and vent gases from UK MK sintermachine, waelz-kiln, and RMK of JSC Kazzinc, UK MK JSC UK MK and PO Balkhashtsvetmet Kazzinc RMK, JSC Kazzinc
Nowadays hoses made of all needled felts are tested and are in industrial operation; their operating lifetime of 1.52.0 years, provided dustiness of the gases at hose filters outlet is 110 mg/nm 3. Works on selection and improvement of filtering materials properties are continuing.
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BASIC DIRECTIONS OF AIR MEDIUM PROTECTION AT LEAD AND ZINC PRODUCTIONS

M.F. Bogatyryov, A.M. Bogatyryov State Affiliate The Eastern Mining and Metallurgical Research Institute for Non-ferrous Metals Republic State Affiliate National Enterprise of Complex Processing for Mineral and Raw Material of the Republic of Kazakhstan (SA VNIItsvetmet RSA NE CPMRM RK), Ust-Kamenogorsk, Republic of Kazakhstan
In order to protect air medium against contaminating agents pollution and recover valuable components, the gases require efficient cleaning prior to emission to the atmosphere. Air medium of the territories adjacent to lead and zinc plant is generally polluted by lead and sulphur compounds. In accordance with the sanitary-hygienic standards acting in the Republic of Kazakhstan, content of lead and lead compounds in the ground zones of the populated areas should not exceed 0.0003 mg/m 3, content of sulphur dioxide 0.05 mg/m 3, content of polymetal dust with lead content of up to 1 % 0.0001 mg/m 3. The main technique to protect atmospheric air against contamination by gas-dust emissions of lead and zinc plants is removal of gas-dust releases prior to their emission to air medium in gas-dust collecting units, followed by diffusion in atmosphere by means of high stacks. Meanwhile, high-efficient gas cleaning is required not only for air medium protection against contamination with pollutants, but also for recovery of the useful components. As far as gases cleaning to the sanitary standards in lead and sulphur dioxide is required, the problem of their cleaning from other harmful substances such as zinc, cadmium, arsenic, chlorine, fluorine and other compounds should simultaneously be solved. Specific feature of dust collecting process at lead and zinc plants is wide application of dry gas cleaning units, in particular: Cyclones for rough dust collecting; Hose and electric filters for fine cleaning. Hose filters are the most wide-spread units for fine gas cleaning: about 80 % of all process and vent gases are being processed in them at present. Application of wet gas cleaning units is restricted by aggressivity of the gases to be cleaned; thus application of corrosion-resistant materials, solving of the problem to treat and clean solutions, as well as additional charges for preparation and processing of slimes in order to recover valuable components, are required. Therefore wet cleaning is reasonable only at small local plants for cleaning of high-moisture or exposible gases, i. e. when application of dry gas cleaning unit is complicated. As for the lead plants in Kazakhstan, after rough cleaning in cyclones with preliminary cooling or mixing with vent air, or in surface coolers, or in waste heat boilers, the agglomeration gases poor in sulphur dioxide content (0.550.65 % of SO2) undergo fine cleaning from dust in hose filters. Hose filters of URFM type are used. Nowadays hose filters URFM are gradually substituted by hose filters FRKI which are more efficient and provide higher operational characteristics. Agglomeration gases rich in sulphur dioxide undergo cleaning in the system consisting of cyclones, moistening towers and electric filters to final dustiness of 20100 mg/m 3 (upon n. c.) and further go for sulphur dioxide disposal to the conventional sulphuric acid production. Shaft melting furnaces gases containing 0.050.06 % of SO2 and 1225 g/m 3 (upon n. c.) of dust undergo preliminary rough cleaning from dust in cyclones at first, and further after cooling by means of mixing with agglomeration vent gases fine cleaning in hose filters of URFM type. Earlier, when converting of copper-lead matte after preliminary heat recovery with simultaneous rough collection of dust in waste heat boiler, cleaning of converter gases containing from 12 to 25 g/m 3 (upon n. c.) of dust and 0.20.3 % of SO2 was performed in hose filters with hoses twisting for the regeneration from collected dust. These filters did not meet the expectations and intention and were substituted by hose filters of RFG type which were improved by substitution of joggling by pneumatic jogging. Slag-fuming unit gases after preliminary heat recovery with simultaneous rough collection of dust in waste heat boiler with the dustiness of 3037 g/m 3 (upon n. c.) and SO2 content of 0.01 %
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undergo cleaning in hose filters of RFG type which were improved by substitution of joggling by pneumatic jogging. Cupellation gases and dust melting gases undergo cleaning in the same filters. As a filtering material for hose filters, needle-punched felting on the frame of polytetrafluoroethylene fiber (teflon), arselone fabric with one-side poil, lavsan needle-punched felting OZON, lavsan linen-piercing fabric are applied. Upon input dustiness of gases of from 8 to 20 g/m 3 (upon n. c.) and gas flow filtrering rate of 0.82.0 m 3/m 2min, final dustiness of gases equals from 3 to 6 mg/m 3 (upon n. c.). At that material lifetime is from 7 to 24 months, depending of operational conditions. Earlier, in order to reclean gases from lead-bearing dust and achieve required sanitary-hygienic standards, mixture of process and vent gases after fine cleaning in hose filters underwent additional cleaning in hose filters of RFSP-1580 type with blowing of the hoses by compressed air by dint of sliding gear along the hoses possessing high capacity and efficiency; nowadays these filters are being substituted by hose filters of FRKI type. As a filtering material, lavsan linen-piercing felting on the frame OZON-K is used. Upon input dustiness of gases of from 0.3 to 1.0 g/m 3 (upon n. c.) and gas flow filtrering rate of 3.04.5 m 3/m 2min, final dustiness of gases equals from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/m 3 (upon n. c.). At that material lifetime is 24 months. As for Kazakhstani zinc plants, gases of concentrates and residues drying having dustiness of 1.53.0 g/m 3 (upon n. c.) undergo cleaning in the system consisting of dry and wet cyclones or impingement scrubber. At that residual dustiness is about 0.20.5 g/m 3 (upon n. c.). When zinc concentrate roasting in fluidized-bed furnace, the gases contain from 60 to 80 g/m 3 (upon n. c.) of dust and 1214 % of SO2. These gases are cleaned as per Air cooling riser or waste heat boiler cyclone dry horizontal multiple-field electric filter flowsheet. Further gases with the dustiness of 0.10.2 mg/nm 3 (upon n. c.) and SO2 content of 89 % undergo recleaning from dust, arsenic, fluorine, selenium, and sulphuric acid fog in washing department of sulfuric shop, and are used for sulphuric acid production as per the conventional technique. Roasted product of the fluid-bed furnace overflows decanting edge to the air cooler where is it cooled by the air supplied through the air cooler hearth and cooling surfaces; further the roasted product is delivered to the roasted product washing-off gutter. The gases generating as a result of this process undergo cleaning from dust in hose filters of RFG type in which lavsan fabric with one-side pile is used for filtration. Upon input dustiness of gases of from 10 to 15 g/m 3 (upon n. c.) and gas flow filtrering rate of 0.60.8 m 3/m 2min, final dustiness of gases equals from 15 to 17 mg/m 3 (upon n. c.). At that material lifetime is 68 months. The process gases from residues and middling waelzing after cooling in surface coolers of waste heat boilers, are delivered to cleaning from dust to hose filters of URFMII and FRI1600 type. As a filtering material for the filter URFMII with material regeneration from dust via pneumatic jogging, arselone fabric with one-side pile is used. Upon input dustiness of gases of from 35 to 40 g/m 3 (upon n. c.) and gas flow filtrering rate of 0.50.7 m 3/m 2min, final dustiness of gases equals from 15 to 17 mg/m 3 (upon n. c.). At that material lifetime is 9 months. As a filtering material for the filter FRI-1600 with material regeneration from dust via impulse blowing, needle-piercing felting on the frame of polyphenylsulphide fibers is used. Upon input dustiness of gases of from 18 to 30 g/m 3 (upon n. c.) and gas flow filtrering rate of 0.5 0.9 m 3/m 2min, final dustiness of gases equals about 30 mg/m 3 (upon n. c.). At that material lifetime is 12 months. As for lead and zinc plants of Kazakhstan, except process gas-dust emissions, gas-dust emissions from numerous aspiration systems, transport systems and bulk materials reload points also impact on air medium pollution. Vent gases cleaning is effected in hose filters (generally in a mixture with process gases) as well as in wet dust-collecting systems. Despite wide application of high-efficient dust-collecting units and systems, in many cases standards on lead and sulphur dioxide content in the air medium adjacent to lead and zinc metallurgical production territories can not be achieved. That is predetermined by the fact that not the full volume of gas-dust emissions undergoes cleaning in efficient gas-dust collecting units and there are no high-efficient and economic techniques to neutralize and dispose of low-concentrated sulphur dioxide. About 50 % of the dust emitted to air medium refers to vent gases, and about 35 % to auxiliary metallurgical processes gases which undergo cleaning generally in rough cleaning units, but sometimes are emitted without cleaning. Moreover, acting system of contaminating agents emission regulation and control over maximum allowable emission has considerable disadvantages [1]. Analysis of current status of air medium protection against contamination, system of contaminating agents emission regulation and control over maximum allowable emission allows
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to determine general directions for radical improvement of air medium protection against contaminating agents, namely: 1) Application of advanced technological processes allowing to reduce gas volumes and carry out total disposal of sulphur dioxide. As for lead industry, KIVCET technology to process polymetal sulphide raw materials [2] refers to the processes and units of this kind. Completed with electric filter designed for highdusty sulfurous gases cleaning installed directly after gas cooler without units for preliminary rough cleaning followed by sulphur dioxide disposal [3], the technology provides minimal air emissions of lead (0.06 kg/t of lead) and sulphur dioxide (4.7 kg/t of lead). According to the opinion of the leading specialists in the field of lead production, KIVCET process is the most advanced and environmentally friendly technology for lead melting in the world. The following companies built KIVCET plants under VNIItsvetmet licenses: Portovesme (Italy), Tech Cominco (Canada), Comibol (Bolivia). Nowadays Jiangxi Copper Corporation (P. R. China) is completing designing of lead plant with the capacity of 100 000 tons of lead per year. As for secondary lead production, KEPAL method for battery scrap processing is considered to be the most advanced one [4]. As for zinc industry, hydrometallurgical processing of zinc residues refers to the most advanced methods [5]. As for gas cleaning while zinc concentrates roasting in fluid-bed furnace, considering technical and economic parameters, gas cleaning technology in the system Waste heat boiler special electric filter for high-dusty sulfurous gases cleaning is the most reasonable. Application of the system allows to reduce hydraulic resistance of gas-dust duct on 80 %, to decrease gas volumes at the input to washing department of sulphuric workshop on 30 %, increase sulphur dioxide concentrate and reduce expenditures for gas recleaning and sulphur disposal on 2030 %. 2) Development of high-efficient small-scale and economy units for fine cleaning of gases, improvement and modernization of the existing gas-dust collecting units. In the field of fabric cleaning of gases, problems associated with the development and manufacturing of filtering materials with long life in gaseous media containing sulphurous, fluoric, chlorous and other aggressive components upon gases temperature of up to 200300 C is crucial. In the field of electric filters improvement, problems to reduce secondary dust loss, increase of mechanical reliability of electrodes, study of high-efficient methods to remove dust from electrodes and development of high-speed and high-temperature electric filters are crucial. 3) Exclusion of gas-dust emissions without preliminary high-efficient cleaning. 4) Changing over to standardization of contaminating agents emission to air medium based on calculation of their diffusion in the air not for air pollution source, but jointly for air pollution sources and transport of population centers. Making overall calculations of air medium pollution by all existing sources of air pollution (industrial enterprises and motor transport) allows obtaining more accurate information about urban pollution and determination of the sources contributing air pollution. Therefore it would be possible to determine share of each contaminating agent emission from each pollution source. 5) Substitution of casual control over contaminating agents emission to atmosphere by continuous automatic control with data transfer to central control panel. REFERENCES 1. M. F. Bogatyryov, A. M. Bogatyryov, New System of Standardization of Contaminating Agents Emission Into Atmosphere, Innovative Techniques And Improvement Of Technologies In Mining-Metallurgical Industry, Vol. 2, VNIItsvetmet, Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2009, 333340. 2. A. P. Sychyov, I. M. Cherednik, I. P. Polyakov, Kivcet Method to Process Polymetallic Sulphide Concentrates, TsNIIETsvetmet, Moscow, 1978. 3. M. F. Bogatyryov, A. P. Sychyov, Cleaning of Kivcet Gases From Dust, TsNIIETsvetmet, Moscow, 1977. 4. A. P. Sychyov, Yu. A. Gushin, G. V. Kim, New Technique For Complex Processing Of Battery Scrap (KEPAL), Bulletin of Scientific and Technical Council for Nature Protection, Dust Collection, Gas Cleaning and Waste Waters Treatment, Freiberg, No. 6, 1979, 2333. 5. L. S. Getskin, Study and Industrial Implementation Of hydrometallurgical Method To Process Zinc Residues, Non-ferrous Metals, 1976, Vol. 2, 1719.
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AUTOMATION OF BORDER MASSIF STRESS STATE ESTIMATE PROCESS AT OPENPIT MINES IN AUTOCAD MEDIUM. LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEM SOLVING IN A PLANE POSITION
N.I. Sartakov1, V.. Bushkov1, .N. Gurin 2, V.V. Nazima 2, I.L. Kharkhordin3 Polyus, Krasnoyarsk, Russia OJSC VNIMI, St. Petersburg, Russia 3 Geostroyproject Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia
2 1 CJSC
Up-to-date level of long-time stability control problem solving of open pit mine slope structures lies in the area of combination of its prediction and working out of preventive action complex, decreasing the risk of its loss. To predict mining construction stability, different methods are used: full-scale observations, analytical calculations, numerical simulation of massif strained state, geophysical techniques. In the context of the analytical methods of stability calculation, the modelling approach, which supposes step-by-step formation of mining and geological rock massif models, geomechanical models of its strained state in strip mining borders and calculated models, considering their probable strain mechanism, which including depends on borrow cut configuration, is successfully used. The problems of state prediction of geomechanical massif, which includes a borrow cut, and its structural component stability become the most important during development of deep and ultradeep open pit mines (when complicated strain behavior of border massif takes place during operation) having steep bank slopes [1]. It is known that an open pit mine border sideview exerts considerable influence in boundary location on stripped area volume, the reason of the latter is a departing point in mining prospect directing, one part of which is focused upon general angle increase way of its slope, and the other one on improvement way of its sideview. Elaboration of both the first and the second trends cannot be realized in many respects failing adequate, multiple-factor technique of open pit mine border stability calculation. In view of the fact that the matter in the paper concerns open pit mine border stability calculation techniques, based on the theory of limit equilibrium of cohesive medium with friction [2], it should be noted, that the techniques existing in the domestic practice, have not been got renewed for the last 30 years [3]. Such conclusion can be attributed quite rightfully to the foreign developments, realized in the sufficienty known design bundled software: Geomechanics Software&Research, SLIDE; GALENA (Australia), ROXIM (Great Britain). Within the limits of the existing techniques only one vertical (gravitational) of three stress components, corresponding to overlying column weight, that results, as the practice shows, in border slope angle underestimation, is taken into account. Such simplified solution is acceptable in the special cases [4] (for skin-deep open pit mines, at which the mentioned border slope angle underestimation is of minor significance). In case of geomechanical massif state evaluation in borders of deep and ultradeep openpit mines together with stress field gravitational component effect, an action of side bearing pressure forces undoubtedly influence on stability of border massif area under estimation. It becomes evident in its turn, that relation of side pressure components, being caused by rock elastic properties value, forms the limiting contours of slope strain. Thus, sliding wedge displacement additional resistance, being generated by horizontal stress forces (hr = , where is horizontal stress coefficient), results finally in border stability increase. It would be not quite correctly to state of lack of techniques in the given case, allowing to take into account the horizontal stress value effect in allotment of restraining and shearing forces. It is necessary to note, that volume strained state of open pit mine slopes has been studied in the papers of a number of authors, among them are V.. Tsvetkov, D.. Akhpatelov, G. Gulevich, E.L. Galustjan, V.. Sapozhnikov, V.I. Pushkarev, V.N. Popov, B.V. Nesmejanov, S.. Ashikhmin, .S. uznetsov. Hence, the techniques of limit equilibrium problem solving in volumetric position are really available for present day, however in most cases they exist in view of objective reasons either in simplified form, or they are based on empirical data (bottlenecks of which are for everybody sufficienty clear).
468
Passing on to results study of collective work on development of multiple-factor model of open pit mine slope stability calculation, taking into account the horizontal stress force effect at the limit equilibrium problem solving in volumetric position, it is necessary to note, that at the heart of assigned task exact solution lie the elaborations in this field, which belong to the open pit mine border laboratory group JSC VNIMI. The essence of approach in brief to problem solving of open pit mine border stability evaluation in volumetric position lies in two subtasks solution. Within the framework of the first subtask solving, the stability of border actual area in plane position is evaluated (taking into account of gravitational component). Then, within the framework of the second subtask solving, the value, characterizing the border massif stability, which has been gained the first level task solution, is converted into its resultant by means of introduction of volumetric component into design working area (taking into account of forces, acting along side edges of the design block). To a first approximation at present the first subtask is realized, in view of this the subsequent effort study will be continued in the context of the existing solution. The design module is realized in the application Visual Basic for Applications AutoCAD. The procedure of the open pit mine border massif strained state evaluation covers: firstly, availability of border sideview of actual configuration, constructed by the results of surveyor measurements, or in its design parameters with engineering-geological and groundwater information, offset into the area under evaluation (fig. 1, ). The border sideview and design accompanying information can be independently drawn in the graphical layout area AutoCAD, or imported out of the other graphical applications, supporting vector graphics with its updating if necessary in AutoCAD; secondly, activation of users form (fig. 1, b), initiating the design module for execution. It should be noted to continue the foregoing, that the users form (fig. 2) is a modal window in the area of which the main procedure components are offset.
c b
Fig. 1. Display of working graphing and calculation area of stability: border sideview of actual configuration with engineering-geological and hydrogeological load; b active view of users form; c keyboard with form starter keys
2 3 6 7 8 5
Fig. 2. Users form with active view of the main procedure-oriented components
469
Strictly regulated step-by-step sequence of control key clicking allows to fulfill address information acquisition got from object set of different structural characteristics, being in graphical layout area. Key clicking: 1 (coordinate origin assignment in a plane system X; Y), 2 (coordinate of structural elements of border sideview), 3 (coordinate of cone of depression), 4 (coordinate of topographic surface), results in short-time harboring of modal form and subsequent coordinate set acquisition from analogous elements located in graphical area. Key clicking 5 (massif lithology), as in case with earlier described four keys, results in acquisition of bedding boundary coordinate of lithologic difference in a border massif, and also in assignment of attributive data concerning characteristics of singled out engineering-geological complex. As one can see in figure 2, the data relating to: engineering-geological complex (EGC) name; cohesion value in massif (m, t/m 2); angle of internal friction (, degrees); rock density (, t/m 3) enter as the attributive data, put into domain of the concrete engineeringgeological complex (EGC). In the course of engineering-geological data base filling with the attributive data, user inquiry regarding continuation or completion of started operation is realized by means of key 6 clicking. As a result of completion of cumulative engineering-geological material database generation is launch of a design module for execution (button 7). In the process of the design module operation in graphical layout area, the potential slip surface set drawing takes place in latent form (fig. 3), limiting by themselves and the border sideview Fig. 3. Visualization of latent search results the possible sliding wedge, the latter is of the most strained slip surface also graphically laid out into six design blocks. The procedure of slip surface plotting is fulfilled in classical form, composite surface form, consisting of two straight-line portions, plotted at angles (45/2), and the central portion, realized with circular cylindrical surface, underlies at the heart of it. The availability of two straight-line portions of the surface (45/2), one of which originates from bottom boundary of vertical bond-failure crack (90), and another one from toe of bench, will permit to adapt hereafter the slip surface to loosing surface, existing in border massif, falling by shifting surface towards stripped area. Figure 4 demonstrates the algorithmic diagram of slip surface construction; the analytical tracking of this diagram jointly with the logic of coordinate increment mechanism in the search cycle of the most strained slip surface, and partitioning of individual slip surface into boundary portions of design blocks are described below.
Fig. 4. The diagram of slip surface construction algorithm and the subsequent calculation of restraining and shearing forces
470
Definition of connecting-link value of 3 portions in the process of slip surface construction with partitioning of the latter into design blocks: ; We calculate the coordinate of the 6th point ; We calculate the coordinate of the 1st point , where xj,i is the slip value along the upper slope area during search of the most strained slip surface, m; , +1 is the slope angle of the upper slope area, degrees. We calculate the intersection of points 5 and 1 , where is increment value along the base of the slope at iteration search of the intersection of points 5 and 1 of the circular cylindrical surface at its inscribing in the given coordinate range, m. We calculate the line, connecting points 1 and 5 and inscribed circle radius R: ; We determine base lengths (li) and coordinate ( ) of the design blocks: ; . Within the boundaries of each design block (16), within the limits of sliding wedge fragment, isolated by block boundaries, weighted average values of cohesion in massif ( i=16), of angle of internal friction (i=16) and of rock density (i=16), and also the hydrostatic pressure value (Di=16) are searched. The result of block-to-block calculation is the limit equilibrium definition in the slope, which is satisfactory in all points of design area, which include allowance of all internal and outside forces, which affect along the boundaries of the isolated blocks (1st, central (25), 6th). The variational calculation stopping criterion is the minimum value of a stability assurance factor (n), the latter is an attribute of a particular slip surface, which is later on identified as being the most strained one. The strain factor k is used in the present paper as analogous n integral characteristic of the strained state along potential slip surfaces under consideration. The strain factor k is the relation of some cohesion value (), at which the limit equilibrium condition (n=1) along the potential slip surfaces under consideration is realized, to actual cohesion in rock massif, namely: k = C/C. The strain factor k application for evaluation of the open pit mine border massif strained state is explained by the following reasons [5]: it is known according to the theory of the limiting strained state, that slip area in medium, obeying the Coulomb-Mohrs law: = tg+C are generated at the angle of (45-/2) to the axis of main normal stress. Since the given angles do not depend on cohesion value in the medium, therefore they characterize the potential slip surfaces orientation in prelimit massif state. The strain factor minimum at that corresponds to the minimum of the difference between the restraining and shearing forces, defining the potential slip surfaces orientation; it is possible to estimate the position of the shear deformation area border by the strain factor values, calculated for set of the potential slip surfaces. The given conclusion follows the simulated results using equivalent materials, which state, that earth surface straining in isotropic medium occurs up to some border, so a line, drawn from this border till lower edge of an open pit mine, is declined to the horizon approximately at an angle of (angle of internal friction of model material). The given phenomenon is explained by the fact, that at any values of cohesion and bulk density of rock, the shear strain will not propagate in the slope, constructed at an angle of to the horizon.
471
Evaluation of a strained state of the open pit mine border massif with the help of the strain factor is defined from the following expression:
k = P + D , where C tg ( 56 6 ) cos ( ) 5 sin ( ) P = Pi + P1 + P6 + cos cos i =2 . + (P1 P1) sin ( 0-1 1 ) cos ( E1-2 + ) , cos cos (45 + 1 2 )
;
where
In view of the fact that the common integral criterion, characterizing stability of the open pit mine border massif, is stability factor (n), defined by the most strained slip surface, the transfer to it is fulfilled by a method of iterations, provided that the sum moment of all effective forces at the strain factor k=1 is equal to zero. Initial data and the detailed data of stability calculation are saved into database table Microsoft Access (by clicking of button 8, fig. 2), it is very convenient hereafter to document them as a report (fig. 5 ). The current scanning of folded information on the most strained slip surface is derived in a modal window in the field Some calculation data (fig. 5 b).
a b Fig. 5. Final display of stability calculation results: detailed information; b information of the most strained slip surface
472
The designd program testing for plane position was conducted by means of comparison with numerical calculation, gained using the method of limiting strained state of the loose medium (soil mass). The given method is used for solution of a set of tasks, the limit equilibrium condition of which is satisfactory in each point of some area. Theoretical justification of the method under consideration is given in the papers of V. V. Sokolovsky [6]. The diagram for calculation of the concave slope stability according to Sokolovsky and the potential slip surfaces under consideration are given in figure 6. As a result of calculation, the stability factor (n) and the strain factor k were defined for each of the potential slip surfaces under consideration. The results of calculations executed in the form of corresponding diagrams are given in figures 7 , 7 . Fig. 6. The diagram for calculation of the concave slope stability (=213 m)
Fig. 7. Diagrams of the stability factor (n) and the strain factor (k) relation to width of the possible sliding wedge at the concave slope height equal to (): ) =113 m; ) =213 m It is possible to draw the following conclusions according to the results of testing executed: the most strained potential slip surface, characterizing by minimum stability factor, coincides practically with the slip surface, characterizing by maximum strain factor; in height range under consideration of the concave slope (290<H<4H90), the stability factor (n), defined by the design module suggested, differs from Sokolovskys accurate solution not more than by 3 %. The subsequent aspects of work execution are: taking into account of all internal forces, which affect along the boundaries of the isolated blocks (generated by the slip surfaces of the second set at an angle of (90) to the first one) for the central fragment of the potential sliding wedge. It will allow to inscribe maximally precisely the parameters of design blocks into the border massif structure inhomogeneity (active rock blocks) within the sliding wedge by means of overlapping of the second set slip surfaces, that will result in stability increase at evaluation of the stability factor; generation and calculation of the slip surface transformation versions (of two straight portions) under the conditions of availability of the loosing surfaces in the evaluated open pit mine border massif, which are oriented by the shifting plane towards stripped area; development of the algorithm of geofiltration numerical simulation results inclusion in calculation problem of the open pit mine border stability; to complete the realization of the final component by definition of the stability factor in plane position.
473
REFERENCES 1. pifanov .V., Fedorov S.., zyrev .., Rybin V.V., Volkov Ju.I. Engineering-geological aspects of development of the deep open pit mine Kovdorskogo GOKa//Mining magazine. 2007. 9. Pp. 3033. 2. Gordeev V. . Evaluation of the open pit mine slope stability according to the limit equilibrium method. The curvilinear slip surfaces//Institute of higher education news. Mining magazine. 2008. 2. Pp. 5464. 3. Tsvetkov V.., Demin A.M. Calculation of rational form of the open pit mine border overview//Problems of opencast mining of deep open pit mines. r. Internat. sympos. Mirnyi-91 Udachnj town, 1991. Pp. 215218. 4. Tsvetkov V.. Development of theoretical footings of calculation of slope strained state. Abstract of a thesis for comp. of academic degree of Doctor of techn. Sciences Novosibirsk, 1983. 39 p. 5. Report of scientific-research engineering Scientific tracking of evaluation of the border massif state and the long-time border stability prediction at the limiting sideview of the open pit mine Vostochnyj/Responsible executor Gurin . N. NIETS KHNOGEM Ltd, Saint Petersburg, 2007. 36 p. 6. Sokolovsky V.V. Loose medium statics. .: Fizmatgiz, 1960. 242 p.
474
INFLUENCE OF WATER VAPOURS ON EMISSIONS OF THE METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES AND THERMAL POWER STATIONS
V.V. Mechev, O.A. Vlasov, P.V. Mechev Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
The summary The paper studies the influence of water vapours on emissions on the pattern of some metals and inorganic substances. The Galley-Laplass formula is supplemented with the parameters of the atmosphere fluctuations and emissions.The large scale role of water vapours influencing the distribution of emissions and formation of smog is established. In this paper [1] we have shown, that ejectable substances of atomic-molecular kind interact with the atmosphere on the basis of a resonance of phonon spectrum fluctuations in atmosphere and substance. The substances in the atomic-molecular form and nanoparticles depend on gravitation forces to a little extent, and their behaviour in atmosphere depends on the properties of substance and atmosphere and influence of external forces of pressure, temperature, electric and magnetic fields. In the work under consideration the behaviour of gases (Cl2, CO, CO2, SO2), some metals and inorganic substances, vapour and particles of water is contemplated. Such a choice of substances connected with their toxicity is characteristic for some enterprises and we are of the opinion that it is sufficient for demonstration of our approach to a problem. Physical and chemical properties of substances [2] and the calculated data of frequencies are demonstrated in table 1. Table 1
Substances Vapour (2) Vapour (373 ) Air Ni Cr Pb SiO2 NaF CO CO2 SO2 Cl2
.106,
-1
C, J/mol.g. 75.3 33.6 29.3 26.07 23.55 26.65 44 46.8 29 37.1 39.8 33.94
V0,
sm 3
P,
g/sm 3
, , . m. 18 14.4 58.69 52 207 60 42 28 44 64 70.9
.10 6
250300 800 9401223 13 5 28.5 4.5 2223 1223 1241 567 470
18 18 22 6.9 7.2 18.3 25.8 15 22.4 22 22.9 22.1
1(2) 1.3 8.9 7.2 11.34 2.65 2.79 1.25 1.99 2.93 3.2
0.014 0.0023 0.0011(2*) 0.29 0.654 0.051 0.378 0.1350.09 0.00105 0.00136 0.0031 0.0033
The ionized air exists in electrode space of electric furnaces, at a thunder-storm, over volcanoes, etc. Recently extensive researches on influence of ionized air over an atmosphere have been conducted with the purpose of weather conditions change. The energy holding particles of substance of any modular condition at certain height in an atmosphere, depends on the potential energy equal to product Mgh, where =mN number of molecules in a mole of substance (m-weight of a separate molecule particle, N number Avogadro), g acceleration of a gravity. This energy is equal to the work of air compression RTln P0/P1, where 0 pressure upon surfaces of the ground, 1 pressure at height h. But as 0/1 = n0/n1 where n0 and n1 amount of particles accordingly on the ground and at height h, Galle- Lapplass formula
475
will become ln n0/n1=Mgh/RT, and taking to the account of Archimedes forces for a spherical particle (molecule) it will become: RT/N ln n0/n1= 4/3 r3 ( 1 2) gh, where 1 and 2 according to density of a particle and environment. The experiments of Perren [3] have shown, that the particles are portioned out up on heigh under the law of a geometrical progression and there is no basic difference between behaviour of molecules and particles, which gram-molecule size reaches 100000 ton. Numerous works of the scientists (Galliley, Newton, Euler, Bernoulli, Mendeleyev, Frud, Reynolds, Einstein, Stocks, Zhukovsky, Tchaplygin, Krylov, Fon Karman, Lavrentjev, Keldysh, etc.) have allowed to establish various laws of bodies movement in various environments and to add amendments into the formulas of movement. Our works have shown [1, 6], that between a body and environment exists the phonon -phonon interaction depending on physical and chemical properties of bodies and environment. And as unharmonic fluctuations have acoustic and optical branches of a spectrum, these interactions are long-range in comparison with forces of viscosity, adsorption and forces van der Waals. At equality of frequencies of fluctuations of a particle and environment the system is in balance and makes together with environment normal fluctuations (p=env.). If unharmonic fluctuations are present, the particle makes motion, aspiring to achieve positions with a minimum of energy. The meeting in a stream of particles with other characteristics results in chemical or physical-chemical interaction between particles on the basis of a resonance of fluctuations with formation of the systems which are able to coexist harmoniously with an environment or to be pushed out from it. We can observe these phenomena at smog formation or observing a train of dusty gases emissions from chimneys kept for a long time. At change of properties of environment (from change of pressure or temperature) frequency of fluctuations both of environment and particle or formations change, the conditions are also created when a particle and atmosphere under changing of position, for example, altitude, change the characteristics and there is a breakdown of a balance. The particle can be allocated from a stream and further make migration in a view of changed conditions. We shall introduce respective alterations to the Galley-Lapplas formula. According to Einsteins formula, D=kTmob., where moving of a particle due to diffusion (D) depends on its mobility (mob). We can assume, that D is proportional to the coefficient of the linear thermal expansion as this factor characterizes fluctuations of a particle under the influence of temperature and pressure. As Lindeman has shown [4], under the increase of fluctuations the amplitude of the orbital atomic structure, under certain conditions there can be an increase in mobility of atoms and its destruction (for example, fusion). In table 2 the data on correlation mob. are submitted. And for metals of alkaline group. Table 2
Metals Li Na K Cs
106, -1
46 71.5 79.6 97
mob.
35 43.3 64.5 77
The frequency of phonone spectrum fluctuations for substances is inversely proportional to the size , that follows from Landau-Lifshits formula for the phonone spectrum [5]. The balance of a particle in an atmosphere will take place at (Mgh)/(RT ln n0/n1)= env./p. Or [(Mgh)/(RT ln n0/n1)] (p./env.)=1. From here, h= [(RT ln n0/n1) p.]/[Mg env.]. Lets substitute values of phonone spectrum frequencies of particles and we shall receive: h= [(RTln n0/n1) (Cp, p./p. V0, p.)]/[Mg (Cp, eny./ eny V0, eny)]. C on the account of Archimedes forces we shall finally receive: h= [(RT ln n0/n1) (Cp, p./p. V0, p.)]/[Mg (12) (Cp, eny./ eny V0, eny)]. A measure of reduction of the particles amount with height is considered to be the height at which the number of particles decreases half size (ln2=0.69).
476
Lets calculate the height of atoms (molecules) rise in substances. T = 353 . h vapour = (RT ln2)/Mg eny./ vapour = (8.3110 7353 0.69/18.981)0.001/0.0014 = 8.2 10 5 sm. T = 373 . h vapour = (8.31 10 7 373 0.69/18.981) 0.001/0.0023 = 5.3 10 5 sm. It is interesting to note, that hotter vapours rise to a smaller height that is connected with its almost twice as small thermal capacity. The vapour rises up to the height where it is cooled up to an increase of the thermal capacity with smaller speed (it extends hard, cooled, and is partly condensed). Lets calculate according to the table 1 the metals and gases vapours height of rise. The data of calculation are resulted in table 3. Table 3
Substance Ni Cr Pb SiO2 NaF CO CO2 SO2 Cl2
eny./sub.
0.0040.007 0.0017 0.022 0.003 0.008 12 0.771.5 0.350.65 0.30.6
h.10 5, sm 0.021 0.006 0.019 0.009 0.003 6.312.5 0.60.3 0.10.2 0.71.4
However in industrial conditions the vapours and metals particles and gases are always allocated from units together with water vapours. All processes of hydrocarbons burning are connected with a large amount of water vapours output. We shall calculate interaction of substances with water and the ferry at 373 To ( =73.6/18 (250300 106 = (0.01350.0165 10 6). As we have shown above, the vapour outgoing from the unit extends, it is cooled and actually interacts with substances in an atmosphere microscopic droplets of water. It can be observed and at the every day life level. If to bring any subject with room temperature to the vapour spurt. At allocation of vapour jointly with dust and metals particles, they become the centers of water condensation and their motion to the atmosphere takes place synchronically. The ratio substance vapour sub/vapour: for Ni 0.29/0.0165=17.6, for Cr 0.654/0.0165=39.6, for Pb 0.051/0.0165=3.1, for SiO2 0.378/0.0165=23, for NaF 0.135 (0.09)/0.0165=8.2 (5.45), for SO2 0.0031/0.0165=0.2, for l2 0.0033/0.0165=0.2. for 2 0.00136/0.0165=0.0824, for CO 0.00105/0.0165=0.064. Sulphurous gas and chlorine interact with water and actually they draw water. So, one molecule SO2 will be in balance with 5.32 molecules of water, and chlorine with 5. The mass of a vapour particle with substance will make: for Ni 58.7 + 17.6=76.3; for Cr 51.9 + 39.6=91.5; for Pb 207.2+3.1=210.4; for SiO260+23=83; for NaF 42+8.2=50.2. Then we shall receive: hNi = [(8.31 107 353 0.69)/(76.3 981)] 0.007 = 0.019 105sm; hCr = [(8.31.107 353 0.69)/(91.5 981)] 0.0017 = 0.004 105 sm; hPb = [(8.31 107 353 0.69)/(210.4 981)] 0.022 = 0.021 105 sm; hSiO2 = [(8.31 107 353 0.69)/(83 981)] 0.003 = 0.0075 105 sm; hNaF = [(8.31 107 353 0.69)/(50.2 981)] 0.008 = 0.033 105 sm; The mass of particle SO2 with water makes 64+5.32=69.32 (ferry), chlorine with water (vapour) will make 35.45+5=40.45. Then we shall receive: hSO2 = [(8.31 107 353 0.69)/(69.32 981)] 0.35(0.65) = 1.042(1.9) 105sm; hCl2 = [(8.31 107 353 0.69)/(40.45 981)] 0.3(0.6) = 1.5(3) 105sm. One particle CO is in balance with 0.0165/0.00105=15.7, CO2 c with 0.0165/0.00136= 12.13 particles of water (vapour). Then we shall receive: hCO = [(8.31 107 353 0.69)/(43.7 981)] (1 2) = 4.72(9.44) 105; hCO2 = [(8.31 107 353 0.69)/(56.13 981)] 1.5(0.77) = 2.8(5.5) 105.
477
The presence of moisture in gases essentially influences the behaviour of impurities. Vapour emissions for many substances promote their concentration near the object of emissions. The moisture should be left on the ground. The vapours in a mix with gases promote the formation of smog and make for their distribution over the great heights and distances. Smog consisting of gases and dust is rather a steady system because in the certain concentration its components can be in balance with each other and with an atmosphere. Attention should be paid to the fact that water vapours promote the oxide carbon rise into the atmosphere over the great hights not supporting their contacts with a green belt zone of the ground. REFERENCES 1. V.V. Mechev, O.A. Vlasov, P.V. Mechev. Normal fluctuations and physical and chemical properties of ph. ., the Mask , the edition 2. 2008. 227 p. 2. Physical sizes. The directory. ., , 1991, 1225 p. 3. H.S. Taylor. Physical chemistry. t. 1, ., -. 1935. 832 p. 4. S.I. Novikova. Thermal expansion of firm ph. .: the Science, 1974. 292 p. 5. L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshits. Statistical physics. .: the Science, 1964, 567 p. 6. V.V. Mechev. Thermal Expension and Vapor Pressure of Metals. Russian Metallurgy. 2002, No. 6, pp. 545547.
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THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS NON-FERROUS METALS 2010, SEPTEMBER 24, 2010, KRASNOYARSK, RUSSIA

INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

PART VIII. INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

ON THE ISSUE OF FLUORINATION OF THE NATURAL WATERS IN THE BAIKAL REGION

HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSING OF GAS PURIFICATION WASTE PRODUCTS OF COPPER-NICKEL PRODUCTION

APPLICATION OF FILTERING MATERIALS FOR PURIFICATION OF GASES AND FILTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

35 25 190 +- 2 126 +- 2 4050

73 63 93103 OEP Kometa, Belorussia

MARKERT CJSC Grupp, VoskreGermany sensk-Technotkan, Russia

TK Technotkan ltd, Kazakhstan

9.Filter and its location

BASIC DIRECTIONS OF AIR MEDIUM PROTECTION AT LEAD AND ZINC PRODUCTIONS

, , . m. 18 14.4 58.69 52 207 60 42 28 44 64 70.9

18 18 22 6.9 7.2 18.3 25.8 15 22.4 22 22.9 22.1

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