Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

1.1.

COMPANY PROFILE

Introduction to parent company today BASF is the world's leading chemical company. It is a transitional chemical company that aims to increase and sustain it corporate value through growth and innovation. Throughout the world BASF stands for reliability, quality and innovation BASF at Mangalore BASF India limited has set up Dyes ,Dispersion and Coating plant at Surathkal Bajpe in Bala village. The coating plant in Mangalore was set up in June 2004.The main activity of plant is Design .Manufacture and Sale of automotive and industrial (Coil) oatings. c The plant is headed by a plant Manager and supported by Assistant Manager, production Executive officers, supervisors and team of trained workmen .All the employees are provided with adequate training for carrying out operations in their area of function in a safe manner. BASF coating provides total solutions to OEM industries. BASF coating have complete range of products to offer for automotive OEM. Commercial vehicles, two -wheelers, tractors, plastic components, coils refinish paints for after sale market. The product range includes

Sir. M. V. Govt. Science College Dept. of PG Studies, Bhadravathi

Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

.1. El t 2. Pri r surface

iti

ti

3. Top coats. 4. Base coat clear coats 5.Pai t system for plastic components. Today B coatings are one of t e top 3 players in Indian automoti e coatings

industry, supplying to all major auto companies. Wit technology support from B global we provide entire coatings solutions to OEM industry and are geared up for new challenges with respect to environment and ecology. We are also setting- up state of art application center along with best equipment to take acre of customers needs. Company is ISO- 14001 and Ts - 16949 certified. Presently B SF coating (India) pvtLtd Mangalore has successfully achieved the trust of its giant customers through their quality policy.

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

1.2.

Paints And Coatings:

1.2.1. Introduction: Paints or coatings are liquid, paste, or powder products which are applied to surfaces by various methods and equipment in layers of given thickness. These form adherent films on the surface of the substrate. Film formation can occur physically or chemically. Physical film formation from liquid coatings is known as drying, whereas for powder coatings, it is a melting process. Drying is always associated with evaporation of organic solvents or water. Physical film formation is only possible if the coating components remaining on the substrate are solid and nontacky. Chemical film formation is necessary if the coating components are liquid, tacky, or pasty; conversion to a solid nontacky film takes place by chemical reaction between the components. The reactive components can be constituents of the coating, and the reaction can be initiated by energy (heat or radiation) after application of the coating. However, it is also possible to add a reaction partner while applying the coating (multipack paints). A special case of chemical film formation is the oxidation of coating component(s) by atmospheric oxygen (air drying). Physical and chemical film formation are often combined, e.g., in solvent-containing stoving paints, where the first stage is solvent evaporation, after which the film is cured by stoving. The properties of a paint are determined by its qualitative and quantitative composition, suitable choice of which enables the viscosity, electrical conductivity, and drying behavior to be matched to the application conditions. Also, the properties of the coating film (luster, elasticity, scratch resistance, hardness, adhesion, and surface structure) are determined by the paint properties. However, the condition of the substrate surface (cleanliness and freedom from dust and grease) is also important.

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

Coatings must fulfill many requirements. They protect the substrate against corrosion, weathering, and mechanical damage; have a decorative function (automotive coatings, household appliances, furniture); provide information (traffic signs, information signs, advertising); or have other specific properties. "Coating" is a general term denoting a material that is applied to a surface. "Paint" indicates a pigmented material, while "varnish" refers to a clear lacquer. 1.2.2. Historical Development

The earliest evidence of well-preserved prehistoric paintings, dating from the 16th milleniumb.c., can be found in caves in Southern France (Font-de-Gaume, Niaux, Lascaux), Spain (Altamira), and South Africa. The colors used were pure oil paints prepared from animal fat mixed with mineral pigments such as ocher, manganese ore (manganese dioxide), iron oxide, and chalk. The oldest rock paintings from North Africa (Sahara, Tassilin'Ajjer) dating from between the 5th and the 7th millennium b.c. Many examples of paintings from Babylon, Egypt, Greece, and Italy dating from the 1st and 2nd milleniumb.c. are also known. The first painted objects come from China. Furniture and utensils were covered with a layer of paint in an artistic design. The oldest tradition work dates from around 200 b.c. The lacquer used was the milky juice from the bark of the lacquer tree (Rhusvernicifera). This was colored black or red with minerals, and later also with gold dust or gold leaf. The oldest recipe for a lacquer, from linseed oil and the natural resin sandarac, dates from 1100 a.d. and was due to the monk rogerus von helmershausen. Natural products such as vegetable oils and wood resins remained the most important raw materials for paint production, into the early 1900s. Only the introduction of faster production

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

equipment such as belt conveyors made the development of new paints necessary. Initially, the rapid-drying binder used was nitrocellulose, which after World War I could be manufactured on a large scale in existing guncotton plants. Phenolic resins were the first synthetic binders (ca. 1920), followed by the alkyd resins (1930). The large number of synthetic binders and resins now available are tailored for each application method and area of use. These paint raw materials are based on petrochemical primary products. Vegetable and animal oils and resins are now seldom used in their natural form, but only after chemical modification. The tendency to use such "renewable" raw materials is increasing. Consumer demand has led to a marked renaissance of natural products ("biopaints"). The use of organic solvents in paint technology was linked to the development of modern rapid-drying binders. Whereas the liquid components previously used in coatings were vegetable oils or water and possibly ethanol, it now became necessary to use solvent mixtures to give accelerated drying and optimized paint-application properties. Production of a wide range of solvents began worldwide in the chemical industry in the 1920s. Methods of applying paints also underwent major changes in the 1900s. Whereas up to this time coatings were applied manually with a brush, even in industry, this technique is today only used in the handicraft and DIY areas. Modern mechanized and automated application methods are used today for industrial-scale application because of greater efficiency, low material losses, qualitatively better results, and lower labor costs. They include high-pressure spraying using compressed air or electrostatic charging, modern automatic and environmentally friendly dipping and electrophoretic processes, and application by rollers.

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

Problems of environmental pollution also followed from the introduction of solvents. These were recognized by the late 1960s and became the subject of development work. Waterborne coatings, low-solvent coatings, solvent-free powder coatings, and new radiation-curing coating systems with reactive solvents that are bound chemically during the hardening process were developed. These environmental friendly coating systems have gained a considerable market share. However, in some areas solvent-containing coatings are difficult to replace without affecting quality. For this reason, solventrecycling and solvent-combustion plants have been developed to recover or incinerate the solvents in the waste air. 1.2.3. Composition of Paints

Paints are made of numerous components, depending on the method of application, the desired properties, the substrate to be coated, and ecological and economic constraints. Paint components can be classified as volatile or nonvolatile. Volatile paint components include organic solvents, water, and coalescing agents. Nonvolatile components include binders, resins, plasticizers, paint additives, dyes, pigments, and extenders. In some types of binder, chemical hardening can lead to condensation products such as water, alcohols, and aldehydes or their acetals, which are released into the atmosphere, thus being regarded as volatile components. All components fulfill special functions in the liquid paint and in the solid coating film. Solvents, binders, and pigments account for most of the material, the proportion of additives being small. Low concentrations of additives produce marked effects such as improved flow behavior, better wetting of the substrate or pigment, and catalytic acceleration of hardening. Solvents and pigments need not always be present in a coating formulation. Solventfree paints and pigment-free varnishes are also available.
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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

The most important component of a paint formulation is the binder. Binders essentially determine the application method, drying and hardening behavior, adhesion to the substrate, mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and resistance to weathering. 1.2.4. Binders and Resins Binders are macromolecular products with a molecular mass between 500 and 30 000. The higher molcular mass products include cellulose nitrate and polyacrylate and vinyl chloride copolymers, which are suitable for physical film formation. The low molecular mass products include alkyd resins, phenolic resins, polyisocyanates, and epoxy resins. To produce acceptable films, these binders must be chemically hardened after application to the substrate to produce high molecular mass crosslinked macromolecules. Increasing relative molecular mass of the binder in the polymer film improves properties such as elasticity, hardness, and impact deformation, but also leads to higher solution viscosity of the binder. While the usefulness of a coating is enhanced by good mechanical film properties, low viscosity combined with low solvent content are also desirable for ease of application and for environmental reasons. Therefore, a compromise is necessary. The low molecular mass binders have low solution viscosity and allow low-emission paints with high solids contents or even solvent-free paints to be produced. Here, the binder consists of a mixture of several reactive components, and film formation takes place by chemical drying after application of the paint. If chemical hardening occurs even at room temperature, the binder components must be mixed together shortly before or even during application (two- and multicomponent systems). Today, most binders are synthetic resins such as alkyd or epoxy resins.
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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

The natural resin most commonly used as a binder today is rosin (colophony; ), which is often tailored by chemical modification to suit specific applications. Also, many synthetic hard resins, mainly based on cyclohexanone, acetophenone, or aldehydes, are used in the paints industry. Hard resin binders increase the solids content, accelerate drying, and improve surface hardness, luster, and adhesion. Most synthetic binders are softer and more flexible than hard resins. Consequently, they impart good elasticity, impact resistance, and improved adhesion, even to critical undercoats, as well as offering adequate resistance to weathering and chemicals. These binders are produced with a property profile tailored to suit particular application methods and to comply with a range of technical requirements, including environmental protection, low toxicity, and suitability for recycling and disposal. 1.2.5. Plasticizers Plasticizers are organic liquids of high viscosity and low volatility. The esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., dioctyl phthalate) are well-known examples. Plasticizers lower the softening and film-forming temperatures of the binders, They also improve flow, flexibility, and adhesion properties. Chemically, plasticizers are largely inert and do not react with the binder components. Most binders used today are inherently flexible and can be regarded as "internally plasticized" resins. For this reason, use of plasticizers has declined. 1.2.6. Pigments and Extenders Pigments and extenders in coatings are responsible for their color and covering power, and in some cases give the coating film improved anticorrosion properties. Pigments and extenders are finely ground crystalline solids that are dispersed in the paint. They are divided into inorganic, organic, organometallic, and metallic
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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

pigments. By far the most commonly used pigment is titanium dioxide. As a rule, mixtures of pigments are used for technical and economic reasons. The hiding power and tinting strength of a paint depend on the particle size of the pigment. The usual size range aimed at is 0.1 2.0 m, which means that the pigment has a high surface area that must be wetted as effectively as possible by the binder components to give the coating film good stability, weathering resistance, and luster. This is achieved by bringing the pigment and binder into intimate contact under the influence of high shear forces. The high hiding power of some pigments enables them to be partially replaced by the cheaper extenders such as barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, or kaolin. Extenders have a particle size distribution similar to that of the pigments and are incorporated into the coating in the same way. The concentration of pigment in coating films is expressed by the pigment volume concentration (PVC). This is the ratio of the volume of pigments and extenders to the total volume of the nonvolatile components. Each coating system has a critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) at which the binder just fills the free space between the close-packed pigment particles. At higher pigment concentrations, the pigment particles in the coating film are no longer fully wetted by the binder, leading to a marked deterioration in coating film properties such as luster, stability, strength, and anticorrosion properties. 1.2.7. Paint Additives Paint additives are auxiliary products that are added to coatings, usually in small amounts, to improve particular technical properties of the paints or coating films. Paint additives are named in accordance with their mode of action. Leveling agents promote formation of a smooth, uniform surface on drying of the paint. Suitable materials include certain high-boiling solvents such as butyl ethers of

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and diglycols, as well as cyclohexanone and alkylated cyclohexanones, and in some cases aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Low molecular mass resins (e.g., some polyacrylates and silicones) are also used. Solid leveling agents, such as special low molecular mass resins, are also useful for improving the surface properties of films produced from powder coatings. Flow agents act by reducing the paint viscosity during drying. The effectiveness of a particular flow agent depends on the type of binder and the drying or hardening temperature. Film-formation promoters, which are closely related to flow agents, reduce the filmforming temperature for film formation from dispersions, leading to a surface that is as pore-free and uniform as possible. Certain high-boiling glycol ethers and glycol ether esters are used, often in combination with hydrocarbons. Wetting Agents, Dispersants, and Antisettling Agents. Wetting agents form one of the largest groups of coating additives. These are surfactants which aid wetting of the pigments by the binders and prevent flocculation of the pigment particles. This leads to the formation of a uniform, haze-free color and a uniformly high luster of the coating film. This group also includes the dispersants, which give good pigment wetting and hence optimum dispersion of the pigments in the paint, thereby preventing sedimentation particularly of high-density pigments. As well as good wetting properties, some pseudoplasticity is also necessary. Antisettling agents have similar characteristics to dispersants. Antifoaming agents are used to prevent foaming during paint manufacture and application and to promote release of air from the coating film during drying. Various products are used, including fatty acid esters, metallic soaps, mineral oils,

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

waxes, silicon oils, and siloxanes, sometimes combined with emulsifiers and hydrophobic silicas. Catalysts are added to paints to accelerate drying and hardening. They include drying agents (driers, siccatives), which, in the case of the air-drying binders (including some alkyd resins or unsaturated oils), accelerate decomposition of the peroxides and hydroperoxides that form during the drying process, thereby enabling radical polymerization of the binders to take place. The driers used are mainly metallic soaps such as cobalt naphthenate; manganese, calcium, zin and barium c, salts; and zirconium compounds. Various products are used to catalyze the cross-linking of binder systems at room temperature. For acid-catalyzed systems such as polyester melamine resin systems, free acids, their ammonium salts, or labile esters are suitable, while for basecatalyzed systems such as polyester isocyanate, tertiary amines or

dibutyltindilaurate are used. The amount of catalyst used must be such that the pot life is not impaired. Antifloating and antifloodingagents prevent horizontal and vertical segregation of pigments with different densities and surface properties. This prevents differences in the color and luster of the surface of the film, which can lead to a blotchy appearance. Antiskinningagents are added to air-drying paints to prevent surface skin formation caused by contact with atmospheric oxygen. In the film, they produce uniform drying and prevent shrinkage (wrinkling). Chemically, these materials are antioxidants such as oximes, which evaporate with the solvents during the drying process.

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

Matting agents are used to produce coatings with a matt, semi-matt, or silk finish. They include natural mineral products such as talc or diatomites and synthetic materials such as pyrogenic silicas or polyolefin waxes. Matting can also be obtained by special formulations that exploit the incompatibility between binder components and their cross-linked structures. Neutralizing agents are used in waterborne paints to neutralize binders and stabilize the product. Ammonia and various alkylated aminoalcohols are used, depending on the type of binder and method of application. On hardening, the amines mainly evaporate along with the water. Thickening agents control the rheological properties of paints of various types. They include inorganic (mainly silicates), organometallic (titanium and zirconium chelates), naturally occurring organic (mainly cellulose ethers) and synthetic organic products (polyacrylates, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethanes). Preservatives (biocides, fungicides) prevent the attack of paint systems, principally water-based, by microorganisms. Corrosion inhibitors are used to prevent the formation of corrosion products when waterborne paints are applied to metallic substrates (flash rust). They include oxidizing salts such as chromates, metaborates, nitrites, and nitrates; organic amines or sulfur-containing products; and organic salts (benzoates, naphthenates, octoates). 1.2.8. Solvents Solvents are compounds that are normally liquid at room temperature. Those most commonly used in coatings technology are aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters of acetic acid, glycol ethers, alcohols, and some ketones. Solvents dissolve solid and highly viscous binder components. They enable incompatibility between paint components to be overcome, improve pigment wetting and dispersion, and
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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

control storage stability and viscosity of the coating. They promote the release of included air from the liquid coating film, control the drying behavior of the coating, and optimize flow properties and luster. Organic solvents are used in most liquid coatings systems, including waterborne coatings, in which they perform important functions. After paint application, the solvents should evaporate as quickly as possible, leaving the film. If no special precautions are taken, the solvents enter the atmosphere as pollutants. To protect operating personnel from the toxic effects of evaporating solvents, safety measures such as ventilation and air exhaust are necessary. To protect the environment, incineration and sometimes solvent-recovery plant is installed to prevent solvents entering the atmosphere. Other measures for the protection of the workplace and the environment from solvent vapors include the development and use of new low-solvent or solvent-free coatings, e.g., high-solids paints, waterborne coatings, and powder coatings.

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

2. REVIEW AND LITERATURE: 2.1. Related newspaper, magazine, and journal articles:

Article: Automotive Paints AndCoatings

M2 Press wire ; February 14, 2008 ;

700+ words ... ... Markets: AutomotivePaints

And Coatings Is An Authoritative ... Stages Of The Coating Process ... addition of "AutomotivePaints and Coatings" to their ... General Lay Out Coating ...

Article: Uni-Select to Become the Largest Independent Distributor of ... Benzinga.com; December 9, 2010 ; 700+ words ... ... Finish Master") through which

Unit Select will acquire Finish Master, the largest independent distributor of automotivepaints, coatings and related accessories ("PBE") in the U.S. The agreement is based on a purchase price of approximately ...

Article: LDI Ltd. initiates national growth strategy, agrees to purchase a ... Business Wire; June 5, 1996 ; 700+ words ... ... industries -- which included the

automotivepaints industry -- we began making ... s largest distributors of automotivepaints, coatings and paint-related accessories ... leading regional distributor of automotive ...

Article: Measurement of Condensate- and Smoke-Causing Emissions from ... The Journal of Coatings Technology; December 1, 1999 ; 700+ words ... ...

periodically arise during the surface coating of automobiles are oven plume opacity ... are emitted from paint, sealer, and coating materials when they are baked. Use ... assembly plants typically apply multiple coatings as well as various sealers and adhesives ... other low ...

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

Article:

Infrared

microscopic

analysis

of

multiple

layers

of

...

The Journal of Coatings Technology; April 1, 1993 ;

700+ words ... ... carbonate in a

polyester matrix. The five coatings on the SMC are: (1) a molded coating applied in-situ during compression ... MACROTRANSMITTANCE: Individual uncured coatings were smeared on KBr or ZnSe windows ... was done before and after stirring the coatings ...

Article: Plate- like pigments in automotive ...

Paint & Coatings Industry; May 1, 2002 ;

700+ words ... ... automotive colors have

become an important aspect of car design. Market experience shows that car buyers tend to prefer automotive coatings with high chroma shades based on effect pigments because of their visual impact. (1) For creation of clearer, more brilliant ...

August 23, 2010 "a good paint but use a 3 part clear to avoid problems with fuel spills. I used DuPont clear and looks awesome" January 3, 2010 "For the money and type of product best value for the buck . Be forewarned though. This is a inexpensive paint that works well only if you prepare the substrates correctly and this product must be used with a clear coat. I have painted entire vehicles with minimal defects and has lasted 2+ years with good adhesion" October 12, 2009 "i painted my car with this paint two colors, orange and blue. It sprays on very nicely, dries quickly. I used clear coat on the orange only. I spilled gas on the orange and it did not ruin the finish at all. Later on that day i spilled some oil on the blue and it ruined the finish. This paint NEEDS to be clear coated or else the finish will be ruined." Should have farmed it out .September 18, 2009
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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

"I though I was going to save some money and paint my car myself. With what I spent on this paint and the quality of information about the product I was using I should have gone the bc/cc way. This paint is not forgiving at all. I used professional grade filler and it still has a chemical reaction ( staining ). Followed the steps outlined on their website regarding the staining issue and used their filler primer product with no luck. The product does not adhere to the Color Shop Primer. I would not recomend this product for a complete auto paint job, maybe a helmet or bicycle something that you don't care what it looks like...." June 28, 2009 "This product sprays beautifully, and the colors are awesome, but if you intend on using this product on any surface near any fuel port, DON'T, The instructions on the can say immediately wash off fuel spills with with water, but by the time it takes to read that line the paints a ready gone. I was painting my Motorcycles gas tank and the beautiful finish was ruined by one drop of gas." December 8, 2008 "I painted the roof of my 1958 fiat with this paint and was disappointed with the finish. The paint had absolutely no gloss and scratched like nothing. Now i have to find a suitable clear coat to put on and hopefully it will look better." 1out of 5found this review helpful. christapher Mesa, AZ .Aircraft Manufacturing, Machinery and Tools, Auto Body Shops, Auto Detailing, Boat Sales and Service, House Painting and Wallpaper Review Date: 07/28/2010

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

worked

here

for

several

years

and

had

great

experience.

I would recommend talking with a manager if you are a first timer, because the newbies don't usually have a clue what's going on. The managers never will give bad advice information. They've been around for a while and probably will be around for a long time. I still go in now and then for a part but be sure to price check other stores, because they'll at least match it. They a pretty good store and have a lot of stuff!

2.3. Latest journals

 TKY DG40040A-TY1 Dodge Ram Chrome Replacement Front Bumper  1993-1996 Geo Prizm RH Right Hand Dark Brown Passenger Inside Door Handle 1993 1994 1995 1996 Geo Prizm Passengers Indoor Handle 93 94 95 96  GM & Isuzu Metallic Dark Spiral Gray Auto Spray Paint - 62, 805K (2003-2008)  Putco 39860 Rocket Locker  07-09 Nissan Altima 4-Door Chrome Mesh Grille Overlay  Rust Bullet BlackShell - 1 Pint  Precision Grilles 601298 EZ Billet Polished Billet Bumper Grille  Mar HydeR Tal StripR II Aircraft Coating Remover Quart (TSL3712) Category: Paint Stripers  TYC 20-6236-70 Toyota Corolla Driver Side Headlight Assembly

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

3.MATERIALS AND METHOD

PIGMENTS

Colored pigments range from simple metal oxides such as red iron (III) oxide to complex organic molecules. Some examples of inorganic pigments are shown below.

Color Red Cobalt blue Green earth Yellow

Compound Iron oxide Cobalt alumina hydrate Iron oxide of aluminium silicate Iron oxide hydrate

SOLVENTS

A paint thinner is a solvent used to thin oil-based paints or clean up after their use. (All such solvents have other uses.)

Commercially, "paint thinner" is usually a name for mineral spirits. Other solvents used to thin paint include:

y y y y y y y y y

Acetone Mineral turpentine (turps) True turpentine Naphtha Toluene White spirit Xylene Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) Dimethylformamide (DMF)
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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

PRIMER The primer layer is the coating layer that joins a corrosion-protected substrate to the topcoat. It functions to smooth out surface irregularities, improve stone-chip

performance, and helps to protect the substrate from visible and UV light. The primer must be capable of reliable and uniform application, and should contribute a minimal environment footprint. Todays primers include solvent borne, waterborne and powder forms. Color-keyed primers are often used to allow minimum basecoat film thickness, to optimize the painting process and to minimize defects related to stone-chip damage.

BINDERS

The low molecular mass products include alkyd resins, phenolic resins, polyisocyanates, and epoxy resins.

ADDITIVES

Suitable materials include certain high-boiling solvents such as butyl ethers of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and diglycols, as well as cyclohexanone and alkylated cyclohexanones, and in some cases aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Low molecular mass resins (e.g., some polyacrylates and silicones) are also used.

METHODS

Paint mixing: mixing of paint is of two types Additive and Subtractive mixing. In additive mixing of colors there are three colors red, green, blue.

Subtractive mixing is done by selectively removing certain colors, instance with optical filters. The three colors are yellow, magneta and cayn.

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

DIPPING : It is the method in which the substrate is dipped into the prepared paint sample, removed and dried.

BAR COATERS: These are the bars which are used to draw down the paint on substrate by moving from top to bottom. The draw down should be uniform.

SPRAYING: It is the method where the primer coat and paint sample is sprayed on the surface of the substrate by using spray gun under controlled air pressure.

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

4. PREPARATION OF PAINT Preparation of paint can be done by mixing of pigment and powdered material is called as grinding. Paint prepared by mixing.

Paint mixing: Mix the pigments under slow speed stirrer and add hardener about 20 g and 25 g of thinner. Application: The substrate (metal or paper) is cut into the desired shape. The paint sample is placed on the substrate and draw down uniformly by using bar coaters to get the required thickness. The substrate is dried in oven at 120 C for 20 min. Then the shade is matched with standard shade or the required shade. The given shade is made by trial and error method as Ingredients shown in the chart. Clear blend The shade is matched in 4th trail of the experiment. After the matching shade the paint sample is prepared about 2kg for the further specification tests. yellow 1 Red 1 Red 2 Yellow 2 Solvent Hardener Thinner Results 30 8.5 0.1 6.5 2.5 2.5 10 12.5 More yellow red required 30 8.5 0.1 7 2 2.5 10 12.5 Still yellow red needed 30 8.5 0.1 7.5 1.5 2.5 10 12.5 Red required 30 8.5 0.1 8 1 2.5 10 12.5 Matches to the I II III IV

standard

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

SPECIFICATION TESTS VISCOSITY The prepared sample of paint is taken and it was poured into ford cup up to the top level, bottom hole is released immediately start the stop clock. The time of flow is noted. This process is repeated in the time intervals of 30 min. Then the viscosity is recorded for the different temperature. The average viscosity of the paint sample 49.08 sec. Tabular column Trial no 1 2 3 4 Temperature Room temp 30 35 40 Time in sec 47.72 49.02 49.58 50.00

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

SPECIFIC GRAVITY The weight of the empty specific gravity cylinder is noted. The paint sample is poured into the cylinder and it is closed, extra amount of sample comes out from the top hole. It is cleaned then the weight is recorded. The difference in the weight gives the specific gravity of the paint. Specific gravity = Weight of sample - Weight of empty with cylinder gravity cylinder

The specific gravity of the paint is 1.01

Weight of empty specific gravity cylinder

45.343

Weight of sample with cylinder Weight of the sample

146.59 101.25

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

NON VOLATILE (% by weight) Two empty metal dishes are weighed to this add 1 gm of sample. It is dried in the oven of 180 C about 2 hours. Dishes are taken out and weighed. The weight difference between in the weight gives the % by weight of the solid in the sample. The % by weight of the solid in the sample is 60% 3 % weight of solid= *100

W2= Weight of the final dish W1 =empty dish weight W =weight taken

Panel dishes Weight of empty Weight of empty along with 1g of paint sample Weight of solid % weight of solid

1 12.50 13.13

2 12.97 12.40

1 63%

1 57%

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

DILUTION TEST: Take 100 ml measuring cylinder; fill the paint up to the mark. It is kept for 24 hours without disturbing it. The paint sample should be give remaining should be the paint sample. POT LIFE: The paint sample is mixed well after keeping it for four hours without disturbing. The viscosity is calculated by using ford cup. The viscosity of the paint should be around 2023 sec at 30. 2 ml of clear solution the

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

SPECIFICATION TESTS RESULTS

Viscosity Specific gravity Fineness of grind Non volatile (% by weight )

60 10 sec 1.25 0.03 Below 10 micron

50.27 sec 1.01 9 microns

60 3%

60%

SYSTEM TESTS Mixing ratio Application viscosity at 30 C in 20-22 sec terms of time flow Pot life at application viscosity in 30 to 35 sec after 24 hours terms of time flow 32 sec 23.40 sec 4:1 4:1

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

5. CONCLUSION The paint plays an important role in economic development of the country. It is the major raw material for almost all the industries, constructing, automotive, textile,

machinery, medicine and many more industries. Paint also produces relaxation to the mind. Preparing of stainless, harmless, fumeless paints is the main criteria of the paint production companies. There was competition between the paint companies to give good and suitable paint for the customers.

At the end of this training program at BASF coatings India Ltd, which was a part of my academic course for M Sc in Industrial Chemistry.I feel enriched in more than one way. This training has been a great experience. It presented me with an opportunity to correlate the theory with the practical aspects.

This training has served to familiarize me with the actual work scenario in the industry. It has enabled me to gather vital information on the various industrial procedures and practices.

I finally conclude that, people say comments about the paints they look good or bad, but the preparing of paint, shade, glossy of the paint is very difficult to prepare in the laboratory.

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6. PHOTOS

BAR COATERS

FORD CUP

SPECIFIC GRAVITY CYLINDER

DILUTION TEST

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

HOT AIR OVEN

SPRAY GUN

METAL DISH

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

7. References

1. H Leth-Olsen, Filiform Corrosion of Painted Aluminium Coil Materials, PhD 2. thesis, NTNU 1996. 3. K Nisancioglu, J H Nordlien, AAfseth and G M Scamans, Aluminium Alloys their Physical and Mechanical Properties, 111-125, 2000. 4. G M Scamans, A Afseth, G E Thompson and X Zhou, Ultra-fine Grain Sized 5. 8th International Aluminium Alloys their Physical and Mechanical Properties, 1461-1466, 2002. 6. J A Treverton, N C Davies, An XPS study of Chromate Pretreatment of 7. Aluminium, Metals Technology ,4, 480-489, 1977 8. J S Crompton, P R Andrews and E McAlpine, Characteristics of a Conversion 9. Coating vol.13, no.2-3, 160-166, November 1988 10. A Ruiz Garzon, G E Thompson, P Skeldon, T Hashimoto, J Sander, A de 11. Zeeuw and P Mitchell, Development of Zirconium-Based Conversion 12. Coatings (ASST 2006), Beaune, France, May 2006. 13. T Schmidt-Hansberg, P Schubach, A Comparative Study of Innovative 14. Aluminium Pretreatments, 3rd International Symposium on Aluminium 15. Surface Science and Technology, (ASST 2003), Bonn, Germany, May 2003, pp9-14s). 16. K Br, NIR Booster Solutions Pay-Back Within12 Months! ECCA 38th 17. Autumn Congress Brussels, 21-23 November 2004. 18. Terry Fenton online essay about Kenneth Noland, and acrylic paint, accessed April 30th,2007 19. Acrylic Paint Definition, accessed December 07, 2010
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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

20. The History of Liquitex Acrylic Art Materials History Timeline of Liquitex, accessed December 06, 2010 21. Removing Acrylic Paint From Skin Instructions accessed December 08, 2010 22. Sealing, Staining, and Filling December 08, 2010 23. Grattage Art Techniques accessed December 08, 2010 24. Acrylic Paint Common Questions Technical Summary of Acrylic Paint accessed December 06, 2010 25. Coremans, Gettens, Thissen -La technique des Primitifsflamands- Studies in Conservation 1952 26. "Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan", Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. Feb. 19, 2008. 27. Callen, Anthea. The Art of Impressionsm: How Impressionism Changed the Art World. Yale University Press. 2000. 28. The Painter's Craft; Ralph Mayer; ISBN 978-0140468953 29. H. Gluck, "The Impermanences of Painting in Relation to Artists' Materials", Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Volume CXII 1964 30. Mayer, Ralph. The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques Viking Adult; 5th revised and updated edition, 1991. ISBN 0-670-83701-6 31. "Rediscovering treasures of Bamiyan". BBC News. 17 July 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2010. 32. Kassinger, Ruth G. (2003-02-06). Dyes: From Sea Snails to Synthetics. 21st century. ISBN 0-7613-2112-8. Wood Finishing and Refinishing accessed

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Paint Mixing, Processing and Testing

33. Theopompus, cited by Athenaeus [12.526] in c. 200 BCE; according to Gulick, Charles Barton. (1941). Athenaeus, TheDeipnosophists. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 34. Michel Pastoureau (2001-10-01). Blue: The History of a Color. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09050-5. 35. Jan Wouters, Noemi Rosario-Chirinos (1992). "Dye Analysis of Pre-Columbian Peruvian Textiles with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and DiodeArray Detection". Journal of the American Institute for Conservation (The American Institute for Conservation of Historic &#38) 31 (2): 237255. doi:10.2307/3179495. JSTOR 3179495. 36. Amy Butler Greenfield (2005-04-26). A Perfect Red: Empire, Espionage, and the Quest for the Color of Desire. HarperCollins. 37. Rossotti, Hazel (1983). Colour: Why the World Isn't Grey. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 38. Simon Garfield (2000). Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color That Changed the World. Faber and Faber. 39. Octavio Hernndez. "Cochineal". Mexico Desconocido Online. Retrieved July 15, 2005. 40. Jeff Behan. "The bug that changed history". Retrieved June 26, 2006. 41. "Dictionary of Color Terms". Retrieved 2006-07-20. 42. "Chromatic Adaptation". cmp.uea.ac.uk. Retrieved 2009-04-16. 43. Ball, Philip (2002). Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 44. Doerner, Max (1984). The Materials of the Artist and Their Use in Painting: With Notes on the Techniques of the Old Masters, Revised Edition.. Harcourt.

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45. Finlay, Victoria (2003). Color: A Natural History of the Palette. Random House. 46. Gage, John (1999). Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction. University of California Press. 47. Meyer, Ralph (1991). The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Fifth Edition. Viking.

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