History Virtualization was first implemented more than 30 years ago by IBM as a way to logically partition mainframe computers

into separate virtual machines. These partitions allowed mainframes to multitask: run multiple applications and processes at the same time. Since mainframes were expensive resources at the time, they were designed for partitioning as a way to fully leverage the investment. The Need for x86 Virtualization.

The Need for x86 Virtualization

Virtualization was effectively abandoned during the 1980s and 1990s when client-server applications and inexpensive x86 servers and desktops led to distributed computing. The broad adoption of Windows and the emergence of Linux as server operating systems in the 1990s established x86 servers as the industry standard. The growth in x86 server and desktop deployments led to new IT infrastructure and operational challenges. These challenges include:

Low Infrastructure Utilization. Typical x86 server deployments achieve an average utilization of only 10% to 15% of total capacity, according to International Data Corporation (IDC), a market research firm. Organizations typically run one application per server to avoid the risk of vulnerabilities in one application affecting the availability of another application on the same server. Increasing Physical Infrastructure Costs. The operational costs to support growing physical infrastructure have steadily increased. Most computing infrastructure must remain operational at all times, resulting in power consumption, cooling and facilities costs that do not vary with utilization levels. Increasing IT Management Costs. As computing environments become more complex, the level of specialized education and experience required for infrastructure management personnel and the associated costs of such personnel have increased. Organizations spend disproportionate time and resources on manual tasks associated with server maintenance, and thus require more personnel to complete these tasks. Insufficient Failover and Disaster Protection. Organizations are increasingly affected by the downtime of critical server applications and inaccessibility of critical end user desktops. The threat of security attacks, natural disasters, health pandemics and terrorism has elevated the importance of business continuity planning for both desktops and servers. High Maintenance end-user desktops. Managing and securing enterprise desktops present numerous challenges. Controlling a distributed desktop environment and enforcing management, access and security policies without impairing users ability to work effectively is complex and expensive. Numerous patches and upgrades must be continually applied to desktop environments to eliminate security vulnerabilities.

WHAT IS VIRTUALIZATION? Virtualization is the creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such as an operating system, a server, a storage device or network resources.

Mriganks Virtualization allows multiple operating system instances to run concurrently on a single computer; it is a means of separating hardware from a single operating system. Each guest OS is managed by a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM), also known as a hypervisor. Because the virtualization system sits between the guest and the hardware, it can control the guests use of CPU, memory, and storage, even allowing a guest OS to migrate from one machine to another. By using specially designed software, an administrator can convert one physical server into multiple virtual machines. Each virtual server acts like a unique physical device, capable of running its own operating system (OS
Virtualization is not a new concept, but its complexity has been growing, and a number of new paradigms are rising. I will try to demystify some of the concepts behind virtualization, briefly explain some of its basics, and finally look at some of the products and solutions out there. To begin, let me introduce three very simple concepts regarding virtualization: the host operating system, the hypervisor, and the guest operating system. AS U CAN SEE IN THIS SLIDEEXPLAIN THE DIAGRAM.

Virtualization Components The host operating system provides a host to one or more virtual machines (or partitions) and shares physical resources with them. Its where the virtualization product or the partitioning product is installed. Saumya The guest operating system is the operating system installed inside a virtual machine (or a partition). In a virtualization solution the guest OS can be completely different from the host OS. In a partitioning solution the guest OS must be identical to the host OS. A hypervisor, also called a virtual machine manager (VMM), is a program that allows multiple operating systems to share a single hardware host. Each operating system appears to have the hosts processor, memory, and other resources all to itself. The task of this hypervisor is to handle resource and memory allocation for the virtual machines, ensuring they cannot disrupt each other, in addition to providing interfaces for higher level administration and monitoring tools.

They are of 2 types a) bare-metal hypervisorType 1 hypervisors, also known as bare-metal, are software systems that run directly on the hosts hardware as a hardware control and guest operating system monitor. Baremetal virtualization is the current enterprise data center leader.

b)hosted hypervisor-Type

2 hypervisors, also known as hosted, are software applications running within a conventional operating system environment. This type of hypervisor is typically used in client side virtualization solutions such as Microsofts Virtual PC What is protection Rings?!!! Protection Rings, are a mechanism to protect data and functionality from faults (fault tolerance) and malicious behavior (computer security). This approach is diametrically opposite to that of capability-based security. Computer operating systems provide different levels of access to resources. A protection ring is one of two or more hierarchical levels or layers of privilege within the architecture of a computer system. This is generally hardware-enforced by some CPU architectures that provide different CPU modes at the firmware level. Rings are arranged in a hierarchy from most privileged (most trusted, usually numbered zero) to least privileged (least trusted, usually with the highest ring number). On most operating systems, Ring 0 is the level with the most privileges and interacts most directly with the physical hardware such as the CPU and memory.

navin Types of virtualizations

) Hardware Virtualization: This is the most common and is used in IT departments in a company as well as in the data centers. The servers hardware is virtualized thus allowing us to be able to run different OS and different applications simultaneously on the same hardware. This allows us to do server consolidation. And the benefits are obvious (only listing the critical ones hereand less cost is a major advantage across all of these): a) Less number of servers required for the same number of applications.

b) Less power consumption. c) Less maintenance overhead for the IT staff. d) More resource utilization. e) Easier (and faster) to add more capacity. f) Patch management and upgrades become easier. g) DRP (Disaster Recovery Planning) becomes easier. Without any interruption to the service, one can backup and even migrate entire virtual environments. 2) Desktop Virtualization: We have gotten into the habit of calling this VDI since that is the term that VMWare uses for desktop virtualization. VDI stands for virtual desktop infrastructure. But this is not limited to just VMWare. Citrix systems has a similar offering called the XenDesktop. What this means is that your end users computers data their OS, their applications, their downloads, their preferences etc. are all stored in a VM in a hosted environment which could be hosted either by the companys IT in-house or hosted in a data center. Som the VMs are then managed in one single place for all the users in a department/company and the computing environment is delivered remotely to the end users. The one reason why the adoption has been a bit slow on this front is because unlike server consolidation (hardware virtualization), desktop virtualization requires working across a lot of different organizations within the company and it impacts the end users a lot more during the stages of putting the plan in place and executing it. Benefits are obvious: 1) Easier upgrades and patch management. 2) IT Desktop support process becomes much more easier. 3) You can easily add more users as your organization grows and provisioning of new applications and VMs takes minutes and not days/weeks. 4) Better resource utilization and less power consumption. 5) Easier recovery management. aditi 3) Storage Virtualization: So, consolidating servers as well as the desktops is all great but what happens to the storage requirements then? Wont the storage requirements also grow by leaps and bounds? This is the next question that you are going to get from your clients internal or external. This also means that since everything is in one place, one also needs to have a proper plan for disaster recovery and business continuity. So what does storage virtualization mean then? It means we would then need to make multiple storage devices appear as a common shared media. A proper back-up and restore strategy needs to be formed as well then and a proper DRP needs to be done both local and site failures need to be accounted for. We will present a more detailed DRP analysis in one of our whitepapers that we are working on.

Slide

the five most significant advantages that can help enterprises enhance their overall performance: Server unification and infrastructure maximization Virtualization enables server unification that integrates various servers spread across an enterprise, enabling these servers to work by sharing applications and databases along with other infrastructure and resources, which leads to the maximizing of infrastructure and efficient resource usage for enterprises. Reduction in cost of infrastructure Virtualization enables administrators to reduce the number of servers, hardware devices and data centers, which not only downsizes the infrastructure and maintenance costs but also reduces power consumption. Enhances flexible functionality of management Virtualization requires fewer servers to perform the routine, repetitive, time consuming tasks such as configuration, upgrades, monitoring and system scheduling. High accessibility of applications and data Virtualization so transforms the applications and data in the virtual environment that high accessibility without any time delays and disruption results. This makes it possible to fulfill the needs of both customers and staff in a secure environment. Improves system compliance Even with customers using different OS and networks, virtualization makes it possible to form a virtual enhanced system unrestricted by different OS and network limitations, which makes it easy for users and clients to remain linked with the enterprise.

Disadvantages-

Bearing in mind all the advantages of virtualization, one could easily conclude that virtualization is the perfect technology for any enterprise. Well, virtualization does have many benefits but it also has some drawbacks as well. Knowing these drawbacks allows to adopt a realistic approach to virtualization and to make a fair judgment if virtualization is suitable in a given scenario or not. Here are some of the most notable drawbacks of virtualization:
Virtualization Solutions Have a Single Point of Failure

One of the greatest drawbacks of virtualization is that there is a single point of failure. When the machine, on which all the virtualized solutions run, fails or when the virtualization solution itself fails, this crashes everything.

This might sound scary but actually this risk is relatively easy to provide for. Redundant capacity and regular backups of the virtualized operating systems (together with the virtualized applications) are a warranty against data loss and downtime due to the single point of failure.

Virtualization Demands Powerful Machines

Virtualization might save money because thanks to it less hardware is required and this allows to decrease the physical number of machines in an enterprise but this does not mean that it is possible to use archaic computers to run top-notch virtualization solutions. Virtualization solutions are hardware monsters and they require a really powerful machine. If the machines used are not powerful, it is still possible to deploy virtualization solutions but when there is no enough RAM and CPU power for them, this will seriously disrupt their work. Anyway, it is still cheaper to add 4GB of RAM to a machine to make it more powerful than to buy a new machine, right?

Virtualization Might Lead to Lower Performance

Even if the machines on which virtualized operating systems and virtualized applications are run are powerful enough, performance issues are still possible. What is more, one of the most unpleasant facts is that very often there is no problem with a particular application when it is not virtualized but when it is deployed in a virtualized environment, all sorts of issues start to surface. For instance, stress tests in virtualized environments yield very different (and misleading) results in comparison to stress tests on a dedicated machine.
Application Virtualization Is not Always Possible

While in most cases it is not possible to predict if a particular application will misbehave when virtualized or not, there are also many applications, which are known to experience performance degradation when virtualized. Databases are one of the most common examples of such applications. Databases require frequent disk operations and when there is a delay in reading from or writing to the disk because of virtualization, this might render the whole application useless. Still, nobody says that it is impossible to virtualize a database application - even real-time financial applications successfully run on virtualized environments. However, if given the chance, it is much safer to avoid virtualizing such critical and demanding applications.

18-19-video liza

Examples of situations in which virtualization can help you realize quick return on investment include: Environments which require availability of a library of servers, with different setups, for purposes such as software development (i.e., test scenarios), quality assurance testing, software support (quickly and easily reproduce a relatively large number of client environments) and demo centers. This is a common starting point for virtualization for most companies. Environments which need to deploy selected business applications to lightly used servers or to servers which have predictable resource consumption profiles. Applications that require different resources or which require the same resources at different times can typically be deployed on the same physical server .

Major Players: So, who are the major players in this market? If you have been following the virtualization world, you already know that VMWare, Citrix and Microsoft are the three leading players in this market right now. There are other players as well who have entered the market Red Hat, HP, IBM, Oracle and Virtual Iron Software are some of the other names. For end consumers like us, the more the competition in the virtualization industry, the more affordable it is going to be for us.

Thrs a video after this.