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401 0985_05f9_c1

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Introduction to Voice and Telephone Technology


Session 401

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Cisco Systems Confidential

Voice Is Not A Network

Voice is an Application Complete understanding of Voice Application fundamentals helps us to design and build better Networks

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Objective

To Prepare the Data Communications Professional for Voice and Data Network Integration by Providing Voice Technology Fundamentals

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Cisco Systems Confidential

Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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Telephony Equipment
Telephone set Key system
Optimizes use of telephone sets to lines Mechanical to electronic Two to ten telephone handsets is typical

PBX (Private Branch Exchange)


Advanced features and call routing Tens to hundreds of telephone handsets

Central office switch


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Analog Telephony Connection Basics


Tip Ring

Sleeve

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Basic Call Progress: On-Hook

Telephone Switch Local Loop Local Loop

DC Voltage Open Circuit No Current Flow


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Cisco Systems Confidential

Basic Call Progress: Off-Hook


Off-Hook Closed Circuit

DC Current Dial Tone Local Loop

Telephone Switch Local Loop

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Basic Call Progress: Dialing


Off-Hook Closed Circuit Dialed Digits

Pulses or Tones DC Current Telephone Switch Local Loop

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Basic Call Progress: Switching


Off-Hook Closed Circuit

Telephone Switch Address to Port Translation

DC Current Local Loop

Local Loop

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Basic Call Progress: Ringing


Off-Hook Closed Circuit Ring Back Tone DC Current Local Loop

DC Open Cct. Ringing Tone Telephone Switch Local Loop

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Basic Call Progress: Talking


Off-Hook Closed Circuit Voice Energy DC Current Local Loop Voice Energy DC Current Local Loop

Telephone Switch

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Analog TelephonySignaling

Supervisory Addressing Call progress

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Analog Telephony Supervisory Signaling


Switch Switch

Loop start
Almost all telephones Current flow sensed
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Ground start
Switch Trunk Lines Momentary ground ring lead
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Loop Start
Station Loop
(Local or Station)

PBX or Central Office Switch

+ +

DC Current

Switch

Ringing

AC

Switch

+
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Cisco Systems Confidential

E&M Signaling
PBXs, switches
Separate signaling leads for each direction E-Lead (inbound direction) M-Lead (outbound direction) Allows independent signaling
State On-Hook Off-Hook
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E-Lead Open Ground

M-Lead Ground Battery Voltage

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Signaling and Addressing

Dial Pulse

DTMF

ISDN

Analog Transmission In-Band Signaling 09, *, # (12 Digits)

Digital Transmission Out-of-Band Message-Based Signaling

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Cisco Systems Confidential

Pulse Dialing
Off-Hook Make (Circuit Closed) Dialing Inter-Digit Next Digit

Break (Circuit Open)

700 ms

US:60/40 Break/Make Pulse Period (100 ms)


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Tone Dialing
Dual Tone Multifrequency (DTMF)
1209 697 1336 1477 1633

770

852

941

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Voice Channel Bandwidth


Voice Channel Voice Signal Output Voltage or Energy

.2

Frequency (K-Hertz)

Tone Dialing Signals


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Systems Control Signals


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Switching Systems
Manual ControlSwitch/Cord Boards
Off-Hook Indicator Tip Ring

Patch Cord Pairs Manual Ring

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Cisco Systems Confidential

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Local Access Network


Feeder Route Boundary

Central Office

40,000 to 50,000 Lines

Serving Area Boundary

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PSTN Network Hierarchy


1 1 1

Class Name
2 3 4C 4P 5
1 2 3 Regional Center Sectional Center Primary Center Toll Center Toll Point Interm. Point End Office EO w/ RSU Remote Sw. Unit

4C

4P

4X

5R

4C 4P 4X

4C

4P

5R

4X

5 5R R

R
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Types of Voice Circuits


Serving Area 415-NXX-XXX 415-577-3800 Class 5 Switch OPX Off-Premises Ext. 415-577-3801 ARD Auto Ring Down
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Serving Area 510-NXX-XXX Class 5 Switch FX Foreign Exchange 510-655-1400

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Echo in Voice Networks


Talker Listener

Delay

Talker Echo

Listener Echo

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Normal Signal Flow


Two-Wire Local Loop Central Office Receive Direction

2w-4w Hybrid Transmit Direction

Two- to four-wire hybrid combines receive-and transmit-signals over the same pair Two-wire impedance must match four-wire impedance
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How Does Echo Happen?


Echo Is Due to a Reflection
Echo Is Experienced here Transmit Direction Impedance Mismatch is here

2w-4w Hybrid
Central Office

2w-4w Hybrid
Central Office

Reflected Signal

Receive Direction

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Impedance Mismatch at the 2w-4w Hybrid Is the Most Common Reason for Echo
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Echo Is Always Present


Echo as a Problem Is a Function of the Echo Delay, and the Magnitude of the Echo
Echo Is Unnoticeable (dB) Echo Path Loss Echo Is a Problem

Echo Path Delay (ms)


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Ways to Defeat Echo


Increase the loss in the echo path
Can often be the solution Disadvantage: static setting and reduces the signal strength of the speaker

Echo suppresser
Acts like a noise gate, effectively making communications half-duplex
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Echo Canceler
Most Effective Means for Removing Echo
Voice Endpoint
Echo Cancelled Here

E/C
Received Voice Signal

+
Echo Canceler Block Diagram Adaptive Filter

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Summary

Information exchange based on voltage, current flow, grounding, and so on Analog voice technology dates back to the late 1800s

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Cisco Systems Confidential

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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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Digital Telephony
Digital Trunking
Switch Switch

Analog Loop POTS

Digital Network
Switch

A to D Conversion

Digital Loop Digital Network ISDN


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Switch

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Cisco Systems Confidential

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Digital Telephony
Pulse Code ModulationNyquist Theorem
Voice Bandwidth = 200 Hz to 3400 Hz

Analog Audio Source

Sampling Stage = Sample

Codec Technique
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8 bits per sample 8 kHz (8,000 Samples/Sec)


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Pulse Code Modulation Analog to Digital Conversion


Quantizing Noise

ALaw (Europe)

10010011011

Stage 1

Law (USA)
Quantizing Stage
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Time Division Multiplexer Example: T1 Channel Bank


INPUTS
Analog or Digital Interface Cards
Ch. 1 Ch. 2 Ch. 3 Ch. 4 Ch. 5 Ch. 6 Framing Bit (8000 per Second)

OUTPUT
8,000 Frames per Second (1 Frame per 125 s)
Eight Bits from Each Channel Input In Sequential Order Next Frame Framing Bit

Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3

Ch 4 Ch 5

Ch 6

Chs 7-23

Ch 24

Ch 1, etc

T1 Multiplexer
64 kbps x 24 = 1.536 Mbps Add Framing Bits = 8 Kbps Total Bit Rate: 1.544 Mbps

Chs. 7-23 Ch. 24

Each Input Represents 64 kbps


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DS1 Superframe (D4) Format


193rd bit of each frame used for frame synchronization D4 framing is 12 frames D4 framing pattern is: 100011011100 Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) robs the LSB of every byte in frames 6 and 12 for AB bits Common Channel Signaling (ISDN) uses TS 24
Framing Bits
Frame Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Framing Bit Value

Bit Use in Each Channel Time Slot


Traffic Signaling

SignalingBit Use Options


T 2 4

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

Bits 17

Bit 8

Bits 17

Bit 8

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Extended Superframe (ESF)


S Bits
Frame Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
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Bit Use in Each Channel Time Slot


BC C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Traffic Signaling T

SignalingBit Use Options


2 4 16

Fe 0 0 1 0 1 1

DL m m m m m m m m m m m m

Bits 17

Bit 8

Bits 17

Bit 8

Bits 17

Bit 8

Bits 17

Bit 8

D
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Digital Signaling Schemes


Channel Associated Signaling
Extended Superframe

In-Band Audio Address Signaling (DTMF)

Bit A B C D
Supervision On/Off Hook Address Signaling (Dial Pulse)

Frame 6th 12th 18th 24th

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Digital Signaling Schemes


Common Channel Signaling
Extended Super Frame

In-Band Audio Address Signaling (DTMF)


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64 Kbps Signaling Channel in TS24 of Each Frame (e.g. ISDN D Channel Q.931 Messages)

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Digital Telephony Synchronization


Bit synchronization
Primary reference source Ones density

Time-slot synchronization
Bits/bytes/channels

Frame alignment
193rd Bit Pattern
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Digital Telephony Synchronization


One Multiframe (ESF)
3 ms
1 12 24

1 Frame, 125s, 193bits 24 Time Slots


1 12 24

1 Channel Time Slot, 5.18s

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SynchronizationTraditional Network Clocking Strata


Stratum 1
Master Clock

PRS
Timing
Toll Office

Timing Timing
End Office

Timing

End Office

3
PBX

DCS

PBX
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4
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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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Voice Coding and Compression


Speech-coding schemes Subjective impairment analysis: mean opinion scores Digitizing voice Voice compression
ADPCM CELP (LD-CELP and CSA-CELP) Silence removal techniques (DSI using VAD)
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Voice Compression Technologies


Unacceptable
64 (Cellular)

Business Quality

Toll Quality * PCM (G.711)

PCM (G.711)

Bandwidth (Kbps)
32 24 16 8 0
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* ADPCM 32 (G.726)
ADPCM 24 (G.726)

* * ADPCM 16 (G.726) LDCELP 16 (G.728)


* LPC 4.8

* CS-ACELP 8 (G.729)

Quality
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Speech-Coding Schemes
Waveform coders
Non-linear approximation of the actual waveform Examples: PCM, ADPCM

Vocoders
Synthesized voice Example: LPC

Hybrid coders
Linear waveform approximation with synthesized voice Example: CELP
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Subjective Impairment Analysis: Mean Opinion Scores


5 4 Hybrid Coders Waveform Coders

Subjective Quality 3 (MOS)


2 1 2
Score
5 4 3 2 1
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Vocoders

Kbps

16

32

64

Quality
Excellent Good Fair Poor Bad

Description of Impairment
Imperceptible Just Perceptible, not Annoying Perceptible and Slightly Annoying Annoying but not Objectionable Very Annoying and Objectionable
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Measuring Mean Opinion Scores: ITU P.800 Series


Source Channel Simulation Impairment Codec X 1 2 3 4 5

Nowadays, a chicken leg is a rare dish


Rating Rating 5 4 3 2 1 Level of Speech Quality Level of Speech Quality Excellent Good Fair Poor Unsatisfactory Distortion Distortion Imperceptible Just perceptible but not annoying Perceptible and slightly annoying Annoying but not objectionable Very annoying and objectionable

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Digitizing Voice: PCM Waveform Encoding Review


Nyquist Theorem: sample at twice the highest frequency
Voice frequency range: 200-3400 Hz Sampling frequency = 8000/sec (every 125s) Bit rate: (2 x 4 kHz) x 8 bits per sample = 64,000 bits per second (DS-0)

By far the most commonly used method


CODEC PCM = DS-0 64 Kbps

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Nonlinear vs. Linear Encoding


Output Output

Input

Input

Nonlinear Encoding
Closely Follows Human Voice Characteristics. High Amplitude Signals have More Quantization Distortion.

Linear Encoding
Relatively Easy to Analyze, Synthesize and Regenerate. All Amplitudes Have Roughly Equal Quantization Distortion.

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Voice CODECs: Waveform Coders

Quantizing

Sampling

Encoding

Filtering

1110010010010110

Waveform ENCODER

Waveform DECODER

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Voice Compression
Objective: reduce bandwidth consumption
Compression algorithms are optimized for voice Unlike data compression: these are loose

Drawbacks/tradeoffs
Quantization distortion Tandem switching degradation Delay (echo)
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Voice CompressionADPCM
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
Waveform coding scheme Adaptive: automatic companding Differential: encode the changes between samples only Rates and bits per sample:
32 Kbps = 8 Kbps x 4 bits/sample 24 Kbps = 8 Kbps x 3 bits/sample 16 Kbps = 8 Kbps x 2 bits/sample
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Voice CompressionCELP
Code excited linear predictive Very high voice quality at low-bit rates, processor intensive, use of DSPs G.728: LD-CELP16 Kbps G.729: CSA-CELP8 Kbps
G.729a variant stripped down 8 kbps (with a noticeable quality difference) to reduce processing load, allows two voice channels encoded per DSP
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Voice CODECs: Hybrid Coders


PCM Encoder
Filtering 11100100100101 Sampling 1 Quantizing Sample Encoding

PCM Decoder

Frames

VocalCords Throat Nose Mouth

Model Parameters

10110010

Parameters

Model Parameters

Human Speech Model


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Analysis

Synthesis
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G.729
Cake A/D Code DSP Packet Recipe
10.1.1.1 Cake

16-Bit Linear PCM


Code Look-up

IngredientsDirections A-sound Play K, A, K-sound and K

Recipe or Code Book


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Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI)


Voice Activity Detection (VAD) Removal of voice silence Examines voice for power, change of power, frequency and change of frequency All factors must indicate voice fits into the window before cells are constructed Automatically disabled for fax/modem
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Voice Activity Detection

- 31 dbm B/W Saved Voice Activity (Power Level) - 54 dbm Pink Noise Voice Spurt
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Hang Timer

No Voice Traffic Sent SID

SID Buffer

Silence

Voice Spurt
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Time
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Bandwidth Requirements
Voice Band Traffic
Encoding/ Compression
G.711 PCM A-Law/ A-Law/ -Law G.726 ADPCM G.729 CS-ACELP G.728 LD-CELP G.723.1 CELP
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Result Bit Rate


64 kbps (DS0) 16, 24, 32, 40 kbps 8 kbps 16 kbps 6.3/5.3 kbps Variable
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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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Voice Network Transport


Voice Network Transport is typically TDM circuit-based:
T1/E1 DS3/E3 SONET (OC-3, OC-12, etc.)

But can also be packet-based:


ATM Frame Relay IP
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Data Is Overtaking Voice


Evolution from TDM-based transport to packets/cells or a combination
Relative Load
30 25 20 Data Is 23x Voice Traffic

Data
15 10 5 0 1990 1995 2000 Data Is 5x Voice Traffic

Voice
2005

Year
Source: Electronicast
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The Tyranny of the DS0


Switching and transport based on circuits Rigid structure yields high cost for packet
Customer Premise Local CO
Class-5 DS0 Switch DS1 DS0 3/1 DACS DS3 SONET ADM DS3 Class-4 Switch

Interexchange
DS0 Class-4 Switch DS0

Local CO
Class-5 Switch

Customer Premise
DS0

Switching

DS1

DS1

DS1 DS0

Transport
DS3 DS3 DS3

3/1 DACS DS3 SONET ADM

DS1

DS1

OC-3/12

OC-48

OC-48

OC-48

OC-3/12

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TDM Transport Efficiency


Types of Traffic Voice

Utilization
Legacy

PBX

Wasted Bandwidth

5060%

LAN

Video

Single WAN Link

Time Slot Assignments

Wasted bandwidth No congestion


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Packet Transport Efficiency


Types of Traffic

Utilization

Voice PBX Q U E U E Cells/Frames/Packets

Legacy

9095%

LAN

Video

Individual Packets

High bandwidth efficiency Congestion management


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Delay
Sender
PBX

Receiver Network
PBX

First Bit Transmitted

Last Bit Received

A
Processing Delay Network Transit Delay

A
t
Processing Delay

End-to-End Delay
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Delay VariationJitter
Sender Network Receiver

Sender Transmits

t A D1
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B D2 = D1

Sink Receives

D3 = D2

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Voice Delay Guidelines


One Way Delay (msec) 0150 150400 Description
Acceptable for Most User Applications Acceptable Provided That Administrations Are Aware of the Transmission Time Impact on the Transmission Quality of User Applications Unacceptable for General Network Planning Purposes; However, It Is Recognized That in Some Exceptional Cases This Limit Will Be Exceeded

400+

ITUs G.114 Recommendation


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Delay in Perspective
Cumulative Transmission Path Delay
CB Zone Satellite Quality High Quality
0 100 200 300 400 500

Fax Relay, Broadcast


600 700 800

Time (msec) Delay Target

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Fixed Delay Components


Propagation Delay Serialization Delay Buffer to Serial Link Processing Delay

PropagationSix microseconds per kilometer Serialization Processing


Coding/compression/decompression/decoding Packetization
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Variable Delay Components


Queuing Delay Queuing Delay Queuing Delay

Dejitter Buffer

Queuing delay Dejitter buffers Variable packet sizes


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An Example
Assumptions:
We have eight trunks We are going to use CS-ACELP that uses 8 Kbps per voice channel Our uplink is 64 Kbps Voice is using a high priority queue and no other traffic is being used
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Delay Calculation
Los Coder Delay Queuing Delay Angeles 25 ms 6 ms Propagation Delay32 ms (Private Line Network) Serialization Delay 3 ms
Fixed Delay Coder Delay G.729 (5 msec Look Ahead) Coder Delay G.729 (10 msec per Frame) Packetization DelayIncluded in Coder Delay Max Queuing Delay 64 kbps Trunk Serialization Delay 64 kbps Trunk Propagation Delay (Private Lines) Network Delay (e.g., Public Frame Relay Svc) Dejitter Buffer
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Dejitter Buffer 50 ms

Munich

Variable Delay

5 msec 20 msec

21 msec
3 msec 32 msec 50 msec

Variable Delay Component

Total
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110 msec
75 82

Variable Delay Calculation


We have eight trunks, so in the worst case we will have to wait for seven voice calls prior to ours To put one voice frame out on a 64Kbps link takes 3msec 1 byte over a 64Kbps link takes 125 microseconds. We have a 20 byte frame relay frame with 4 bytes of overhead. 125 * 24 = 3000 usecs or 3 msec Does not factor in waiting for a possible data packet or the impact of variable sized frames Assumes voice prioritization of frames
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Delay Calculation
Site B
Fixed Delay
DELAY #1 Coder Delay G.729 Packetization Delay (Included in Coder Delay) Max Queuing Delay 64 kbps Trunk Serialization Delay 64 kbps Trunk Propagation Delay (Private Lines) Dejitter Buffer Tandem Switch Delay #1 Total 21msec 3 msec 32 msec 50 msec 25 msec

Variable Delay

Site A

Delay #1

Private Line Network


Delay #2

110 msec

Site C
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Delay Calculation
Site B
Fixed Delay
DELAY #1 Total DELAY #2 Coder Delay G.729 Packetization Delay (Included in Coder Delay) Max Queuing Delay 2 Mbps Trunk Serialization Delay 2 Mbps Trunk Propagation Delay (Private Lines) Dejitter Buffer Delay #2 Total Total Delay .7 msec 0.1 msec 5 msec 50 msec 80 msec 190 msec 25 msec 110 msec

Variable Delay

Site A

Delay #1

Private Line Network


Delay #2

Site C
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Other Useful Voice QoS Schemes in IP


Custom Queuing, Priority Queuing and Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) IP Precedence Bit setting in the ToS Field of the IP Header Compressed Real Time Protocol (CRTP)
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Summary
Voice traffic engineering principles still apply Packet-based voice trunks can provide efficiency with high quality if properly engineered The biggest impact on voice quality over a data network will be as a result of the delay and delay variation
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Repeat: Voice Is Not A Network

Voice is an Application Complete understanding of Voice Application fundamentals helps us to design and build better Networks

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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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Digital Voice Signaling Techniques

ISDN Q.930/Q.931 Signaling System 7 Voice addressing

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ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
Part of a network architecture Definition for the access to the network Allows access to multiple services through a single access

Standards-based
ITU recommendations Proprietary implementations
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Network Access
Traditional Access
Customer Equipment (PBX) Public Packet-Switched Network PSTN (CO Lines) 800 Tie Trunks FX Private Lne Data

ISDN Access
Customer Equipment (PBX) Telephone Switch Public Packet-Switched Network PSTN (CO Lines) 800 Tie Trunks FX Private Line Data

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Terminology

B channel bearer channel


64 kbps Carries information (voice, data, video, etc.) DS-0

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Terminology (Cont.)

D channel signaling channel


16 Kbps or 64 Kbps Carries instructions between customer equipment and network Carries information Can also carry packet switch data (X.25) for the public packet switched network
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Terminology (Cont.)

BRA/BRI (Basic Rate Access/ Basic Rate Interface)


2B+D 2 x 64 Kbps + 16 Kbps = 144 Kbps (not including overhead) Designed to operate using the average local copper pair
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Terminology (Cont.)

PRA/PRI (Primary Rate Access/Primary Rate Interface)


23 B + D 23 x 64 Kbps + 64 Kbps (D Channel) + 8 Kbps (Frame Alignment bit) = 1.544 Mbps Designed to operate using T1/E1 In E1 environments: 30 B + D
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ISDN Reference Points


TE1

TE1 TE2

S/T R
TE1

NT1

BRA

TA

TE2

. . R
S
TA

Carrier
NT2 (PBX)

. T

NT1

. U

PRA

TE2

.
Local Loop
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Customer Premises
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ISDN Reference Points

NT1
Terminates local loop Coding and transmission conversion Maintenance and performance monitoring Functions as a CSU
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ISDN Reference Points (Cont.)


TE1
ISDN compatible equipment

TE2
Non-ISDN compatible equipment Requires TA

TA
Interfaces available for different TE2 E.g. RS-232, X.21, V.35, PC-Bus, video, etc.
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ISDN Reference Points (Cont.)

NT2
Typically a PBX Provides switching functions Handles Layer 2 and Layer 3 protocols

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Access to ISDN
At the S-reference point:
RJ-45 (receive and transmit pair) Optional power can be provided for TE devices
Distance: 1 Km (1 x TE only), 200 m (8 x TE), 500 m (4 x TE)

When more than one TE, wires act as a bus


CSMA/CD

Limitation: cannot have an extension phone


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Access to ISDN
At the U-Reference point (BRA)
Standards differ NA, France, UK vs. Germany vs. Japan In North America, designed to use as much of existing copper plant available Two wire, unloaded local loops are 99% of total Up to 5.5 Km loop length

At the U-Reference point (PRA)


T1/E1 standard
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D Channel
ISDN Access Protocols are carried in the D channel Layer 2 and Layer 3 protocol specifications
Protocol specifications are identical for BRA and PRA

Layer 2, Q.920/921, LAP-D


Supports the communications for Layer 3 Maintains the connections between devices

Layer 3, Q.930/931
Call setup, call supervision, call tear down, and supplementary services Uses standard set of messages to communicate
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D-Channel Encapsulation

Layer 3

Protocol Length of Discriminator Call Reference

Call Reference

Message Type

Information Elements

Layer 2

Flag

Address Control

Information

CRC

Flag

Layer 1

D Channel (16 Kbps or 64 Kbps)

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ISDN CCS (Q.930/931) Messages


Call Establishment
Alerting Call proceeding Connect Connect ack Progress Setup Setup ack

Call Information
Hold Hold ack Hold reject Resume Resume ack Resume reject Retrieve Retrieve ack Retrieve reject Suspend Suspend ack Suspend reject User information

Call Clearing
Disconnect Release Release complete Restart Restart ack

Miscellaneous
Congestion control Facility Information Notify Register Status Status inquiry
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Public ISDN and Signaling System 7


Signaling Network
BRI BRI

PBX1

PRI

Switch

Transmission Network

Switch

PRI

PBX2

DSS1

Signaling System 7

DSS1

DSS1 Is a Public ISDN Protocol


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ISDN and SS7 The Bridge Between the Islands


Voice Transmission
STP

Switch

SSP
SCP

Switch

SS7
Signaling Network
STP STP

SSP
Voice and ISDN Signaling PRI

Voice Transmission

STP

STP

Switch

SSP
STP

PBX1 SCP

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SS7 Components
SCP SCP

Network 1
STP

Network 2
STP

SCP SCP

SSP

STP

STP

SSP SSP SSP

Voice Trunk Signaling Link


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Network Addressing

LEC 1-609-555-1234
1-609-5551234 Dials: 9+1-609-555-1234

IXC

555-1234

LEC

PSTN E.164 Addressing

555-1234

PBX PBX
Dials: 8+555-1234

1234 1234

555-1234

555-1234

VCI/VPI

VCI/VPI

WAN
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Agenda
Basic Analog Telephony Basic Digital Telephony Voice Coding and Compression Techniques Voice Transport and Delay Supplemental Slides: Digital Voice Signaling Techniques
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Thank You!

Q & A Please Fill Out Evaluation Forms THANK YOU!

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Please Complete Your Evaluation Form


Session 401

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