UNIT I TWO MARK QUESTIONS 1. Draw the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode. 2.

Explain the terms Knee voltage, Break down voltage in a PN junction diode. 3. What is Avalanche effect in a PN junction diode? 4. Write the Boltzmann current equation for a PN junction diode. 5. Give the relation between the width of depletion region and applied bias voltage in a PN junction diode. 6. The leakage current in a reverse biased diode is 10nA at 20C. What will be its value at 30C ? 7. Give the relation between the leakage currents in a reverse biased diode at temperature T1 and T2, where T2 > T1. 8. The leakage current Io in a reverse biased diode is 20nA at the reverse bias voltage of 10V. What will be its approximate value at 20V? 9. What do you understand by : a PN junction is (a) Forward biased. (b) Reverse biased. 10. Define intrinsic semiconductors and extrinsic semiconductors. 11. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. 12. Define the terms Depletion layer, Doping. 13. Why is silicon preferred to germanium in the manufacture of semiconductor devices? 14. How many valence electrons will a perfect conductor, semiconductor and insulator will have? 15. What are the four different regions in the transistor characteristics? Draw and mention. 16. Draw the symbols of NPN and PNP transistors. 17. What is meant by early effect?

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

In BJT why base area is less and collector area is more? In BJT why base is lightly doped and emitter is highly doped? Draw the two-diode analogy of the transistor and explain why it cannot be used as a transistor. Draw the input and output characteristics of a BJT. Why the input impedance of FET is more than that of BJT? Name the special features of a FET. Draw the symbols of n-channel and p-channel JFET. What are the three FET parameters? What is the disadvantage of FET compared to BJT? What is meant by current controlled device and voltage controlled device? Give examples What do you understand by unipolar and bipolar device? Give examples. Which device is called as unipolar explain. Explain the terms Pinch off and IDSS in a FET. Write the Drain current equation for a FET. Draw the transfer and drain characteristics of a FET. What are the difference between UJT and BJT? What is intrinsic standoff ratio in a UJT? Draw the equivalent circuit of a UJT. Draw the V-I characteristics of UJT and mark the three regions of operation. What do you mean by regeneration in UJT. Explain the terms peak voltage and valley current in a UJT. What is meant by negative resistance region in a UJT?

40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

Mention two applications of UJT. What is thyristor? Mention some of them. Draw the symbol of UJT and SCR. Draw the two transistor equivalent circuit of a SCR. Define holding current in a SCR.

45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.

Draw the V-I characteristics of a SCR. State any two applications of SCR. Explain why a SCR is operated only in the forward biased condition. Explain how triggering of an SCR can be controlled by the gate signal supplied. DIAC is a bi-directional device. Explain? Draw the volt-ampere characteristics of a TRIAC. Draw the transistor equivalent circuit of a TRIAC. Draw the V-I characteristics of a DIAC. Draw the symbol of DIAC, TRIAC.

TEN MARKS 1. Write short notes on (i) Intrinsic semiconductor (ii) Extrinsic semiconductor (N type & P type) 2. With energy hill diagram explain the operation of PN junction under forward biased and reverse biased condition 3. (a) Write short notes on depletion layer, width of depletion layer. (b) Define Threshold voltage, Pinch off voltage, valley voltage and Break down voltage. 4. Explain the construction of PN junction diode and state how will you obtain the forward and reverse characteristic curve. 5. Explain the terms (i) Avalanche breakdown (ii) Conductors, semiconductors and insulators. 6. With a neat diagram explain the construction and operation of a BJT showing all the current components. 7. Sketch the typical input and output characteristics of a common emitter BJT configuration and explain.

8. Explain the construction and operation of a n-channel junction field effect transistor. 9. (a) Draw the Drain and transfer characteristics of a JFET and explain. (b) Discuss the advantages of JFET over BJT. 10. Explain the operation of UJT relaxation oscillator with a neat diagram. 11. Explain the construction, operation and characteristics of UJT. 12. Discuss in detail with neat sketches the two methods of turning on and off the SCR. 13. Sketch the construction of a silicon controlled rectifier. Also, sketch the two-transistor equivalent circuit and show how it is derived from the SCR construction. Label all the terminals and explain how the device operates. 14. Sketch typical SCR forward and reverse characteristics. Identify all the regions of the characteristics and all important current and voltage levels. Explain the shape of the characteristics in terms of the SCR two-transistor equivalent circuit. 15. Draw sketches to show the construction, equivalent circuit and characteristics of a TRIAC. Identify

all important voltage and current levels on the characteristics and explain the operation of the device. 16. Draw the typical characteristics of a DIAC. Explain the DIAC operation and sketch the two circuit symbols used for the device. 17. (a) Compare the properties of BJT and FET (b) Explain the terms intrinsic stand off ratio, negative resistance region, peak voltage and valley voltage.

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& UNIT II TWO MARK QUESTIONS 1. Name the opto electronic device that (i) emits light (ii) modifies light 2. Why P-type layer is kept uppermost in a LED? 3. Name the semiconductor materials used in LED and the color of light emitted by them. 4. Draw the graphic symbol of LED and photo diode. 5. State the principle of operation of LED. 6. Write down the typical values of forward voltage drop, reverse break down voltage and power dissipation in a LED. 7. Explain why a gold film is applied to the bottom of the substrate in a LED? 8. Justify why an ordinary PN junction diode is connected in series with a LED in some LED circuits. 9. Draw the seven-segment LED display in common anode & common cathode configurations. 10. List some of the applications of LED. 11. What are the merits of LED over conventional lamp 12. What are the properties of liquid crystal material? 13. Explain why an energized liquid crystal cell appears dark. 14. Explain the principle of reflective type LCD. 15. Explain the principle of transmittive type LCD. 16. What is the maximum numerical value that can be displayed by (i) three and half digit 7 segment LED display (ii) five and half digit 7 segment LED display. 17. Explain why LCD consumes very small quantities of energy compared with LED? 18. Explain why LCD requires a AC voltage supply? 19. List the applications of LCD. 20. What is the advantage of LED over LCD? 21. Which device has faster response time LED or LCD? Explain. 22. An LED requires external interface circuit when driven from an IC. Explain why? 23. Explain the principle of operation of photo diode. 24. A photo diode is reverse biased by a 2 volt dc supply and it is found that a leakage current of 13A flows when the illumination level is 5mW/cm2. Calculate the device resistance. 25. Define the terms dark current, diode sensitivity for a photo diode. 26. Differentiate between LED and photo diode. 27. Explain why the junction depletion region in a photo diode penetrates deeply in to the N type layer.

28. Explain how photo diode works as a photovoltaic device. 29. Explain how photo diode works as a photoconductive device. 30. Draw the V-I characteristics of a solar cell and explain the significance of knee point in the characteristics. 31. Explain the principle of solar cell. 32. List some of the applications of the solar cell. 33. What is short-circuited current and open-circuited voltage in a solar cell? 34. Draw the series-parallel arrangement of solar cells to function as a solar battery charger. 35. Draw the symbols of photo diode and LED 36. Explain why photo diode is reverse biased to use it as a photoconductive device. 37. What is population inversion?

TEN MARKS 1. (a) Sketch diagram to show the operation and construction of an LED. Briefly explain. (b) Differentiate between LED and LCD. 2. Sketch a seven segment LED display. Explain the operation of common anode and common cathode connections. 3. Sketch the 7-segment LCD and show the waveforms involved in controlling the cells. Explain the same. 4. Using illustrations explain the operation of liquid crystal cells. Discuss the difference between reflective type and transmittive type cells. 5. (a) Explain the operation of a solar cell and draw its characteristics. (b) Sketch the circuit diagram of an array of solar cells employed as a battery charger and briefly explain. 6. Sketch the cross section of a typical photo diode and explain its operation. Sketch typical photo diode characteristics and discuss their shape. 7. Write short notes on (i) Photoconductive device. (ii) Photovoltaic device. 8. Explain the principle, operation and characteristics of a laser diode with a neat diagram.

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1. Differentiate between linear and digital IC. 2. What are the two classifications of IC? Explain. 3. Draw the pin diagram of operational amplifier 741 and identify all the pins. 4. Write a note on packages of an op-amp? 5. Draw the basic input output stages for a bipolar opamp 6. Draw the basic input output stages for a BIFET opamp 7. Why FET opamps are better than BJT opamps? 8. Explain why opamp is provided with negative feedback in most of the circuits. 9. How is gain stabilized by negative feedback? 10. List the advantages of opamp. 11. List any 4 properties of an ideal opamp 12. List any 4 properties of a practical opamp 13. Explain what is meant by compensated opamp. 14. Mention the various stages in an opamp. 15. Why differential amplifier is used as an input stage in op-amp? 16. Explain why opamp has high input impedance and low output impedance. 17. Explain what do you mean by input offset voltage 18. Why open loop op-amp configuration is not used in linear application? 19. If an opamp is given a differential input of 15mv whose open loop gain is 106 what is its output? 20. Explain why ideal opamps output offset voltage is zero and practical opamps output offset voltage is always non-zero. 21. Sketch the circuit of an opamp based voltage follower. 22. Explain the use of voltage-follower circuit? 23. Draw the schematic of an opamp based buffer amplifier. 24. Draw the circuit diagram of an opamp based inverter. 25. Sketch the circuit of an opamp based inverting amplifier 26. Sketch the circuit of an opamp based non-inverting amplifier 27. Compare inverting and non-inverting amplifiers? 28. Draw the circuit of a non-inverting opamp amplifier with a gain of one. 29. Draw the op amp circuit as an adder with two inputs? 30. Give the schematic of an op-amp based non-inverting summer? 31. Sketch the circuit of an opamp based difference amplifier 32. How can op-amp be configured to perform voltage-current conversion with floating load? 33. Draw the circuit diagram of an opamp based V to I converter with grounded load. 34. Give the schematic of an op-amp differentiator? 35. Give the schematic of an op-amp integrator? 36. Write out the output expression for an opamp based integrator circuit. ? 37. Write out the output expression for an opamp based differentiator circuit. ? 38. If an input signal of 10sinwt is applied to the input of an opamp based inverter circuit what is its output? 39. Explain why opamp based differentiator circuit is designed with a capacitor and not with an inductor. 40. Why integrators are preferred over differentiators in analog computers? 41. What are the main drawbacks of ideal differentiator? 42. What are the main drawbacks of ideal integrator? 43. Draw the schematic of an opamp based practical differentiator. 44. Draw the schematic of an opamp based practical integrator. 45. Define the term slew rate 46. Define CMRR for an opamp? 47. Define unity gain bandwidth of an opamp.

48. What is meant by drift as applied to an opamp. 49. For an opamp having a slew rate of 2 volts/sec what is the maximum closed loop voltage gain that can be used when the input signal varies by 0.5 volt in 10secs. 50. The voltage gain of an opamp is 80dB when its bandwidth is 20Hz. Find its unity gain bandwidth 51. An opamp has a differential gain of 60dB and common mode gain of 40dB. Find CMRR. 52. Given output voltage of an opamp is 90V1 + 90.09V2. Find CMRR.

TEN MARKS 1. (i) Draw block diagram representation of an opamp and explain each block in detail. (ii) Explain briefly the classification and advantages of ICs. 2. (i) Sketch the pin diagram for an operational amplifier in metal can and DIP IC packages. Identify all terminals and briefly explain. (ii) Sketch the input output stages of a bipolar operational amplifier. Explain the circuit operation and discuss the input and output impedances. 3. Derive an expression for gain of an inverting, non-inverting and difference amplifier configurations. 4. (i) Sketch the basic operational amplifier circuit with the external connection for non-inverting amplifier operation. Explain how the circuit amplifies the signal. (ii) Briefly explain the characteristics of an ideal opamp. 5. (i) Sketch a circuit diagram for an inverting amplifier. Identify all the terminals and explain the circuit operation (ii) What is meant by input offset voltage and input offset current in an opamp. 6. Sketch the circuit of an opamp difference amplifier. Explain its operation and derive an equation for the output voltage in terms of the input and the circuit components. 7. Discuss briefly about voltage follower and inverter circuits. 8. With a neat diagram explain the operation of an inverting and non-inverting summer 9. Sketch a three input summing amplifier circuit and explain its operation. 10. Explain the differentiator circuit with a neat diagram. Also derive an expression for the output voltage. 11. Explain the opamp based Integrator circuit with a neat diagram. Also derive an expression for the output voltage. 12. Explain the following with a neat sketch (i) V to I converter with floating loads. (ii) V to I converter with grounded loads. 13. (i) What is CMRR? Derive an expression for Ac, Ad in terms of A1, A2 and hence derive CMRR. (ii) Discuss the properties of ideal and practical opamp. 14. Write short notes on record playback and tone control.

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UNIT IV TWOMARKS 1. What is oscillator? 2. List the different types of oscillator available. 3. State barkhausen criteria 4. What is the disadvantage of LC and RC oscillators? 5. What is the main difference between an amplifier and an oscillator? 6. Explain what you mean by sinusoidal oscillator and relaxation oscillator. 7. State the principle behind sinusoidal oscillators. 8. Define frequency stability of an oscillator and list the factors that affect frequency stability. 9. For a phase shift oscillator justify the name. 10. Draw the feedback circuit of a RC phase shift oscillator. 11. Explain why in an opamp based RC phase shift oscillator the amplifier gain is always slightly greater than 29. 12. In an opamp based RC phase shift oscillator what is the minimum gain that should be maintained why? 13. Write down the condition when the phase shift of an opamp based RC phase shift oscillator equals 180 degrees. Also write down the expression for its frequency of oscillation. 14. Write down the expressions for frequency of oscillation and hfe(min) for an BJT phase shift oscillator. 15. What is the minimum value of hfe required for a BJT phase shift oscillator if Rc=R ? 16. Explain why collector resistance Rc must be partially adjustable in BJT phase shift oscillator/ 17. What are the merits and demerits of the phase shift oscillator? 18. Draw the feedback circuit of a wein bridge oscillator. 19. Explain the principle of wein bridge oscillator. 20. Justify why wein bridge in the wein bridge oscillator must be kept at balance? 21. Write down the condition for balance of the bridge in wein bridge oscillator circuit. Also write the expression for frequency of oscillation. 22. What is a comparator? 23. Mention two important characteristics of a comparator. 24. List any four applications of a comparator. 25. When does an opamp act as a switch? 26. Draw the schematic of a non-inverting comparator. 27. Draw the schematic of an inverting comparator. 28. Discuss the use of clamp diodes in opamp based comparator circuits. 29. What is zero crossing detector? 30. Show how a zero crossing detector detects the direction in which input signal crosses zero volts. 31. Draw the circuit diagram of an opamp based Zero crossing detector. 32. Draw the input output waveforms of an opamp zero crossing detector. 33. What are the disadvantages of a zero crossing detector? 34. What is the function of a Schmitt trigger? 35. List the merits of a regenerative comparator. 36. Draw the circuit diagram of an opamp based Schmitt trigger. 37. Draw the input output waveforms of a Schmitt trigger. Also draw the hysterisis plot.

38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

Define upper threshold voltage and lower threshold voltage in schmitt.trigger. Explain how the disadvantage of zero crossing detector is avoided in Schmitt trigger. What is dead band in Schmitt trigger? Write down the expression for dead band. List some of the non-linear applications of an opamp. List some of the linear applications of an opamp. What is linear opamp circuit? What is non-linear opamp circuit?

TEN MARKS

1. Draw the circuit diagram of an opamp based phase shift oscillator. Sketch the circuit waveforms and briefly explain the oscillator operation. 2. Write the oscillating frequency equation for an opamp based phase shift oscillator. Discuss the phase shift network attenuation and the amplifier gain requirements. 3. Write the oscillating frequency equation for BJT phase shift oscillator. Discuss the phase shift network attenuation and the amplifier gain requirements. 4. Draw the circuit diagram of an opamp wein bridge oscillator. Sketch the oscillator waveforms and explain the circuit operation with necessary equations. 5. With a neat circuit diagram and necessary waveforms explain the operation of inverting comparator. 6. With a neat circuit diagram and necessary waveforms explain the operation of non-inverting comparator 7. Explain the working of zero crossing detector with associated circuits and waveforms. Discuss the disadvantage of the same. 8. Describe the operation of Schmitt trigger with necessary waveforms and circuits. Discuss the advantage of Schmitt trigger over Zero crossing detector.

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& UNIT V TWO MARKS 1. List some features of IC 555 timer. 2. What is the difference between oscillator and multivibrator? 3. List some applications of IC 555 timer. 4. What is the maximum timing range of a single IC 555 timer? 5. List the modes of operation of IC 555 timer. 6. Draw the Functional block diagram of IC 555 timer. 7. What is free running mode of multivibrator? 8. What is monostable or one shot multivibrator? 9. Draw the pin details of DIP IC 555 timer. 10. Draw the pin details of metal can IC 555 timer. 11. What is the function of upper comparator in a IC 555 timer.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

What is the function of discharge transistor in IC 555 timer? How IC 555 timer can support floating loads as well as grounded loads? Explain. What is the function of reset pin in IC 555 timer? What is the function of control voltage terminal in IC 555 timer? What is the function of Discharge terminal in IC 555 timer? Draw the schematic of 555 based astable multivibrator. Draw the schematic of 555 based monostable multivibrator. Define duty cycle D for IC 555 timer in Astable mode. List some applications of IC 555 timer in astable mode of operation. Write the expression for free running frequency of oscillation of IC 555 timer. Explain how you will increase the duty cycle in free running mode of IC 555 timer. Draw the schematic of 555 based astable multivibrator with increased duty cycle. What is a counter timer? What is programmable counter timer? Draw the functional block diagram of programmable timer/counter XR 2240. Show how the outputs can be programmed in IC XR 2240. List some of the applications of timers/counters. What is frequency divider? What is missing pulse detector?

TEN MARKS 1. Describe in detail the function of Discharge, trigger and threshold terminal in IC 555 timer with necessary diagrams. 2. Explain the types of power on time delay that may be produced using IC 555 timer with necessary waveforms and circuit diagram. 3. (i) Draw the functional block diagram of IC 555 timer and explain. (ii) Draw the pin diagram of IC 555 timer and briefly explain the functions of each pins. 4. Explain the astable mode of operation of IC 555 timer and derive an expression for free running frequency of oscillation. 5. Describe with neat diagrams how duty cycle in astable mode of operation can be increased. 6. Explain the mono stable mode of operation of IC 555 timer with neat circuit diagram. 7. Discuss in detail the voltage controlled frequency shifter using IC 555 timer. 8. Discuss in detail any two application of IC 555 timer as mono stable multivibrator. 9. Show the functional block diagram of XR 2240 programmable timer/counter and explain its operation as counter with necessary diagrams. 10. (i) Explain the operation of frequency synthesizer with a neat circuit. (ii) Write short notes on switch programmable timer. 11. (i) Explain how outputs can be programmed in XR 2240. (ii) Discuss the application of XR 2240 as programmable timer in monostable operation. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&