Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Dear everyone Hello everyone!! My name is at above. I just completed my Bachelor of Science (Hons) Actuarial Science at UTAR. My purposes are simple. I just want to share what I learned during SPM, STPM and Degree and I just want to help. I love Mathematics and I had spent so much time on discovering it. It is fun!! Yet, I am still discovering!! I think we are heading towards free education because of internet. I had found that there is INFINITE information on the internet and it is provided for FREE!! Comparing me to them, I am just .. . Besides, I found out these websites are so informative http://www.wikipedia.org/ I think everyone knows Wikipedia! Information warehouse!! http://www.khanacademy.org/ It provides free online tutoring!! His voice is so nice!! You wont believe this, they are totally FOC!!! You dont even pay single penny for it!! Please give credits to those wonderful websites. The khanacademy had inspired me so much! I should share my findings FOC! Enjoy!! I still remembered my friends said that he can solve any subtraction between 2 square integers from 0 to 100 without calculator. For example, . It is easy, it can be solved by this . The how about ? You will say that I am CRAZY! How to solve? For me it is DAMN simple just 1234567 + 1234566 and you will get the answer. Dont believe it? Check your calculator. I think some of you have noticed the trick I use! It is just what you have learned! My design of note is emphasizing the understanding of fundamental and method of solving! I dont encourage you all to strictly follow what I had learned. It is just a guide for you to form your own thinking! There is
1

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

very high probability that you will find out something even better than mine. It is creativity and innovation!! Guides / Advices 1. Highlighted in RED I am trying to emphasize something 2. Highlighted in BLUE A task for you to think or do!! Please try it! 3. I hope you can put your effort on understanding very words I wrote. Please read it critically. If dont understand, take a rest! Then read it again. 4. Every question (Highlighted in BLUE) is designed based on what you have learned here. The answer is in the note. What you need to do is THINK. Think from fundamental because it is always right!! 5. After understanding everything, you are encouraged to test it on any questions. You should feel the difference!! 6. It is not totally FOC, you still need to pay your EFFORT on it. 7. You are encouraged to discuss the questions that I asked with your friends. Any Feedback are welcome! Suggestion Enhancement (English or idea) Criticism Sharing of knowledge / discovery Or else Please send it to my email kienyuenleng@gmail.com! Your participation is truly appreciated because you are making this better and better. Thank! I hope you all will like it! If you like it, please share it to your friends too. Thank for your time Yours Sincerely Leng Kien Yuen
2

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Trigonometry Type of Triangle General Triangle

Properties 3 sides 3 angles Sum of interior angle= 180 a + b + c = 180 Area = = Why??

a x b c y

Isosceles Triangle

At least 2 sides with equal length b = c (Important properties)

Equilateral Triangle

3 sides with equal length a = b = c = 0 Is it isosceles triangle?

Right Triangle
Z = Hypotenuse (The longest side or opposite to right angle) Y = Opposite (The side opposite to the angle)

There must be an angle = 90 Area = 2 The Hypotenuse, Opposite, and Adjacent sides are determined based on 1. Which are Hypotenuse, Opposite, and Adjacent sides based on 2? Pythagoras' theorem (Only for RIGHT TRIANGLE), that is = + There is a more general formula can be used by any triangle. Lets find where is it!
3

1
X = Adjacent (The side adjacent to the angle)

Right Angle 90

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Trigonometry Ratio For the Right Triangle (Acute Angle , 0 90, which in Quarter )

Z Y

sin = Note that: = =

cos =

tan =

= tan , hence, tan =

I remember it based on the pattern of the line and visualize it in my mind. Yet, there is another way to remember it. It is SOH CAH TOA!! http://www.khanacademy.org/ Trigonometry Basic Trigonometry & Basic Trigonometry II He explain also the very basic Trigonometry. There is a example of determining the ratios based on the triangle. I left some space for you to take this note yourself.

Please give credit to his great work!! The Khan Academy.

4

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Other identities csc = Question Why they dont want to use sin = , cos = , and tan = while there are sin = sin tan ? , cos = cos , and tan = sec = cot =

Answer sin , cos , and tan are called arcsine, arccosine, and arctangent. They are inverse to cos , sin , and tan and they will return angle. That is, if sin = , then sin sin cos tan = . csc sin = sec cos = cot tan =

sin = cos = tan =

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Let rotate the right triangle Rotate 90 clockwise

Y X Y X

2
Z

Lets see it from 1 sin = cos = tan =

Lets see it from 2 sin = cos = tan =

Conclusion Comparing both ratio for 1 and 2 , we notice that sin = cos cos = sin tan = We knows that sum of all = 180, hence 2 = 90 - 1 , then we have following identities sin = cos 90 cos = sin 90 tan = cot 90 Note : In fact, these identities are working for any , where 0

0.

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Let see the right triangle again

Recall that there is a special property of right triangle, that is + + = = ---------

What can you notice from equation above? Hints : sin = , cos = sin + cos = tan + = sec + cot = csc ---------

cos sin

They are 3 important identities, please remember them. They can be used by any angles, 0 0.

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

How to determine sin , cos , and tan geometrically? How to solve sin 0 or cos 0 ? Introduction Note Y 1. We assume that the length of the line z = 1 unit Q1 0 < 90 Q2 90 < 180 A = (x,y) 2. We have 2 methods / ways to find sin , cos , and z = 1 unit tan . 3. Point A is terminate point. y
x X

Q3 180 < 270

Q2 270 < 360

Method 1 Method 2 Similar to concept used previously. Only work when z = 1 unit Focusing on the right triangle formed by the line z Observing the point A = (x, y) and the X-axis and basic angle, 1. Useful in drawing the trigonometry function Still working when z unit. Steps Steps 1. Determine coordination of point A. 1. Form a right triangle between line z and X-axis. 2. Where point A = (x, y) 2. Determine the value of x (base) and y (height) 3. From point A, then sin = , cos = x, and based on coordination of point A. tan = 3. Determine the sin , cos , and tan by using the right triangle approach based on the between line z and X-axis where it is basic angle, 1 .
8

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Diagram 1st Quarter, Q , 0 1 < 90

Y z = 1 unit A y X x

Method 1

Method 2

Comparing with 1st Quarter

sin =

Point A = (x, y) sin = cos =

N/A

cos = = tan =

tan =

Let 1 be angle in Q1 where 0 1 < 90 2nd Quarter , Q2, 90 2 < 180

Y A z = 1 unit y

sin = cos =

= = =

Point A = (- x, y) sin = cos = tan =

If 2 = 180 - 1 sin = sin cos = tan = cos tan

2 = 180 - 1 1
-x X

tan =

Let 1 be angle in Q1 where 0 1 < 90

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Diagram 3rd Quarter, Q3, 180 2 < 270

Y

Method 1

Method 2

Comparing with 1st Quarter

sin = cos =

= = =

Point A = (- x, - y) sin = cos = tan =

If 3 = 180 + 1 sin = sin cos = cos

Let 1 be angle in Q1 where 0 1 < 90

3 = 180 + 1
-x -y z = 1 unit A

tan =
X

tan = tan

4th Quarter, Q4, 270 4 < 360

Y

sin =

Point A = (x, - y) sin = cos = tan =

If 4 = 360 - 1 sin = sin cos = cos tan = tan

Let 1 be angle in Q1 where 0 1 < 90

cos = = 4 = 360 - 1 1
x -y z = 1 unit A X

tan =

10

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Conclusion Which quarter will the sin ,cos , or tan be + ve ? Which quarter will they be ve? Hint : Refer to either method above or Comparing with st Quarter. Important Note Q1 0 < 90 Q2 90 < 180 You will notice that all the ratios in 1st quarter are +ve. Only sin is +ve in 2nd quarter. S ALL Only tan is +ve in 3rd quarter. Only cos is +ve in 4th quarter. The left diagram show these stituations.

All Students Take Calculus

Q3 180 < 270

Q4 270 < 360

What are the ranges for sin ,cos , and tan for 0 360 ? Hints : Refer to Method 2 and observe the coordination of point A. - sin 1 - cos 1 - < tan < What are the domains of sin x, cos x, and tan x?
11

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Question sin 0 = sin sin sin 0 = = 0 =

cos 0 = cos cos = =

tan 0 = tan tan tan 0 = = 0 =

cos 00 =

My Method of Solving 1. Identify which quarter the belongs to. 2. Determine the + ve or ve based on ASTC. 3. Determine the respective basic and then the ratio by using Method 1. Remember what you learned earlier, the identities. Try to use it here for some of the questions and compare. Extreme cases sin 0 = sin 90 = sin sin 0 = 0 =

cos 0 = cos 90 = cos cos cos 0 = 0 = 0 =

tan 0 = tan 90 = tan tan tan 0 = 0 = 0 =

12

sin 0 = Hints : Refer to Method 2 above

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Extension of knowledge Note : > 0 , the line z rotates anti clockwise at origin < 0 , the line z rotates clockwise at origin How to determine sin ,cos , and tan for 0 < or > 360? How to relate them to sin ,cos , and tan in 1st quarter? Hints: Refer to either methods above or otherwise! What are the changes to way of determining sin ,cos , and tan for 0 z > 0 based on Method 1 above? 0 if the length of line z and

13

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Question Find sin , cos , and tan without calculator. Note For Question 2 & 3, we will notice that the methods in previous pages are useful in these questions. I am using them!! Please refer to the steps. 1)
Z 4

= z=
3

sin = cos = tan =

2)

Method 1 where z
Y
4

My Method of Solving

A
4

1
C
4

X
4

1
3

B
4

-3

ABC is straight line.

Where 1 is basic . Since in Q , then

Where 1 is basic . sin = cos = tan =

sin = sin = cos = tan = cos = tan =

14

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

3)

Method 1 where z Hints : Rotate anticlockwise by 90

Y
4

My Method of Solving

Z 4

A
4

C
4

B
4

1
-4

-3

3
4

ABC is straight line. Where 1 is basic . Be careful in determine 1 sin = cos = tan = Question Given cos =

Where 1 is basic . Since in Q4, then sin = cos = sin = cos =

tan = tan =

, find sin and tan for 0 180 without calculator.

Steps / Hints (Similar to My Method of Solving) 1. What quarter does belong to? 2. Construct a right triangle that shows the cos = (Without ve sign). 3. Find sin and tan and then sin and tan . Solution 1. cos < 0 in Q 2.
5 4

in 1st quarter

3. Since in Q , then sin = sin =

1
3

tan =

tan =

15

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Based on step 2 above, can we use these triangles?

OR 1 1

Where a is a constant. Extra Questions Find possible solutions for given that sin cos = . Hint : Refer to question above!! STPM please takes note. Little Trick You will find out that following questions are so annoying! Find between 0 and 360 when a) sin + 0 = 0. b) sin = 0. c) sin d) sin = = 0. 0.

Solution a) If without any restriction, sin 0. = 0, 0, 90, 0 + 0 = 0, 0, 90, 0 When should I stop? What is the range for + 0 ? Lets use something that always true. That is 0 0 From 0 0 (Here is the trick!!) 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 ( Add 30 to all sides) 0 + 0 90 (Here is the range for + 0 ) + 0 = 0, 0, 90 = 0, 0, 0

16

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

b) Using the same trick as above to determine the range of . From 0 0 0 0 ( Multiply all sides by 2) 0 0 (Here is the range for ) = 0, 0, 90, 0 = , , 9 , c) We know that sin 0. =

0,

0,

0,

0,

0, 90

From 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(Multiply all sides with ) 0 , it is weird but correct!!) ( Subtract 122 to all sides)

(It is the range for = =

0 (Only one solution satisfies the range)

d) I leave the most difficult one to you! Hints : Beware of the ve sign!!

17

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Addition Formulae sin A = sin A cos cos A sin cos A = cos A cos sin A sin tan A tan tan A = tan A tan From Formula above, let B = A, then we have the double angle formula! Double Angle Formulae sin A = sin A cos A cos A = cos A sin A = cos A (with cos A + sin A = ) = sin A (with cos A + sin A = ) tan A tan A = tan A

Note : They can be used by any angles, 0 now is it in SPM? Interesting Discovery Substitute A = 90 into following formulae sin A = sin A cos cos A sin cos A = cos A cos + sin A sin What have you found above?

0. I learned it during STPM,

18

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Solution of Triangle Concepts below are widely used! Please make sure you can understand them very well! Sine Rule
A

sin

sin

sin

Notice that the ratio consists of sides and opposite angle. Normally it is used in pair. Find an opposite angle when 2 sides with a opposite are given. Find a side when opposite with a side are given. It can be proven by dividing the triangle into 2 right triangle and use sin . Try it!! It has a weakness. Lets find it out!

Cosine Rule
A

=
C

cos

C is always the opposite of side c. While sides a and b are adjacent to C. Find an when sides are given Find a sides when 2 sides and an are given. Does this formula look familiar?

Note: These rules are used to solve interior and sides problem in TRIANGLE.

19

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Question A C is a triangle. A = 9. . Find AC . Strategy

A

units, AC = units, and C = units. A C =

12

Find

39.838 7 C

Sine Rule? or Cosine Rule? Sine Rule We have 2 sides and a opposite angle OK Cosine Rule We have sides OK However, Cosine Rules formula is more complicated or longer. I personally prefer Sine Rule because it is simple. For practice purpose, we use both rules.

Solution Sine Rule =

Cosine Rule = sin AC cos AC = sin 9. cos AC = 0. AC = 106.07 + + cos AC

sin 9.

sin AC =

sin AC = 0.960929 AC = 73.93

The answer for both rules should be the same. What is wrong? Hints : 1. Observing the value of sin AC and cos AC . Which quarter does ACB belongs? Refer to ASTC. 2. Observing the AC result from both rules. What is the relationship between them? 3. Do we miss something when computing AC from sin AC ? 4. What is the actual diagram of this triangle?

20

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Note: It is the weakness of Sine Rule as it may give 2 different solutions to triangle. Since sin > 0, then the is in Q1 and Q2. You have to determine which is correct! How? While Cosine rule always gives correct solution. Which rule is better in finding an when sides are given? Question A C is a triangle. A = units and AC = units. A C = 9. ACB. (It is SSA case!)(Without BC = 7 units) Strategy
A

. Find

12

Find

39.838 C

Sine Rule? or Cosine Rule? Sine Rule We have 2 sides and a opposite angle OK Cosine Rule We have sides possible by using it twice. (Difficult) Try it yourself! It should have the same solution as Sine Rule.

Solution Sine Rule =

When AC = 106.07 AC = 34.092 BC = 7 sin AC

A 66.232

sin 9.

sin AC = sin 9.
12 8 39.838 B 7 106.07 C 34.092

sin AC = 0.960929 AC = 73.93 or 106.07 When AC = 73.93 AC = 66.232 BC = 11.43

8 73.93 C 11.43

21

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Ambiguous Triangle (Cause of Ambiguous Cases of Sin Rule)

A

b a sin A C

Given a triangle ABC, all of the following conditions will need to be fulfilled for the case to be ambiguous: Only ABC and the sides a and b are known or given. ABC < 90 a>b b > a sin A C Area of Triangle
A

Area We are looking from C = Height ase = b sin C a where sin C =

= ab sin C
B a C

Then we look from A and and group all of them, then we have following equation. Area = ab sin C = ac sin = bc sin A Notice that each formula contain a, b and c while the angle use is always between 2 sides.

Little Knowledge Formula above can be used to prove Sine Rule. Just multiply and divide with something. Try it!! In circular measures, does r sin look similar?

22

Prepared by LENG KIEN YUEN 2nd July 2011

Summary For 0 90 sin =

Z Y

cos =
X

tan = 0 sin = cos 90 cos = sin 90 tan = cot 90

For any , 0 tan = csc = sec = cot =

sin + cos = tan + = sec + cot = csc

sin A cos A tan A

= sin A cos cos A sin = cos A cos sin A sin tan A tan = tan A tan

sin A = sin A cos A cos A = cos A sin A = cos A = sin A tan A tan A = tan A

(with cos A + sin A = ) (with cos A + sin A = )

These identities are useful in proof questions or solving equation questions. These are your tools!!

23