TABLE OF CONTENTS

HOME CONTENTS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I: DSL 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO DSL 1.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DSL 1.2.1Network Access Provider Benefit 1.2.2User Benefits 1.2.3Advantages 1.2.4Disadvantages 1.3 TYPES OF DSL 1.4 COMPARISON OF DSL TO OTHER TECHNOLOGY 1.4.1 Analog dial-up modems 1.4.2 Cable modems 1.4.3 Satellite access 1.4.4 ISDN 1.5 DSL FOR HOME AND TELECOMMUTER 1.6 SECURITY ISSUES 1.7 ADDRESSING ISSUES

1.8 CHOOSING SERVICE PROVIDER 1.9 HARDWARE INFORMATION 1.10 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE OF DSL

CHAPTER II: ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (ADSL) 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 ADSL CAPABILITIES 2.3 ADSL TECHNOLOGY 2.4 ADSL STANDARDS AND ASSOCIATIONS 2.5 ADSL MARKET STATUS

CHAPTER III: VERY-HIGH-DATA-RATE DIGITAL SUNSCRIBER LINE (VDSL) 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 VDSL CAPABILITIES 3.3 VDSL TECHNOLOGY 3.3.1 Line Code Candidates 3.3.2 Channel Separation 3.3.3 Forward Error Control 3.3.4 Upstream Multiplexing 3.4 VDSL ISSUES 3.5 STANDARDS STATUS 3.6 VDSL's RELATIONSHIP WITH ADSL

CHAPTER IV: SYMMETRIC HIGH-SPEED DSL (SHDSL) 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 PROBLEMS 4.3 MORE ON SHDSL 4.4 SPECTRAL COMPATIBILITY 4.5 CARRIER ADVANTAGES 4.6 TARGET APPLICATIONS FOR SHDSL CHAPTER V: DSL IN MALAYSIA 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 REQUIREMENTS 5.3 EQUIPMENT SUMMARY CONCLUSION REFERENCE GLOSSARY

ABSTRACT
Traditional phone service (sometimes called "Plain Old Telephone Service" or POTS) connects your home or small business to a telephone company office over copper wires that are wound around each other and called twisted pair. Traditional phone service was created to let voice information to be exchanged with other phone users and the type of signal used for this kind of transmission is called an analog signal. An input device such as a phone set takes an acoustic signal (which is a natural analog signal) and converts it into an electrical equivalent in terms of volume (signal amplitude) and pitch (frequency of wave change). Since the telephone company's signaling is already set up for this analog wave transmission, it's easier for it to use that as the way to get information back and forth between your telephone and the telephone company. That's why computer has to have a modem - so that it can demodulate the analog signal and turn its values into the string of 0 and 1 values that is called digital information. Because analog transmission only uses a small portion of the available amount of information that could be transmitted over copper wires, the maximum amount of data that you can receive using ordinary modems is about 56 Kbps (thousands of bits per second). (With ISDN, which one might think of as a limited precursor to DSL, receiving data rate can be up to 128 Kbps.) The ability of your computer to receive information is constrained by the fact that the telephone company filters information that arrives as digital data, puts it into analog form for your telephone line, and requires modem to change it back into digital. In other words, the analog transmission between home or business and the phone company is a bandwidth bottleneck. Digital Subscriber Line is a technology that assumes digital data does not require change into analog form and back. Digital data is transmitted to your computer directly as digital data and this allows the phone company to use a much wider bandwidth for transmitting it to you. Meanwhile, if you choose, the signal can be separated so that some of the bandwidth is used to transmit an analog signal so that you can use your telephone and computer on the same line and at the same time.

INTRODUCTION
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a broadband transmission line developed for use with existing physical (copper) phone line runs. DSL was developed since the early 90's but was never brought to market because of the many constraints it involved then for both users and providers. However, technology today is winning the battle against these limitations. DSL is being successfully deployed more and more everywhere in North America and the world. DSL requires excellent structured phone wiring in the residential environment if part of it is to be used for your premise DSL equipments. It surely requires the physical copper lines from the Central Office to the home to be in optimum conditions. DSL requires a maximum of 3.5 miles of copper wire runs between the home and the providing Telephone Central Office (CO). It might not work well for you even if you are at about 2.5 miles to the CO. At that distance the bit rate drop might be significant and performance fairly inconsistent. Therefore, in a word, you might not be eligible for DSL for the time being. DSL provides simultaneous voice and data transmission over the twisted pair. However the voice network provider and the data network provider are not necessarily the same. No one can guarantee at which exact bit rate your DSL line will perform. While it will certainly be much higher than the 56 Kb/s of a dial-up modem by multiple folds, it might not reach the nominal rate of DSL line type. ADSL, which is the DSL type for the residential environment, runs at 148 Kb/s from your computer to the public network and 768 Kb/s from the network to your computer. Higher bit rates and symmetric DSL (SDSL: same high rate in both directions) are also available.

CHAPTER I: DSL
1.1: INTRODUCTION TO DSL

DSL is an abbreviation for "Digital Subscriber Line". Digital Subscriber Line (DSL ) technology is a modem technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, such as multimedia and video, to service subscribers. This is also known as 2Wire Digital Lifestyle. DSL runs on regular copper phone wires which is a direct dedicated connection between your location and the phone company central office. A DSL modem is attached to the DSL phone line, and run another cable from the DSL modem to the computer. This aplication requires 10BaseT Ethernet card.Looking into internet, waiting for pages to be downloaded, modem to be connected to internet, busy signals, giving up phone line while surfing are the few very common scenarios that are faced by conventional 56.6Kbps internet user. DSL is here to soothe all those problems away!

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a high-speed Internet connection over regular twisted copper pair phone lines that makes use of previously unused bandwidth on the phone line and uses it to transport large amounts of data to and from computers while allowing voice calls over the same line.

Figure 1.1: Signals In Copper Phone Line

As data's share of network traffic increases, Digital Subscribe Line (DSL) can offer numerous benefits for carriers which may need multiple DSL flavors to suit business and residential markets. As telephone technology enters its second full century, the business model for local exchange carriers is changing quickly from one based on providing circuit-switched voice services to one based on providing differentiated packet-switched voice and data services.

DSL has had incredible market acceptance spurred on by very aggressive pricing from companies like Pacific Bell (SBC) here in Northern California. Unfortunately, the pricing has been so low to attract customers (and keep them from trying cable), that many DSL service providers have been losing money on each account. Most basic home DSL lines include the ability to connect regular analog phones to RJ-11 jacks, just like normal phone service. In some cases a POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) splitter, which is basically a box that connects the analog phone wires is used.More expensive DSL service, sometimes called "enhanced" may provide higher data rates but more often than not is enhanced by the addition of features like static IP addresses (more than one).

With the industry change from focus on voice service to focus on data services, Local Exchange Carriers (LECs) and other network access providers are being forced to reassess their service offerings and the technology used to deliver them. They are seeking cost-effective high-bandwidth solutions that can transmit data for high-speed Internet as well as for corporate Intranet applications. They increasingly are looking at Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology to fill this need.Access providers are already seeing their voicedominated business models shift. In the past several years, telephone companies in North America have seen the majority of their growth comes not from voice, but from data traffic, which has become the main engine of business expansion - a trend that undoubtedly will continue and accelerate. There are two main reasons for data traffic growth:

the Internet and on-line communications are becoming important vehicles to access and distribute information for both business and residential consumers. telecommuting or because they own a home-based business. These nontraditional workers rely upon dependable data and multimedia transmission to operate their businesses.

DSL is a solution that can meet critical requirements for providing high-speed data services. With DSL, access providers can carry numerous high-bandwidth services across copper wire. It ensures the unfettered flow of both voice and data traffic by providing high quality, differentiated services at a reasonable cost to both the provider and consumer.

1.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DSL Network Access Provider Benefits

For the network access provider, the principal benefit of DSL is its ability to permit the rapid flow of information while using the existing copper wire foundation. Therefore, access providers do not need to install more copper or lay down miles of expensive fiber, as they would for other potential solutions. DSL also eliminates providers' need to constantly upgrade their pricey Class 5 switch installations. If providers were to continue to provide data and voice services over the same network, they would have to buy more switches to ensure a congestion-free network.

As widely reported, a typical voice call lasts about five minutes, compared to an average 30 minutes for an Internet call. This means that for every new Internet customer, the carrier would need to provision six additional lines to guarantee the previous level of service availability to Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) users. DSL bypasses the Class 5 switch for data-only calls, so access providers can accept more traffic without investing in a huge switch upgrade. With DSL, voice and data paths are separated, which means that providers can meet the burgeoning need for high-speed data services without breaking their budgets. Furthermore, by keeping costs low, service providers can make money off the traditionally low-margin business of providing Internet access.

User Benefits
DSL offers customers access to a range of information services they previously could not receive through Internet communication. Users can experience high-speed Web browsing and can send and receive large documents. Another benefit is to use DSL's always-on capability to receive information, such as news, video clips and stock quotes, that is pushed toward the user at the time it is generated, according to a personalized profile, without the need for the user to dial-up. Always-on capability will help turn the PC into an appliance, making it easier for the mass consumer market to use. People will be able to walk to a PC and send e-mail, check for the latest airfare promotion or download a promotional clip for a new movie - and they will be charged on a usage basis, not a connect-time basis. Consumers also may benefit by receiving all of their telephone-related services through a single provider. Customers are buried under a monthly pile of bills from utility service companies. By being able to receive voice and data services from one source-and paying for them through a single bill-consumers will gain significant added value from their service provider. This one-stop shopping will give providers an important means of differentiating their services from those of competitors such as cable companies. For the business customer, DSL represents a very compelling investment for several key reasons:

First, DSL provides a cost-effective way for telecommuters and branch offices to access the corporate network, provisioned via secure virtual private network services. Additionally, a DSL-based approach can improve the quality and reduce the cost of communications among employees via videoconferencing. It also can improve productivity by making intranet applications available

to the distributed work force and by creating a cost-effective communications channel with the corporation's partners via extranets. Finally, DSL can displace the costs associated with separate voice, data and video networks.

To the business, though, a faster pipe does not represent a significant advantage if the service provider cannot guarantee bandwidth on that pipe. The availability of different classes of services and quality of service, provisioned at different prices, are essential requirements for the business. The granularity of these service classes also will help the carrier market its services to multiple tiers of customers, helping to accelerate the return on its overall investment.

Advantages

Fast - Modems are much faster than analog modems. Different varieties of DSL provide different maximum speeds, from twice as fast to approximately 125 times faster than a 56.6K analog modem. The only speed limit with DSL is the speed of the Internet and all the different computers attached to it. The speed can go up to 1.5Mbps. Doesnt tie up to phone line - DSL doesn't interfere with phone calls, even though it uses regular phone line. This means that one can leave the Internet connection open and still use the phone line for voice calls. Always on - DSL connection is always available. No more traditional dialing-up procedure is required and user doesnt have to be worried being line-dropped while browsing or downloading. One only need to set up the computer to check for new e-mail or to browse through the internet. Reliable - DSL is reliable said to be reliable since it runs on phone line and phone company networks are among the most reliable in the world, experiencing only minutes of downtime each year DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it can use the phone line you already have. The company that offers DSL will usually provide the modem as part of the installation. A router, along with a DSL modem, allows up to eight computers to access the Internet over a single DSL line. DSL provides the bandwidth you need for high-bandwidth applications. Streaming audio and video will come across in real-time, rather than interrupted segments.

DSL offers reliable high-speed Internet connections that are far less expensive than other options such as T1 lines. DSL is flexible and scalable, ideal for growing business computer networks. Enable users to work from home, listen to streaming audio or watch streaming video while working on your computer.

Disadvantages

A DSL connection works better when user is closer to the provider's central office. The connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending data over the Internet. The service is not available everywhere

1.3 TYPES OF DSL The term xDSL covers a number of similar yet competing forms of DSL, including ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, RADSL, and VDSL. xDSL is drawing significant attention from implementers and service providers because it promises to deliver high-bandwidth data rates to dispersed locations with relatively small changes to the existing telco infrastructure. xDSL services are dedicated, point-to-point, public network access over twisted-pair copper wire on the local loop ("last mile") between a network service provider (NSP's) central office and the customer site, or on local loops created either intrabuilding or intra-campus. Currently the primary focus in xDSL is the development and deployment of ADSL and VDSL technologies and architectures. This chapter covers the characteristics and operations of ADSL and VDSL.
Type Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL)

Description Speed and Local Loop Distance DSL for the mass consumer market. ADSL ADSL transfers data as far as 18,00 offers high-speed digital service and analog feet over copper wire at a rate of 7 voice service over a local loop. An ADSL Mb/s on the downlink and 1 Mb/s o line is for the exclusive use of each the uplink. customer so there is no contention for bandwidth on that loop. High Bit Rate DSL (HDSL) Provides for T1 service on copper wire. Offers full duplex speeds at a DS1 Delivers T1 service at a DS1 rate over a (1.544 Mbps) rate or 2Mbps over 3 four-wire loop of two twisted pairs. phone lines. Transfers data up to Most established DSL technologies 12,000 feet (can be longer if

High Bit-Rate DSL II (HDSL II) ISDN DSL (IDSL)

Symmetric DSL (SDSL)

Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL)

repeatered). Offer the same performance as HDSL, but Refer to HDSL's over a single phone line. Hybrid of DSL and ISDN technologies Offers full duplex speed of 128 Kbp Used for long duration Internet and remote Transfers data up to 18,000 feet. Local Area Network (LAN) access. Dedicated to data does not support switched voice service. Same data encoding technique as of ISDN devices Non standard version of HDSL with Plain Full duplex rates are limited to 384 Old Telephone Service (POTS). Kbps for an 18,000-foot loop. DS1 Forerunner to HDSL II. speeds can be reached on a shorter Can be done using only one phone line (10,000-foot) loop. Faster cousin of ADSL. VDSL provides for VDSL works at speeds as high as 52 the transmission over copper of both digital Mbps down and 1.5 to 2.3 Mbps up data and analog voice. VDSL operates over much shorter Currently fastest DSL technology distances, achieving top speed over Currently in its experimental phase. only 1000 feet of copper wire. The provider can extend this distanc by setting up a network interface within 4,500 feet of the user's locati and connecting it to the central offic with fiber optic cable.

Rate Adaptive Asymmetric Operates at the same bandwidths as ADSL. Up to 7Mbps downstream and up to Digital Subscriber Line Additional capability of adjusting 1.5 Mbps upstream. (RADSL) bandwidth to the quality of the phone line during the data transmission, instead of just once at the start of the connection.

Table 1.1: Types Of DSL and Description

1.4 COMPARISON OF DSL TO OTHER TECHNOLOGY Analog dial-up modems

Broadband is the name given to systems designed for high-speed transmission of huge amounts of electronic data. Think of a pipe carrying water. If you want to get more water down the pipe, and send it faster, you need a broader pipe. A dial-up modem (narrowband) would have a small trickle of water flowing along the bottom of the pipe, while a broadband technology such as DSL or cable uses almost all of the available carrying capacity.

Figure 1.2: Bandwidth Usage

Analog modems have reached their technical limit in V90 technology that delivers up to 56.6 kilobits per second. Cheap cost and compatibility with most phone lines have made them the communication technology of choice for individual PC users. It is widely believed that a 56K, V.90 modem squeezes close to the maximum amount of data that can be fit on an analog phone line, and you can only get that bandwidth if your ISP has V.90-compatible equipment on their end. In addition, the modem only achieves its top speed if the signal only goes through one analog-digital conversion and the quality of the line is good, which means that most V.90 modems rarely deliver the full 56 kilobits per second. The only analog trick left is to bond two 56K modems together for more bandwidth, sometimes referred to as the "shotgun" setup. This increases your Internet access costs, and can be frustrating to set up. To try this, an ISP that can support this method and two telephone lines are required. Even if 112K is obtained out of this arrangement, it still has drawbacks when compared to the other technologies. A 56K modem is not good enough for a more-than-casual Internet user. For the near future, problems caused by congestion of the public phone network, which was not designed to carry Internet traffic can be expected.

Cable modems Cable modems are the primary competitor to DSL. They offer high-bandwidth Internet access over cable TV lines, the service is reasonably reliable, and the service costs approximately $40-60/month (plus a $100-175 installation fee).

Cable modems are used primarily for residential Internet access because office buildings and business parks aren't usually wired for cable television service.
Installation Fee $100 to $200 Monthly Rates $40 to $80 for home users $80 to $320 for business users 6,805,000 subscribers $75 to $200 Cable Modem $39.95 to $49.95 12,263,043 subscribers 1- to 2-mbps download/128- to 384kbps upload Connection Speeds ADSL: 384-kbps to 9-mbps download/128-kbps upload SDSL: 1.5-mbps download/upload ISDL: Up to 144-kbps download/upload

DSL

Table 1.2 : Cable and DSL speed rates There are two types of cable modems. The most prevalent is the hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) modem, which runs over HFC cable networks and offers theoretical download speeds from 3 to 30 megabits per second; however, realworld data indicate that speeds from 400 to 1440 kilobits per second can be expected. The other, older type is a one-way modem that runs over standard cable coaxial networks. These modems offer up to 2 megabits per second download speeds, but they offer no upload capacity because cable networks were not originally designed for two-way communication. With the older system, in order to send out information over the Internet, a separate phone line, modem and ISP are required. This one-way approach is being dumped as cable companies upgrade to two-way infrastructure. In order to offer the two-way service, the cable company must first upgrade your neighborhood to hybrid fiber/coax cable lines. As of early 1999, only about 30% of the total cable lines in the United States have been converted to HFC. One reason for the spotty availability of cable modem service is that upgrading lines is very expensive. In addition, cable lines are not likely to be located around office buildings and business parks, so high-bandwidth options for businesses probably won't include cable.

Cable networks differ from DSL networks in their basic structure. With a cable modem, you are sharing access to the Internet, unlike DSL which runs on a dedicated connection. Cable modem service is set up like a local area network (LAN), making it possible for many users to share the same bandwidth. The downside of shared access is security where experienced hackers may be able to break into other computers on the same cable network in the neighborhood. Also, as more users in a neighborhood send and receive information, it is possible that the available bandwidth for individual users could shrink, slowing speeds similar to the rush hours on a city highway. It is worth asking about content restrictions before purchasing the cable modem service. Some cable systems would prefer that you use the cable TV service for watching video, so as to restrict the amount of streaming video accessible with cable modem! One company is trying to require cable modem subscribers to take its proprietary content. In other words, one would see what the company wants him/her to see, and wouldn't be able to venture beyond that area to the whole Internet. The Consumers Union and the Consumer Federation of America are attempting to stop these practices by convincing the Federal Communications Commission that cable systems are common carriers like phone networks. If successful, the FCC could legally prevent cable companies from putting any restrictions on Internet access.

DSL Pros Cons Pros

Cable Modem Cons

DSL (digital subscriber line) runs over plain old telephone service (POTS) lines. Internet traffic travels on the same line as voice signals; the two are separated by filters on your telephone jack. Always on. Far faster than 56-kbps dial-up modem. Better security than cable.

Setup can be difficult. Most telephone lines weren't run with data traffic in mind. Often, they're not DSL-ready. Although the companies are upgrading their lines, they do it on a block-byblock, building-bybuilding basis. Locating and fixing individual connectivity problems can be extremely difficult. And since the line owner and the DSL service provider may be separate entities, finger pointing is common. You need to be within a certain distance of the central office (a telephone switch) or you can't get service. The distance allowed varies, but generally it's 15,000 to 18,000 feet. Insist on knowing your

Cable enters your house via the same lines as cable television. The cable company is typically your single point of contact for all provisioning (preparing the line), installation, and service. More widespread than DSL. Potentially faster than DSL. Price break if you get cable TV service, too.

Less secure than DSL. Line shared with others in neighborhood; speeds vary accordingly. Cable users are on local loops that share bandwidth; more people joining your loop means less throughput available to you.

distance and the company's maximum service distance. If your case is borderline, pursue other options or wait until a central office is closer.

Table 1.3: DSL Vs. Cable Modem

Satellite access The most widely available high-bandwidth Internet access technology in a geographic sense is Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), also known as Digital Satellite Service (DSS), a competitor to cable television that 6.6 million Americans were using in 1998. As long as there is a clear line of sight to the southern sky, a special type of Internet access through DBS service can de ordered. DBS service requires a small dish (usually 18 to 21 inches across), mounted outdoors to receive data sent from a stationary satellite. A recent test showed that DBS service providers can deliver download speeds in the neighborhood of 350 kilobits per second. The downside is that the competitively-priced services are receive-only, much like the one-way cable modem setup. A phone line and modem are still needed to request information from the Internet. Also, satellites are slow for Internet usage. Let's say you have a DBS Internet access provider and you click a link to pull up a web page. Clicking that link is actually a request for information that travels out on your phone line, through the ISP, through the normal paths on the Internet, and is finally answered. The information you requested is then sent 22,300 miles up to the satellite, and then back down 22,300 more miles to your DBS dish. Even at the speed of light, this method of communication is slow enough to cause a noticeable lag between click and response. This is not a big problem for downloads, but if you're a chat junkie, or you use the Internet for a lot of live, two-way communications, DBS may not be the best choice for you. Setup is a bit more of a hassle with DBS, too. Getting the DBS hardware to "talk" to your computer is an issue, and satellites can have technical problems. Historically, they have been very reliable, but when they quit working, there is no quick fix. It's possible that there's no service for a while. One may be able to switch to another satellite, possibly requiring the repositioning of dish and/or retuning satellite receiver. One of the most well-known companies in DBS Internet access services is charging $179 - $229 for installation, and the dish and satellite modem together cost about $350. Monthly service rates range from $20 for 25 hours per month of online usage, up to $110 for 200 hours per month. Additional hours are billed at $1.99. (If you would like to receive DirecTV/USSB television with your Internet access, you can pay $400 - $500 for a dish that can receive both

data and television signals. This cost includes the satellite modem, but the TV receiver will cost you more.)

ISDN ISDN is a widely available, faster alternative to analog modems. ISDN works over standard copper phone wiring, like DSL, and gives you three data channels to work with. The two B channels operate at 56 kilobits per second or 64 kilobits per second, depending on how phone company has configured them. These two channels can be "bonded" together to double the speed. The D channel is used to connect your calls and uses only 16 kilobits per second of bandwidth. With the right hardware however, 9.6 kilobits per second of this bandwidth can be used as an always-on Internet connection. This feature is called Always-On/Dynamic ISDN (AO/DI). It is useful for low-bandwidth applications such as e-mail and stock quotes. In addition, when the capacity hits the 9.6 kilobits per second limit, the hardware can bring up a B channel to accommodate it. When the capacity need falls back down, the B channel is dropped. Always-On/Dynamic ISDN is just catching on. If interested, one will have to buy an AO/DI modem, buy a Dial-Up Networking Patch for Windows, and find an ISP that can support it. Depending on how much high-speed access competition there is in the market, installation and setup charges for ISDN range from $125 to $400 including a good adapter to connect the computer to the network. Monthly service costs range from around $20 to $80.

1.5 DSL FOR HOME AND TELECOMMUTER G. Lite ADSL - G.Lite ADSL is a new standard for DSL service that will be available in mid to late 1999. It is the most consumer-friendly version of DSL. The cost for equipment and service will be less than other varieties. It will also be easier to install than other varieties - you will be able to do it yourself. It is based on ADSL, and offers downstream speeds up to 1.5 megabits per second and a maximum upstream data rate of 384 kilobits per second. Many DSL service providers will let you order lower bandwidths for a lower monthly cost.

One common service will include a downstream speed of 384 kilobits per second with an upstream speed of 128 kilobits per second. G.dmt ADSL - G.dmt ADSL is the other standard for home DSL service. It is an asymmetric technology, offering more downloading than uploading capacity. The big difference between these two technologies is speed. Sometimes called "Full-rate ADSL," the G.dmt variety can download data at -up to 8 megabits per second, and send data upstream at up to 1.5 megabits per second, if the modem is located within 10,000 - 12,000 feet of the phone company's CO (central office). Up to 18,000 feet away from the CO, G.dmt ADSL can reach up to 1.5 Megabit per second downstream. This type of DSL requires the telephone company to install a device called a "splitter" on the phone line, requiring an installation visit to your home.

1.6 SECURITY ISSUES People are often surprised to discover that their DSL (or cable modem) connection is not secure. If file sharing is turned on, for example, it's possible for someone out on the Internet to easily hack into your computer and view or modify your files. DSL and cable modem connections, despite advertising claims to the contrary, are often architected as "shared" connections. The nature of your connection exposes you to significant danger if you don't have protection. If you are connecting your network to the Internet via DSL or Cable Modem, make sure you have a device or software that provides protection. If you have a single computer, you either want to turn off file-sharing, or better yet, install a personal firewall. McAfee, among other companies, offers personal firewall products.

1.7 ADDRESSING ISSUES DSL accounts come with either a dynamically assigned TCP/IP address or static address(es). Most low-cost accounts designed for home offices or very small businesses offer a single dynamically assigned address. The benefit to the provider is that they can use a smaller pool of addresses to support a larger

number of users. Although these providers will claim that their DSL service is "always on" the truth is that your connection, when idle, times out. Each time A user wants to use the Internet after an idle timeout period, he will have to reconnect and obtain an IP address. Granted, this may take a couple of seconds, but he's not really always on! A common protocol used to provide your DSL connection and IP address in this scenario is the Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE). The provider will give the subscribers PPPoE software for their PC or Macintosh. Other software available on the Internet can also be used. With a dynamically assigned address, it is more difficult to share a DSL account with multiple users on the same LAN, although not impossible. It is also more difficult to host an email server, web site or FTP site on DSL connection, although again, not impossible. Slightly more expensive accounts come with at least one fixed IP address. With fixed addresses, it is easier to share the DSL connection and host email and web servers.

1.8 CHOOSING SERVICE PROVIDER Because DSL uses phone lines, many of the same companies that provide Internet access with an analog modem will be offering DSL service. There are three types of providers: 1) traditional telephone companies 2) new, competitive telephone companies 3) ISPs (Internet service providers). Traditional telephone companies include all the companies that used to provide telephone service in one area on a monopoly basis. These include huge companies such as Southwestern Bell, Pacific Bell, Bell Atlantic, BellSouth, USWest, Ameritech and GTE, as well as very small companies that serve a single service area. The larger phone companies as well as many of the smaller ones offer DSL in at least part of their service area, with coverage areas increasing every month.The new, competitive telephone companies (created after The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was passed) that compete to offer local phone services will also offer DSL service. Today, businesses, rather than individuals, are the principal users of these companies' services.Internet service providers (ISPs) provide access to the Internet. The ISPs that offer DSL usually don't own the equipment that makes the service possible. Instead, they buy the service from a traditional phone company or one of the newer competitive ones. The distinctions between telephone companies and Internet service providers are already blurred because

ISPs can also be telephone companies. Also, many telephone companies sell Internet access. The terms NSP (network service provider) and USP (universal service provider) are coming into use to describe these companies that sell many different communication services.

DSL Provider

Monthly
$49/month to $750/month (Business or Residential Package) ADSL to T1 Speed (1.5MB solid connection)

Notes
Speakeasy, rated NUMBER 1 by DSLReports.com in customer satisfaction, Choose from an array of bandwidth packages for both residential and business customers, from ADSL to full T1 speeds. Prices range from $49/month to $750/month Static IP Unlimited Dialup Free DSL Modem $29,95 for months 2 and 3 ($34.95/month thereafter). Free first month $25 Virtual MasterCard Gift Card. Business and residential plan available. 1.5Mbps Down, 256Kbps Up FREE DSL Modem Free Installation 1 Year/No Annual Contract Option Available Static IP Connect Multiple Computers Dynamic IP $99 for DSL Modem (free for annual contract) $200 for technician install (free if customer self-install) $99 for DSL Modem $59.95 for Enhanced Bronze Package (1.5 Mbps/128 Kbps)

Verizon DSL

$34.95 768 Kbps / 128 Kbps

Earthlink DSL: $21.95/mo for 3 months and $49.95 thereafter.

Pac Bell Basic DSL

$49.95

Southwestern Bell DSL

$49.95

Verizon/GTE DSL (Silver)

$49.95 (768 Kbps/ 128 Kbps)

XO Communication Business DSL

$149.00

$ 54.95 for 608/128 Kbps $ 79.95 for 1.5 Mbps/384 Kbps $225 for DSL Modem

$54.95 AT&T DSL Bellsouth Standard DSL $49.95 Sprint FastConnect DSL $50.00 $59.95 (1.5 Mbps/128 Kbps) $49.95 Earthlink DSL $199.95 for technician install (free if customer self-install) $99.95 for Service Activation Fee $150 for basic Modem (PCI or USB) Dynamic IP 1-Year contract $99.00 for modem $49.99 for activation and $9.95 for S&H Dynamic IP $125 equipment fee will apply Dynamic IP ($64.95 per month for static IP package) $129 per month for Biz DSL

Prodigy DSL

$49.95

Verizon DSL

Table 1.4: Some Foreign DSL Providers's Information

1.9 HARDWARE INFORMATION For ADSL route, there are two types of modems that will work: internal and external. Internal modems are cards that are installed inside the computer via a plug-in card. External modems can be connected to the computer via a USB port, Ethernet jack, or a parallel connection. If the computer is already configured to operate on a local area network (LAN), it will have an interface that can connect to an external modem.It is important to make sure that the DSL modem (sometimes referred to as a "terminal adapter") works with the DSL provider's equipment. In every case to date, the DSL modem is included in the package with the highbandwidth service by the DSL provider. This will probably change in the future

as more manufacturers produce equipment based on universal standards. The modems have been in retail outlets at the end of 1999. Compatibility must be checked before ordering service from a DSL provider.If there are more than one computer at home, they can all be connected to one DSL modem using a home network. One option is to buy an Ethernet hub and connect all computers to it, much like a small-office local area network (LAN). Then the hub can be connected to your DSL modem and all the computers can access the DSL connection. There are some DSL modems that include an Ethernet hub. One disadvantage of this approach is that special wiring is stringed throughout home to connect the computers. Another option is to use one computer as a "gateway" to other computers in the home via home networking technology. There are three types of home networking that don't require any new wiring in the house: power line, phone line, and wireless. Power line technology uses the electrical wiring and outlets of your home to create a network. Phone line networking does the same thing using the telephone wiring and outlets-and it does not interfere with phone calls on the same wires.Wireless technology accomplishes the task using two-way radio waves transmitted through the house. Overall, using a PC as a gateway has the disadvantages of requiring some technical expertise, requiring the gateway PC to be turned on for other PCs and networked devices to use the Internet connection, and lacking reliability as PCs often crash or lock up. A new category of ADSL equipment known as residential gateways is emerging. These dedicated devices act as a bridge between the Internet and the home LAN. It is a specific purpose, stand alone box that acts as a DSL modem and a home networking hub for multiple PCs. The main advantages of a residential gateway will be their ease of use and reliability. More intelligent residential gateways will provide additional capabilities such as enhanced telephone features and entertainment services. 2Wire is currently developing the next generation of advanced residential gateways. Many DSL providers are moving away from static assigned IP addresses and "always-on" connections towards PPPoE, which uses dynamically assigned IP addresses and requires a connection process. PPPoE sessions time out when there is inactivity and must be relaunched. For home users, emerging options for sharing DSL connections are wireless Local Area Networks and Home Phoneline Networks. Intel's AnyPoint and 2Wire's Residential Gateway are examples.

Figure 1.3: DSL Service Using InterJet II WKMN develops training for IBM on their Small Business WebConnections solutions. The InterJet II is an award-winning, all-in-one Internet product that includes a router, firewall, NAT, DHCP server, FTP server, web server, email server, and more.WKMN has a 10/100 Linksys Ethernet switch connecting our wired Ethernet PCs to the InterJet II. The InterJet is connected to an Alcatel 1000 DSL modem which is then connected to Pacific Bell DSL service. The ORiNOCO Residential Gateway is connected to our 10/100 switch. Since InterJet performs both DHCP and NAT, these services are not needed from the Residential Gateway. For small offices and homes, the fact that the ORiNOCO Residential Gateway does DHCP and NAT and basic routing functions, makes it an incredibly good value. Unfortunately, today The RG1000 does not handle PPPoE for multiple stations.

1.10 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE OF DSL

When the telephone network was originally developed, it was designed to carry voice traffic only. Voice signals were designed to use only the first 4 kHz of the frequency spectrum of the copper wires. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) works by using part of the remaining frequencies on the copper twisted pair to send and receive data traffic. DSL uses frequencies between 25kHz and 1MHz. This extra bandwidth means DSL can send more data. Thus, DSL allows high-speed traffic over regular phone lines.

Generally, access providers need two pieces of hardware to effect Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) solutions that include both voice and data elementssolutions that should have great appeal to the mass consumer market.
Providers will need to install special equipment and consumers will also have to install special equipment to accommodate DSL. The table below details and gives short descriptions of equipment that must be installed.
Provider Equipment Equipment Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) Splitter DSL Modem DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) Element Management System Description Enables analog voice services to be carried simultaneously on the same line as digital data services. Allows the voice signal to be routed to the existing voice switch. DSL transmission unit that engages in physical layer negotiations between the remote location and the CO. Aggregates DSL-based signals.

Consumer Equipment

Hardware and software that make remote access and management possible. Network Interface Card (NIC) Electronic circuitry that connects a workstation (computer) the network. Works to transmit and receive messages. DSL Modem DSL transmission unit that engages in physical layer negotiations between the remote location and the CO. POTS Splitter Enables analog voice services to be carried simultaneously on the same line as digital data services. Allows the voice signal to be routed to the existing voice switch. Network Interface Device (NID) Device wired between a telephone protector and the interior customer wiring to isolate customer equipment from the network.

Table 1.5: Equipments Needed For DSL Provider and Consumer

Figure 1.4: DSL Network Architecture

Figure 1.5: Single Computer Connection

Figure 1.6: Multi Computer Connection

FIgure 1.7: Multiple Computers With Router/ Firewall

Figure 1.8: Multiple Computers with Software Proxy Server

Figure 1.9: Multiple Computers Using A Routed Subnet

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CHAPTER II: ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (ADSL)

2.1 INTRODUCTION

ADSL technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream from an NSP's central office to the customer site than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, videoon-demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically download much more information than they send. ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber, and as much as 640 kbps more in both directions (shown in Figure 2.1). Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new cabling. ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited to voice, text, and low-resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full motion video, to every home this century.

Figure 2.1:The components of a ADSL network include a telco and a CPE. ADSL will play a crucial role over the next decade or more as telephone companies enter new markets for delivering information in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. Success of these new services will depend on reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video catalogs, remote CD-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the Internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will make these markets viable and profitable for telephone companies and application suppliers alike.

2.2 ADSL CAPABILITIES

An ADSL circuit connects an ADSL modem on each end of a twisted-pair telephone line, creating three information channels---a high-speed downstream channel, a medium-speed duplex channel, and a basic telephone service channel. The basic telephone service channel is split off from the digital modem by filters, thus guaranteeing uninterrupted basic telephone service, even if ADSL fails. The high-speed channel ranges from 1.5 to 6.1 Mbps, and duplex rates range from 16 to 640 kbps. Each channel can be submultiplexed to form multiple lower-rate channels. ADSL modems provide data rates consistent with North American T1 1.544 Mbps and European E1 2.048 Mbps digital hierarchies (see Figure 2.2) and can be purchased with various speed ranges and capabilities. The minimum configuration provides 1.5 or 2.0 Mbps downstream and a 16 kbps duplex channel; others provide rates of 6.1 Mbps and 64 kbps duplex. Products with downstream rates up to 8 Mbps and duplex rates up to 640 kbps are available today ADSL modems accommodate Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) transport with variable rates and compensation for ATM overhead, as well as IP protocols.

Downstream data rates depend on a number of factors, including the length of the copper line, its wire gauge, presence of bridged taps, and cross-coupled interference. Line attenuation increases with line length and frequency and decreases as wire diameter increases. Ignoring bridged taps ADSL performs as shown in Table 15.1.

Figure 2.2:This chart shows the speeds for downstream bearer and duplex bearer channels.

Data rate (Mbps) 1.5 or 2 1.5 or 2 6.1 6.1

Wire gauge (AWG) 24 26 24 26

Distance (feet) 18,000 15,000 12,000 9,000

Wire size (mm) 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4

Distance (kilometers) 5.5 4.6 3.7 2.7

Table 2.1:Claimed ADSL Physical-Media Performance Although the measure varies from telco to telco, these capabilities can cover up to 95% of a loop plant, depending on the desired data rate. Customers beyond these distances can be reached with fiber-baseddigital loop carrier (DLC) systems. As these DLC systems become commercially available, telephone companies can offer virtually ubiquitous access in a relatively short time. Many applications envisioned for ADSL involve digital compressed video. As a real-time signal, digital video cannot use link- or network-level error control procedures commonly found in data communications systems. ADSL modems therefore incorporate forward error correction that dramatically reduces errors

caused by impulse noise. Error correction on a symbol-by-symbol basis also reduces errors caused by continuous noise coupled into a line.

2.3 ADSL TECHNOLOGY

ADSL depends on advanced digital signal processing and creative algorithms to squeeze so much information through twisted-pair telephone lines. In addition, many advances have been required in transformers, analog filters, and analog/digital (A/D) converters. Long telephone lines may attenuate signals at 1 MHz (the outer edge of the band used by ADSL) by as much as 90 dB, forcing analog sections of ADSL modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic ranges, separate channels, and maintain low noise figures. On the outside, ADSL looks simple---transparent synchronous data pipes at various data rates over ordinary telephone lines. The inside, where all the transistors work, is a miracle of modern technology. Figure 2.3 displays the ADSL transceiver-network end.

Figure 2.3:This diagram provides an overview of the devices that make up the ADSL transceiver-network end of the topology. To create multiple channels, ADSL modems divide the available bandwidth of a telephone line in one of two ways frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) or echo cancellation---as shown in Figure 2.4. FDM assigns one band for upstream data and another band for downstream data. The downstream path is then divided by time-division multiplexing into one or more high-speed channels and one or more low-speed channels. The upstream path is also multiplexed into corresponding low-speed channels. Echo cancellation assigns the upstream band to overlap the downstream, and separates the two by means of local echo cancellation, a technique well known in V.32 and V.34 modems.

With either technique, ADSL splits off a 4 kHz region for basic telephone service at the DC end of the band.

Figure 2.4:ADSL uses FDM and echo cancellation to divide the available bandwidth for services.

An ADSL modem organizes the aggregate data stream created by multiplexing downstream channels, duplex channels, and maintenance channels together into blocks, and attaches an error correction code to each block. The receiver then corrects errors that occur during transmission up to the limits implied by the code and the block length. The unit may, at the user's option, also create superblocks by interleaving data within subblocks; this allows the receiver to correct any combination of errors within a specific span of bits. This in turn allows for effective transmission of both data and video signals.

2.4 ADSL STANDARDS AND ASSOCIATIONS

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Working Group T1E1.4 recently approved an ADSL standard at rates up to 6.1 Mbps (ANSI Standard T1.413). The European Technical Standards Institute (ETSI) contributed an annex to T1.413 to reflect European requirements. T1.413 currently embodies a single terminal interface at the premises end. Issue II, now under study by T1E1.4, will expand the standard to include a multiplexed interface at the premises end, protocols for configuration and network management, and other improvements.

The ATM Forum and the Digital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC) have both recognized ADSL as a physical-layer transmission protocol for UTP media. The ADSL Forum was formed in December 1994 to promote the ADSL concept and facilitate development of ADSL system architectures, protocols, and interfaces for major ADSL applications. The forum has more than 200 members, representing service providers, equipment manufacturers, and semiconductor companies throughout the world. At present, the Forum's formal technical work is divided into the following six areas, each of which is dealt with in a separate working group within the technical committee:

ATM over ADSL (including transport and end-to-end architecture aspects) Packet over ADSL (this working group recently completed its work) CPE/CO (customer premises equipment/central office) configurations and interfaces Operations Network management Testing and interoperability

2.5 ADSL MARKET STATUS

ADSL modems have been tested successfully in more than 30 telephone companies, and thousands of lines have been installed in various technology trials in North America and Europe. Several telephone companies plan market trials using ADSL, principally for data access, but also including video applications for uses such as personal shopping, interactive games, and educational programming. Semiconductor companies have introduced transceiver chipsets that are already being used in market trials. These chipsets combine off-the-shelf components, programmable digital signal processors, and custom ASICs (applicationspecific integrated circuits). Continued investment by these semiconductor companies has increased functionality and reduced chip count, power consumption, and cost, enabling mass deployment of ADSL-based services.

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CHAPTER III: VERY-HIGH-DATA-RATE DIGITAL SUNSCRIBER LINE (VDSL)

3.1 INTRODUCTION It is becoming increasingly clear that telephone companies around the world are making decisions to include existing twisted-pair loops in their nextgeneration broadband access networks. Hybrid fiber coax (HFC), a sharedaccess medium well suited to analog and digital broadcast, comes up somewhat short when used to carry voice telephony, interactive video, and high-speed data communications at the same time. Fiber all the way to the home (FTTH) is still prohibitively expensive in a marketplace soon to be driven by competition rather than cost. An attractive alternative, soon to be commercially practical, is a combination of fiber cables feeding neighborhood optical network units (ONUs) and last-leg-premises connections by existing or new copper. This topology, which is often called fiber to the neighborhood (FTTN), encompasses fiber to the curb (FTTC) with short drops and fiber to the basement (FTTB), serving tall buildings with vertical drops. One of the enabling technologies for FTTN is VDSL. In simple terms, VDSL transmits high-speed data over short reaches of twisted-pair copper telephone lines, with a range of speeds depending on actual line length. The maximum downstream rate under consideration is between 51 and 55 Mbps over lines up to 1000 feet (300 m) in length. Downstream speeds as low as 13 Mbps over lengths beyond 4000 feet (1500 m) are also common. Upstream rates in early models will be asymmetric, just like ADSL, at speeds from 1.6 to 2.3 Mbps. Both data channels will be separated in frequency from bands used for basic telephone service and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), enabling service providers to overlay VDSL on existing services. At present the two high-speed channels are also separated in frequency. As needs arise for higherspeed upstream channels or symmetric rates, VDSL systems may need to use echo cancellation.

Figure 3.1: This diagram provides an overview of the devices in a VDSL network.

3.2 VDSL CAPABILITIES

Although VDSL has not achieved ADSL's degree of definition, it has advanced far enough that we can discuss realizable goals,beginning with data rate and range. Downstream rates derive from submultiples of the SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) canonical speed of 155.52 Mbps, namely 51.84 Mbps, 25.92 Mbps, and 12.96 Mbps. Each rate has a corresponding target range:
Target Range (Mbps) 12.96-13.8 25.92-27.6 51.84-55.2 Distance (feet) 4500 3000 1000 Distance (meters) 1500 1000 300

Upstream rates under discussion fall into three general ranges:

1.6-2.3 Mbps. 19.2 Mbps Equal to downstream

Early versions of VDSL will almost certainly incorporate the slower asymmetric rate. Higher upstream and symmetric configurations may only be possible for very short lines. Like ADSL, VDSL must transmit compressed video, a real-time signal unsuited to error retransmission schemes used in data communications. To achieve error rates compatible with those of compressed video, VDSL will have to incorporate forward error correction (FEC) with sufficient interleaving to correct all errors created by impulsive noise events of some specified duration. Interleaving introduces delay, on the order of 40 times the maximum length correctable impulse.

Data in the downstream direction will be broadcast to every CPE on the premises or be transmitted to a logically separated hub that distributes data to addressed CPE based on cell or time-division multiplexing (TDM) within the data stream itself. Upstream multiplexing is more difficult. Systems using a passive network termination (NT) must insert data onto a shared medium, either by a form of TDM access (TDMA) or a form of frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). TDMA may use a species of token control called cell grants passed in the downstream direction from the ONU modem, or contention, or both (contention for unrecognized devices, cell grants for recognized devices). FDM gives each CPE its own channel, obviating a Media Access Control (MAC) protocol, but either limiting data rates available to any one CPE or requiring dynamic allocation of bandwidth and inverse multiplexing at each CPE. Systems using active NTs transfer the upstream collection problem to a logically separated hub that would use (typically) Ethernet or ATM protocols for upstream multiplexing. Migration and inventory considerations dictate VDSL units that can operate at various (preferably all) speeds with automatic recognition of a newly connected device to a line or a change in speed. Passive network interfaces need to have hot insertion, where a new VDSL premises unit can be put on the line without interfering with the operation ofother modems.

3.3 VDSL TECHNOLOGY

VDSL technology resembles ADSL to a large degree, although ADSL must face much larger dynamic ranges and is considerably more complex as a result. VDSL must be lower in cost and lower in power, and premises VDSL units may have to implement a physical-layer MAC for multiplexing upstream data.

Line Code Candidates Fourline codes have been proposed for VDSL:

CAP (carrierless amplitude modulation/phase modulation)---A version of suppressed carrier quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). For passive NT configurations, CAP would use quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) upstream and a type of TDMA for multiplexing

(although CAP does not preclude an FDM approach to upstream multiplexing).

DMT (discrete multitone)---A multicarrier system using discrete fourier transforms to create and demodulate individual carriers. For passive NT configurations, DMT would use FDM for upstream multiplexing (although DMT does not preclude a TDMA multiplexing strategy). DWMT (discrete wavelet multitone)---A multicarrier system using wavelet transforms to create and demodulate individual carriers. DWMT also uses FDM for upstream multiplexing, but also allows TDMA. SLC (simple line code)---A version of four-level baseband signaling that filters the based band and restores it at the receiver. For passive NT configurations, SLC would most likely use TDMA for upstream multiplexing, although FDM is possible.

Channel Separation Early versions of VDSL will use frequency division multiplexing to separate downstream from upstream channels and both of them from basic telephone service and ISDN (shown in Figure 3.2).Echo cancellation may be required for later-generation systems featuring symmetric data rates. A rather substantial distance, in frequency, will be maintained between the lowest data channel and basic telephone service to enable very simple and cost-effective basic telephone service splitters. Normal practice would locate the downstream channel above the upstream channel. However, the DAVIC specification reverses this order to enable premises distribution of VDSL signals over coaxial cable systems.

Figure 3.2: Early versions of VDSL will use FDM to separate downstream from upstream channels and both of them from basic telephone service and ISDN, as this example shows.

Forward Error Control FEC will no doubt use a form of Reed Soloman coding and optional interleaving to correct bursts of errors caused by impulse noise. The structure will be very similar to ADSL, as defined in T1.413. An outstanding question is whether FEC overhead (in the range of 8%) will be taken from the payload capacity or added as an out-of-band signal. The former reduces payload capacity but maintains nominal reach, whereas the latter retains the nominal payload but suffers a small reduction in reach. ADSL puts FEC overhead out of band.

Upstream Multiplexing If the premises VDSL unit comprises the network termination (an active NT), then the means of multiplexing upstream cells or data channels from more than one CPE into a single upstream becomes the responsibility of the premises network. The VDSL unit simply presents raw data streams in both directions. As illustrated in Figure 3.3, one type of premises network involves a star connecting each CPE to a switching or multiplexing hub; such a hub could be integral to the premises VDSL unit. In a passive NT configuration, each CPE has an associated VDSL unit. (A passive NT does not conceptually preclude multiple CPE per VDSL, but then the question of active versus passive NT becomes a matter of ownership, not a matter of wiring topology and multiplexing strategies.) Now the upstream channels for each CPE must share a common wire. Although a collisiondetection system could be used, the desire for guaranteed bandwidth indicates one of two solutions. The first invokes a cell-grant protocol in which downstream frames generated at the ONU or farther up the network contain a few bits that grant access to specific CPE during a specified period subsequent to receiving a frame. A granted CPE can send one upstream cell during this period. The transmitter in the CPE must turn on, send a preamble to condition the ONU receiver, send the cell, and then turn itself off. The protocol must insert enough silence to let line ringing clear. One construction of this protocol uses 77 octet intervals to transmit a single 53-octet cell.

Figure 3.3: This figure shows examples of termination methods in passive and active networks. The second method divides the upstream channel into frequency bands and assigns one band to each CPE. This method has the advantage of avoiding any MAC with its associated overhead (although a multiplexor must be built into the ONU), but either restricts the data rate available to any one CPE or imposes a dynamic inverse multiplexing scheme that lets one CPE send more than its share for a period. The latter would look a great deal like a MAC protocol, but without the loss of bandwidth associated with carrier detect and clear for each cell.

3.4 VDSL ISSUES VDSL is still in the definition stage; some preliminary products exist, but not enough is known yet about telephone line characteristics, radio frequency interface emissions and susceptibility, upstream multiplexing protocols, and information requirements to frame a set of definitive, standardizable properties. One large unknown is the maximum distance that VDSL can reliably realize for a given data rate. This is unknown because real line characteristics at the frequencies required for VDSL are speculative, and items such as short bridged

taps or unterminated extension lines in homes, which have no effect on telephony, ISDN, or ADSL, may have very detrimental affects on VDSL in certain configurations. Furthermore, VDSL invades the frequency ranges of amateur radio, and every above-ground telephone wire is an antenna that both radiates and attracts energy in amateur radio bands. Balancing low signal levels to prevent emissions that interfere with amateur radio with higher signals needed to combat interference by amateur radio could be the dominant factor in determining line reach. A second dimension of VDSL that is far from clear is the services environment. It can be assumed that VDSL will carry information in ATM cell format for video and asymmetric data communications, although optimum downstream and upstream data rates have not been ascertained. What is more difficult to assess is the need for VDSL to carry information in non-ATM formats (such as conventional Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy [PDH] structures) and the need for symmetric channels at broadband rates (above T1/E1). VDSL will not be completely independent of upper-layer protocols, particularly in the upstream direction, where multiplexing data from more than one CPE may require knowledge of link-layer formats (that is, ATM or not). A third difficult subject is premises distribution and the interface between the telephone network and CPE. Cost considerations favor a passive network interface with premises VDSL installed in CPE and upstream multiplexing handled similarly to LAN buses. System management, reliability, regulatory constraints, and migration favor an active network termination, just like ADSL and ISDN, that can operate like a hub, with point-to-point or shared-media distribution to multiple CPE on-premises wiring that is independent and physically isolated from network wiring. However, costs cannot be ignored. Small ONUs must spread common equipment costs, such as fiber links, interfaces, and equipment cabinets, over a small number of subscribers compared to HFC. VDSL therefore has a much lower cost target than ADSL because VDSL may connect directly from a wiring center or cable modems, which also have much lower common equipment costs per user. Furthermore, VDSL for passive NTs may (only may) be more expensive than VDSL for active NTs, but the elimination of any other premises network electronics may make it the most cost-effective solution, and highly desired, despite the obvious benefits of an active NT. Stay tuned.

3.5 STANDARDS STATUS

At present five standards organizations/forums have begun work on VDSL:

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

T1E1.4---The U.S. ANSI standards group T1E1.4 has just begun a project for VDSL, making a first attack on system requirements that will evolve into a system and protocol definition. ETSI---The ETSI has a VDSL standards project, under the title HighSpeed Metallic Access Systems, and has compiled a list of objective, problems, and requirements. Among its preliminary findings are the need for an active NT and payloads in multiples of SDH virtual container VC-12, or 2.3 Mbps. ETSI works very closely with T1E1.4 and the ADSL Forum, with significant overlapping attendees. DAVIC---DAVIC has taken the earliest position on VDSL. Its first specification due to be finalized will define a line code for downstream data, another for upstream data, and a MAC for upstream multiplexing based on TDMA over shared wiring. DAVIC is only specifying VDSL for a single downstream rate of 51.84 Mbps and a single upstream rate of 1.6 Mbps over 300 m or less of copper. The proposal assumes, and is driven to a large extent by, a passive NT, and further assumes premises distribution from the NT over new coaxial cable or new copper wiring. The ATM Forum---The ATM Forum has defined a 51.84 Mbps interface for private network UNIs and a corresponding transmission technology. It has also taken up the question of CPE distribution and delivery of ATM all the way to premises over the various access technologies described above. The ADSL Forum---The ADSL Forum has just begun consideration of VDSL. In keeping with its charter, the forum will address network, protocol, and architectural aspects of VDSL for all prospective applications, leaving line code and transceiver protocols to T1E1.4 and ETSI and higher-layer protocols to organizations such as the ATM Forum and DAVIC. 3.6 VDSL's RELATIONSHIP WITH ADSL

VDSL has an odd technical resemblance to ADSL. VDSL achieves data rates nearly 10 times greater than those of ADSL (shown in Figure 3.4), but ADSL is the more complex transmission technology, in large part because ADSL must contend with much larger dynamic ranges than VDSL. However, the two are essentially cut from the same cloth. ADSL employs advanced transmission techniques and forward error correction to realize data rates from 1.5 to 9 Mbps over twisted pair, ranging to 18,000 feet; VDSL employs the same advanced transmission techniques and forward error correction to realize data rates from

13 to 55 Mbps over twisted pair, ranging to 4,500 feet. Indeed, the two can be considered a continuum, a set of transmission tools that delivers about as much data as theoretically possible over varying distances of existing telephone wiring.

Figure 3.4This chart provides a comparison of transfer rates between ADSL and VDSL

VDSL is clearly a technology suitable for a full-service network (assuming that full service does not imply more than two high-definition television [HDTV] channels over the highest-rate VDSL). It is equally clear that telephone companies cannot deploy ONUs overnight, even if all the technology were available. ADSL may not be a full-service network technology, but it has the singular advantage of offering service over lines that exist today, and ADSL products are closer in time than VDSL. Many new services being contemplated today---such as videoconferencing, Internet access, video on demand, and remote LAN access---can be delivered at speeds at or below T1/E1 rates. For such services, ADSL/VDSL provides an ideal combination for network evolution. On the longest lines, ADSL delivers a single channel. As line length shrinks, either from natural proximity to a central office or deployment of fiberbased access nodes, ADSL and VDSL simply offer more channels and capacity for services that require rate above T1/E1 (such as digital live television and virtual CD-ROM access).

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CHAPTER IV: SYMMETRIC HIGH-SPEED DSL (SHDSL)

4.1 INTRODUCTION Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology opened a new frontier recognizing that bandwidth on the local copper loops did not have to be limited by the application, voice or Plain Old Telephony Service (POTS). While the voice speech path uses frequencies under 4 kHz, greater bandwidth can be achieved with the application of new line codes and Digital Signal Processor (DSP) techniques. The amount of usable bandwidth available over a loop is dependent on a number of factors, including loop length, impedance, signal power, frequency and line coding techniques. The higher the frequency, the greater the attenuation, and the smaller the signal becomes when it is received at the far end. This is illustrated in Figure 1 by the curve showing the strength of the received signal decreasing as the frequency increases. There are two general categories of DSL: symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric DSL provides the same service bit-rate in both upstream and downstream direction. Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) provides more downstream bit-rate (from the network to the user) than upstream bit-rate. From the start, ADSL technology was developed to coexist simultaneously with POTS or ISDN voice service. This is achieved by transmitting the data signal at higher frequencies than is used for POTS or ISDN. This type of transmission is referred to as passband transmission. By transmitting a signal at the higher frequencies and avoiding the voice band frequencies, broadband data can be sent simultaneously with voice on the same copper loop. Today, ADSL is the most commonly deployed type of DSL for the residential customer. However, SHDSL will emerge as a preferred technology for the high-speed symmetric business environment, and some predict that it will be used for selected residential customers as well.

Figure 4.1: Bandwidth On Copper Loops There have been many advances in symmetric DSL technology since its first introduction in the early 90s. Symmetric DSL was initially developed as a more economic way of providing equivalent E1 (2.048 Mb/s) or T1 (1.544 Mb/s) service. The Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) line coding used on E1/T1 lines uses two pairs of copper loops (also called 4-wire). The symmetric DSL line codes were developed to go longer distances without the need for repeaters that are required for E1/T1 service. As a replacement for E1/T1, Symmetric DSL has a number of advantages. For example, E1/T1 transmission requires two wire pairs, where Symmetric DSL techniques have been developed to operate over one pair. This frees up a copper pair, which can be used to either support a different subscriber or can be bonded together to essentially double the bandwidth delivered to a customer. Two specialized types of symmetric DSL are used for DS1 (1.544 Mb/s) transmission: HDSL2 utilizes one pair of wires, and HDSL4 achieves greater loop reach using two pairs of wires.E1/T1 transmission systems were developed as a method of multiplexing many voice channels over one transmission path. Consequently, voice or POTS is not carried in the lower 4 kHz of bandwidth as it is with ADSL. Instead, POTS and voice band modem traffic is carried in accordance with the multiplexed channel structure within the E1/T1 signal. The new single pair DSL technologies such as SHDSL frees up the use of the entire frequency spectrum for data as well as

digital voice. The ability to use the complete bandwidth is referred to as baseband transmission. Because signal transmission is more efficient at the low frequencies, and more robust with respect to noise, symmetric DSL is able to achieve a given reach with lower power. The advantage of lower power is that in addition to less energy and heat, symmetric DSL generates less signal noise or cross-talk, thereby improving spectral compatibility. In other words, SHDSL does not disturb other forms of communications carried in the same cable bundle enabling support of SHDSL customers in the same cable binder as other services.

4.2 PROBLEMS However, symmetric DSL standards were slow to emerge and resulted in a number of line coding techniques being used today. (Line codes are essentially signal conversion algorithms that allow for reliable transmission of data across copper wire.) These include Carrierless Amplitude & Phase Modulation (CAP), Two Binary one Quaternary (2B1Q) line coding which is also used for Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) that can be found in network deployments today. These line codes, combined with other techniques, reduce power, achieve longer reach, improve performance, encode more data within the frequency spectrum, resulting in a new line code technology called Trellis Coded PAM (TC-PAM). Line codes use either echo cancellation (EC) or frequency division multiplexing (FDM) transmission schemes to separate downstream (received) data from the central office (CO) to the customer premises equipment (CPE) and upstream (sent) from the CPE to the CO.
DSL HDSL Linecode 2B1Q or CAP # of pairs 1, 2 or 3 1 1 2 1 or 2 Standards ETSI TS101135 776, 1160 or 2312 kbps ITU G.991.1 ANSI T1.4-TR28 384 to 2312 kbps Proprietary 1544 kbps ANSI T1.418 776 kbps ANSI T1.418 ITU G.991.2 192 to 2312 kbps ETSI TS102524 T1.422 Payload per pair

SDSL 2B1Q or CAP HDSL-2 TC-PAM HDSL-4 TC-PAM SHDSL TC-PAM

Table 4.1:Symmetric DSL Technologies

With symmetric standards slower to emerge than asymmetric, the result was the development of a family of symmetric DSL devices, such as Symmetric DSL, High-bit rate DSL (HDSL) with single pair or 2-wire (HDSL2) and dual pair or 4-wire (HDSL4) identified in Table 1 respectively. This proliferation of DSLs raises two challenges: 1)interoperability, since both ends need to operate using the same techniques, and 2)spectral compatibility. These will be discussed later in this paper. A final consideration, legacy services such as E1/T1 require the use of many repeaters, approximately every 1000m or 3 4 kft, which is complicated to deploy, power and maintain. Figure 2 shows the rates and distances that can be achieved by a number of DSL technologies and illustrates how SHDSL provides full symmetric service rates at distances greater then other DSLs, and without repeaters to 4 km. It is also important to note that symmetric DSL standards were developed to support a repeater mode. By using SHDSL as a repeater technology for really long loops, not only are fewer repeaters required for a given distance but also the reach of DSL service is nearly unlimited.

Figure 4.2: Rate and Reach Comparison

4.3 MORE ON SHDSL SHDSL (Symmetric High-speed Digital Subscriber Line) was based on HDSL and is specified in the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) recommendation number G.991.2 titled Single-Pair High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line Transceivers. Today SHDSL can operate at data rates from 192 kbps to 2.312 Mbps (in a 2-wire mode) and 384 Kbps to 4.624 Mbps (in a 4wire mode) with higher rates under development, and is spectrally compatible to all other DSL technologies with the use of TC-PAM line coding. SHDSL combines the best of the legacy services into a single, robust technology that can be used for both full and fractional E1/T1 lines, Digital Added Main Lines (multiple voice channels), and video conferencing applications using a single twisted pair of wires.

Internet access is by nature a more asymmetric service, there is a growing need for symmetric types of applications, particularly in the SOHO and telecommute environments:

Voice Peer-to-peer file sharing (e.g. collaborative projects between a satellite office location and a main office of an organization or consumer file swapping) Business data traffic (E-Mail, LAN) Leased line replacement (T1, E1) 4.4 SPECTRAL COMPATIBILITY

The spectral compatibility of two DSL transmission systems is defined by the effect of the crosstalk that one system has on another in the same cable. Cables are made up of many copper wire pairs that are bundled together. With this close proximity, some signal energy being transmitted on one pair is going to be induced into pairs that are in the adjacent area. Because DSL service is not introduced to all customers simultaneously, over time and as technology matures and standards emerge, it is possible to have a mix of DSL techniques in use even in the same bundle. From experience, it is known that some techniques generate more interference or crosstalk than others. Different types of DSL in a cable utilize different bandwidth. Depending on the energy of the signals and the spectral placement, the different types of DSL systems may or may not be compatible with each other. The crosstalk effect that one DSL system has on another in the cable defines the spectral compatibility. In the design of DSL systems, spectral compatibility is important because the deployment of any new DSL services should not degrade the performance of other services in the cable. Likewise, the existing services in the cable should not prevent the new DSL from meeting its performance objectives. Spectral compatibility is a function of the degree of overlap between the received signal and the crosstalk signal, and the relative strengths of the signals. A number of factors influence the severity of crosstalk on a pair of wires and in effect, interfere with the desired signal. Factors such as loop length, the effect of echo cancellation (EC) versus frequency division multiplexing (FDM) transmission schemes goes beyond the scope of this white paper.

The SHDSL standard was developed not only to address interoperability issues but also took into consideration the spectral characteristics of the existing line coding and transmission techniques in common use within the existing networks. SHDSL or G.991.2 is based on modifications to HDSL2 and uses TC-PAM, providing 16 levels of encoding rather then the 4 levels provided by 2B1Q and thereby improving spectral efficiency. Trellis coding, Viterbi decoding and Tomlinson precoding provide improved bit error rates and SNR (Signal Noise Ratio).

Figure 4.3: Spectral Efficiency at 768kbps Figure 4.3 illustrates the improved power spectral density (PSD) characteristics and efficiency of SHDSL. The PSD represents the amount of energy required to send information. With a reduced amount of energy across a band of frequencies, the potential for interference with an ADSL customer is greatly reduced while requiring less power. Therefore SHDSL presents less of a disturbance to ADSL equipped loops, and ensures overall spectral compatibility with existing deployments. Another advantage that SHDSL has over earlier symmetric DSL approaches includes the use of the signaling standard, G.994.1, Handshake Procedures for DSL Transceivers, frequently referred to as G.hs for short. G.hs defines

signals, messages and procedures for exchange between DSL equipment. The use of this signaling capability occurs after the DSL equipment has gone through its power initialization phase and enters the mode where it needs to automatically establish certain operational characteristics before signals can be exchanged. For example, G.hs procedures are utilized to enable rate adaptation. The bandwidth and therefore data rate that can be supported on that particular copper loop can be adjusted to attain a certain bit error rate based on a Service Level Agreement (SLA), or achieve longer loop lengths or reach. In this manner, rate adaptive operation and power adjustments are made automatically. At the completion of initialization and handshake procedures, the DSL equipment enters SHOWTIME. SHOWTIME is used to describe the mode where the user and network can begin communications over the access network.

4.5 CARRIER ADVANTAGES While the demand for greater communication access speeds continues to grow, service providers/carriers are also beginning to place new importance on flexibility and programmability. For ISPs, ILECs, and CLECs, the goal is to increase revenue by adding new services and applications to their current portfolio of existing services, and expanding their Internet access. DSL technology is evolving to meet these needs. Service Providers/Carriers are embracing new standards for expanded distances, adaptive rates, lower power, ease of deployment and revenue generating capabilities. SHDSL offers a wide range of benefits in deploying advanced services.

Deploy new high-value business services out of existing installed base of DSLAMs leverage current Capex investment Symmetric bandwidth supports applications that require high performance in both directions Single pair design with dual pair option, and rate-adaptive capability provides network design and deployment flexibility Eliminates need for E1/T1 repeaters on loops under 18 kft. Enhanced reach capabilities allow an offering of consistent services to a wider range of customers

Superior spectral compatibility with other transmission technologies eases deployment limitations, reduces criticality of accurate loop records and eliminates the need for troublesome binder group segregation Transport cost savings for existing services such as leased or private lines Worldwide standard drives wider availability of fully interoperable equipment

4.6 TARGET APPLICATIONS FOR SHDSL Systems that utilize SHDSL can support numerous types of symmetric access applications. While SHDSL has been targeted primarily as the high-speed symmetric service for business and SOHO customers, it is also applicable for selected applications in the residential market. Since services are handled in the digital domain, bandwidth can be dynamically allocated between voice, data and video applications. Figure 4.4 is an illustration of the service provider/carrier network and the access application environment that SHDSL can support. It is significant to note that globally, starting in 2002, there were approximately 196 million E1/T1 subscriber access lines in use according to Cahners In-Stat. In the future, the majority of these lines are candidates for upgrade with SHDSL to leverage ability to support new or higher speed applications than can be supported over E1/T1 lines, and to lower operational costs.

Figure 4.4: Symmetric DSL Applications

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CHAPTER V: DSL IN MALAYSIA

5.1 INTRODUCTION DSL has brought Malaysia to the next level of communication world ever since it was introduced in the country and it has been well accepted by the growing nations. Now, Malaysians can surf the net at a fast speed at the low price. DSL provider in Malaysia is Telekom Malaysia which introduced Streamyx, a DSLbased broadband service. Residential customers with heavy Internet usage who

have been using the net via 56kbps dial-up or ISDN, small businesses that have been using analog dial Internet access but actually need higher bandwidth, but not at higher cost. (for instance, SMEs, SOHOs and telecommuters that have different applications such as e-commerce, web hosting, distance learning, serious Internet surfing and etc), large businesses that require Internet access with high business grade service to support mission critical applications like e-commerce, net-meetings, streaming audio/video, portal service, web hosting, and access to the company LAN for telecommuting employees, extranet for valued customers and business partners. All of them now can benefit from DSL technology. The technology which supports "tmnet streamyx" service is DSL. A house or business with DSL has a data socket that looks like a phone socket. The types of DSL technology chosen to support tmnet streamyx are ADSL, SDSL and GLite DSL. ADSL stands for Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line. It allows you to simultaneously access the net and use the phone or fax (at the same time). GLite DSL is similar to ADSL but has lesser speed capability than full rate ADSL. SDSL stands for Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line. The different between ADSL and SDSL is SDSL offers the customer symmetric bandwidth upstream and downstream to a customer (eg. 1.5Mb/s SDSL Streamyx packages offers the customer 1.5Mb/s downstream speed as well as 1.5Mb/s upstream speed). Technologically, SDSL does not allow voice/fax (PSTN) over the same copper. An ADSL system basically consists of two parts i.e. the Central Office (CO) which is located at the exchange building and the other, Remote Termination Unit (RTU) at subscriber's premise. The Central Office (CO) and Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) are connected via an existing pair of copper telephone lines. Diagram below shows the "tmnet direct" (ADSL) set up. The Central Office (CO) for ADSL consists of two types of chassis. The first chassis is the ADSL unit for modem cards and control card while the second chassis is for the POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) splitter. The Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) for ADSL also consists of POTS splitter and ADSL modem. A significant advantage of ADSL is its ability to separate data traffic from voice communications via one pair of existing copper wire. The voice communication is split off from the data traffic by POTS splitter hence

allowing uninterrupted telephony services even if the ADSL fails. The diagram above shows the ADSL whereby the voice communication is split and sent to the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) while the data traffic is sent to the broadband network. While in the SDSL network set-up (where it only supports data), there will be no network element of voice network (PSTN). The customer is connected directly into the broadband Network.

5.2 REQUIREMENTS The customer must be within 5km of the supporting tmnet streamyx TM exchange. The customer must have a direct copper connection through a Telekom Malaysia fixed line. This must link the premise to the TM exchange where the DSL is available. TM Home prepaid, Ezeephone, ISDN, hunting lines and the CDMA service do not support tmnet streamyx. Telephone lines served with fiber connections are supported at limited areas only. Upon any application of the tmnet streamyx service, TM Net will check that all requirements are fulfilled before the service can be provided to the customer. The applicant of the tmnet streamyx must own a telephone line. If you do not have a copper telephone line, you need to apply for one first to enjoy the service. Below are the basic arrangements at a customer's premise: Connection at customer's premise is as below: - Telephone Socket to POTS Splitter - RJ11 - POTS Splitter to Telephone set - RJ11 - POTS Splitter to RTU - RJ11 - RTU to Hub/Customer PC - RJ45

Connection at customer's premise is as below: - Telephone Socket direct to RTU- RJ11 - RTU to Hub/Customer PC RJ 45

Connection at customer's premise is as below: - radio unit (CPE) to Hub/Customer PC RJ45

5.3 EQUIPMENT

For DSL to work, subscriber must have:

Telephone line - Telekom Malaysia direct fixed line only (for streamyx ADSL) AC Power supply for the tmnet streamyx modem Internal Wiring Hubs, Routers, Server (for Networking purposes) PC (with CD drive) + LAN Connection Card (NIC) SL Modems (for without modem package)

tmnet

No. MODEL 1 Aztech DSL600E Modem Router 2 Aztech DSL600EU Modem Router 3 Aztech DSL 305E 4 Aztech DSL 906E (1DA) 5 Aztech DSL306U Aztech DSL305EW c/w Wireless 6 AP 7 Aztech DSL1100R 8 Speed Touch 330 9 Speed Touch 510 10 Compex NetPassage 66 11 ZyXel Prestige 630 12 ZyXel Prestige 645R 13 Hurricane 9000

INTERFACE Ethernet Ethernet/USB Ethernet Ethernet USB Ethernet Ethernet USB Ethernet Ethernet/USB USB Ethernet Ethernet

DIALER Tango Built-in WinPoET Built-in Built-in Built-in Built-in WinPoET Built-in Built-in WinPoET Built-in Built-in

PROTOCOL PPPoE PPPoE PPPoE PPPoA PPPoE PPPoE PPPoE PPPoE PPPoE /PPPoA PPPoE PPPoE PPPoE /PPPoA PPPoE /PPPoA

14 15 16 17

Hurricane 9000P Netopia Cayman 3341 ADSL-8MU USB Modem Triz TZ3200U USB Modem

Ethernet Ethernet USB USB USB

18 Artnet Ale 19

Built-in Built-in AVC Dialer Built-in Globespan Dialer Built-in Built-in Built-in

PPPoE /PPPoA PPPoE /PPPoA PPPoE PPPoE PPPoE PPPoE /PPPoA PPPoE /PPPoA PPPoE /PPPoA

D-Link DSL-500G ADSL Modem Ethernet Router 20 SMC 7401 ASDL Modem Router Ethernet 21 Artnet ADSL Router Ethernet

Table 5.1: Certified DSL Modem

Figure 5.1: Some Hardwares of DSL

Package Streamyx Basic

Monthly Fee Usage

Additional Download Upload Usage Speed Speed

RM 44 (without 60 1 sen per modem) hours minute RM 66 (without modem) RM 77 (with modem) Unlimited RM 88 (without modem) RM 99 (with modem)

384kbps

128kbps

512kbps

128kbps

Table 5.2: Pricings for Streamyx Basic

Monthly DSL Usage Fee Type RM RM 418 ADSL Streamyx RM Unlimited Enterprise RM 688 RM RM 618 SDSL Package

Download Upload Telephony Speed Speed Services 1.0Mbps 384kbps 2.0Mbps 384kbps 1.5Mbps 1.5Mbps No Yes

Table 5.3: Pricings for Streamyx Enterprise

Monthly DSL Download Upload Telephony Usage Fee Type Speed Speed Services Streamyx RM Unlimited ADSL 1.0Mbps 384kbps Yes Corporate RM 618 Package

RM RM 1188 RM RM 1048

2.0Mbps 384kbps SDSL 1.5Mbps 1.5Mbps No

Table 5.4: Pricings for Streamyx Corporate

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SUMMARY

Overall, with DSL service, subscriber can benefit from Internet speeds that are up to 12 times faster than a typical ISDN connection and 50 times faster than a traditional 28.8 Kbps modem. This means that in the 12 seconds it takes to read this information, a 2 megabyte presentation file or web photograph have already been downloaded . It would take 10 more minutes (600 more seconds!) to download the same file with a traditional 28.8 Kbps modem. Besides, DSL is highly reliable because its proven technology takes full advantage of the existing telecommunications infrastructure. Because DSL network provides a dedicated Internet connection via private telephone wires, it is secured as dialup intruders or shared network hackers can be bypassed. Unlike traditional dialup modems or cable modems, DSL protects valuable data with the most secure connection available. On top of that, DSL is widely recognized as the most cost-effective connectivity solution for small businesses. DSL delivers industrial-strength T1like speed (as fast as 1.5 Mbps) to multiple users at only 25% of typical T1 costs. There's no better price/performance option available. DSL is always ready to run, every minute of every day. There's no more logging on and off, no more busy signals or disconnects. This gives users the freedom to focus on

what they want to accomplish online rather than focusing on trying to get connected. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a solution to the ever-increasing demand for more bandwidth by business and residential consumers. Below are some current applications of DSL: High-speed Internet access Corporate Local Area Network (LAN) access E-Commerce Telecommuting / Virtual Private Network (VPN) Distance learning Video-On-Demand Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) / IP dialtone Video conferencing Medical imaging Real-time information exchange Entertainment - online gaming

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REFERENCES
1. Cisco Webpage

http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/adsl.htm 2. DSL Life Webpage http://www.dsllife.com 3. DSL Tutorial http://www.amgu.net/HTML/tutorial.htm

4. DSL Tutorial http://www.digistar.mb.ca/client/dsl.htm

5. The International Enginnerring Consortium

http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/adsl/ 6. Schott Corp. Webpage http://www.schottcorp.com/news/technical_papers/xDSL %20Tutorial.pdf 7. WKMN - DSL Resources http://www.wkmn.com/newsite/dsl.html 8. Te Conectamos Webpage http://www.teconectamos.com/docs/dsl.html 9. DSL Overview http://telephonyonline.com/ar/internal_dsl_overview/#intro
10. DSL_T01.pdf

www.zdsl.com/dsl/DSL_T01.pdf 11.Internet Tutorial http://www.finkelsteinlibrary.org/tutbasic.html

12. Telebyte DSL Overview on Telebyte web site

http://www.Telebyteusa.com
13. CNET Webpage

http://www.cnet.com/
14. DSL Reports

http://www.dslreports.com/faq/ 15.Covad Communications http://www.covad.net/help/glossary.html

16. North Point Communications

http://www.northpoint.net/business_tutorial.asp 17.http://telephonyonline.com/ar/internal_dsl_overview/#2

18.EasyDSL Quick Network Tutorial support.easystreet.com/easydsl/overview.html 19.DSL Services,Facts,Pricing http://www.connext.net/html/dsl_services.html 20.DSL Home Tutorial http://www.quantometrix.com/ 21.DSL http://prodweb.newbridge.com/doctypes/techprimer/dsl/index.jhtml 22.DSLSC Comparison http://www.dsl-isp-guide.com/dslcompare.htm 23.DSL Varieties http://www.dsl-isp-guide.com/dslvarieties.htm 24.How Fast is DSL Comparison Chart http://www.dsl-isp-guide.com/dslspeed.htm 25.How DSL Work http://www.dsl-isp-guide.com/dslhow.htm 26.STreamyx webpage for reseller http://www.mystreamyx.com 27.TMNet http://www.tm.net.my/html/pstreamyx_more.cfm 28.International Telegraphic Union (ITU) web site 29.DSL Forum web site 30.2 Wire web site 31.3Com web site
32. ADTRAN web site

33.Bell Atlantic web site

34. Lucent web site

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0-9 A-C D-F G-I J-L M-O P-R S-U V-Z

Glossary: DSL, Data Communications, Computer, Internet

*References for definitions are noted in brackets [ ]. Legend for references: Telebyte DSL Overview on Telebyte web site ( <http://www.Telebyteusa.com>) [TB] International Telegraphic Union (ITU) web site [IT] DSL Forum web site [DS] From Kristi Kosloske [KK] 2 Wire web site [2W] 3Com web site [3C] ADTRAN web site [AD] Bell Atlantic web site [BA] Lucent web site [LU] Ronald McConnell (Lucent staff) [RM] D D Channel - In an ISDN interface, the "data" or D channel is used to carry control signals and customer call data in a packet-switched mode. In the BRI (basic rate interface) the D channel operates at 16, part of which will handle setup, teardown, and other characteristics of the call. Also, 9600 BPS will be free for a separate conversion by the user. In the PRI (primary rate interface), the D channel runs at 64. The D channel is sometimes referred to as the delta channel. See also BRI, PRI, and ISDN.[TB]

DA (Distribution area) - A loop serving area for a Feeder Distribution Interface (FDI).[TB] DACS (Digital Access & Cross-Connect System) - A device that allows DS0 channels to be individually routed and reconfigured. [TB] Data Communications Equipment (DCE) - A communications device that can establish, maintain, and terminate a connection (for example, a modem). A DCE may also provide signal conversion between the data terminal equipment (DTE) and the common carrier's channel.[3C] Data Encoding - The method by which a modem encodes digital data onto an analog signal for transmission to a remote modem to which it is connected via the PSTN.[3C] Data Encryption Standard (DES) - A block-cipher algorithm for encrypting data so it's impossible for someone without the decryption key to retrieve the data in its unscrambled form. DES uses a 56-bit key and is illegal to export out of Canada or the U.S. without meeting Bureau of Export Administration requirements. It's not the most advanced security method.[3C] Data Exchange Interface - Allows a DTE (such as a router) and a DCE (such as an ATM DSU) to provide an ATM UNI for networks.[3C] Datagram - Logical block of data sent as a network layer unit over a transmission medium without prior establishment of a virtual circuit. Contains source and destination address information as well as the data itself. IP datagrams are the primary information units in the Internet.[3C] Data Link Switching - Method of encapsulating, or tunneling, Logical Link Control Type 2 (LLC2) packets from LAN-based SNA and NetBIOS applications, enabling them to traverse a non-SNA backbone. Specified in FRC 1434.[3C] Data Service Unit/ (DSU)/Channel Service Unit (CSU) - Connects an external digital circuit to a digital circuit on the customer's premises. The DSU converts data into the correct format, and the CSU terminates the line, conditions the signal, and participates in remote testing of the connection.[3C] Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) - End-user equipment, typically a terminal or computer, that can function as the source or destination point of communication on the network.[3C]

DBrnc - The logarithmic power ratio of a C-message weighted filtered signal with respect to 1 nanoWatt.[TB] DCE (Data Circuit [terminating] Equipment) - Any device that is connected to the subscriber end of a transmission circuit and provides the appropriate termination functions for that connection. A modem or DSU/CSU are considered DCE. Also called Data Communications Equipment.[TB] D channel - Data channel used in an ISDN interface to carry control signals and customer call data. In PRI, the D channel runs at 64,000 bits per second. The D channel provides the signaling information for each of the 23 voice channels (B channels).[3C] DCS - Digital Cross-connect System: Allows flexible electronic interchange of subchannels for DS hierarchy channels.[RM] DCT - Discrete Cosine Transform: A space/frequency Fourier cosine transform used as a preliminary step in still-image and motion video compression algorithms such as JPEG and MPEG. Lossy compression of the data is achieved by deleting terms with small coefficients and quantizing the remaining terms. See also Fractal Transform, DWT.[RM] DDS (Digital Data Service) - Private line digital service that provides digital communication circuits with data rates of 56/64.[TB] DECNET - Digital Equipment Corporation's proprietary network architecture. [TB] Decryption - The restoration of data to its original form after it has been encrypted by applying a specific algorithm that altered the data's appearance in order to prevent other devices from reading the information. Decryption is accomplished by applying the encrypting algorithm in reverse.[3C] ** Dedicated Line - A transmission circuit that is reserved by the provider for the full-time use of the subscriber. Also called a Private Line.[TB] Dedicated Line - A transmission circuit installed between two sites of a private network and " open, " or available, at all times.[3C] Delay - A contributing measure of the carrying capacity of a link, delay indicates how long it takes bits to find their way through a network, but says nothing about the bandwidth through the network. Delay can be zero, but the

network can be useless if it only delivers one bit per hour. This is important for bandwidth bound applications such as bulk data transfers, which need adequate bandwidth to function properly.[TB] Delay Bound - An application, which will not necessarily benefit from more bandwidth in a network, but can only run properly with a minimum and stable delay at their disposal. A voice telephone call is a good example of a delay bound application. Adding more bandwidth beyond what it needs will not make the voice call any better.[TB] Demarcation Point - The point at the customer premises where the line from the telephone company meets the premises wiring. From the demarcation point, the end-user is responsible for the wiring. [TB] Demodulation - Conversion of a carrier signal or waveform (analog) into an electrical signal (digital).[TB] Demodulation - Opposite of modulation; the process of retrieving data from a modulated carrier wave.[3C] DEMUX,demux - Demultiplexer[RM] Designated router - In OSPF, each multiaccess network with at least two attached routers has a designated router. The designated router has special duties in the running of the protocol, such as generating a link state advertisement for the multiaccess network. In NLSP, the designated router is elected by the highest hello packet priority and sends its hello packets every 10 seconds. The designated router also sends a pseudonode link-state packet that lists all devices adjacent to the segment and any information it learns from RIP and SAP broadcasts.[3C] Desktop Collaboration - Using ISDN lines, linking desktop computers so teleworkers, suppliers and clients can share documents and work together no matter where they are.[BA] Desktop Video Conferencing - A PC-based video conferencing system that allows people to conduct video conferencing in real time from their desks. The basic desktop video conferencing system includes a video camera, a video card, and an adapter card.[TB] Desktop Videoconferencing - By combining ISDN technology and individual PCs, people can meet "face-to-face" without leaving their offices. It's a unique way to reduce costly and time-consuming travel.[BA]

DF - Distribution Frame: A cross-connect arrangement for flexible linking of cables and/or equipment. See also MDF, IDF.[RM] DFE (Decision Feedback Equalizer) - An adaptive filter used to compensate for the frequency response of the channel.[TB] DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) - A signal transformation that is often implemented as a fast Fourier transformation on a digital signal processor.[TB] DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - A TCP/IP protocol that provides static and dynamic address management.[TB] Dial up - The process of initiating a switched connection through the network; when used as an adjective, this is a type of communication that is established by a switched-circuit connection.[TB] Dial-up - A type of communication that is established by a switched-circuit connection using the telephone network.[3C] Dial-up Lines - Ideal for occasional data transmission because they require no special equipment, other than a modem. They are well-suited for infrequent transactions, such as transmitting accounting information or customer records. [BA] Digital - Having only discrete values, such as 0 or 1. Opposite of analog, which is continuously varying over time. A text file on a computer is a good example of digital information and voice is the prime example of analog information. However, either can be sent over a telecommunications link with an analog or digital signal.[TB] Digital Hierarchy - The progression of digital transmission standards typically starting with DS-0 (64) and going up through at least DS-3.Twenty-four DS-0s make up a DS-1; 28 DS-1s make up a DS-3. There are other links (including a DS-2), but these are less common.[TB] Digital Modem - A modem that accepts an analog call over a 64 K bit ISDN channel and interprets it via software as a call originated by an analog modem. This process generally requires the use of a DSP to break the analog signal into an equivalent digital bit stream.[3C] Digital Services Level 1 (DS1) - The 1.44 Mbps (U.S.) or 2.108 Mbps (Europe) digital signal carried on a T1 circuit.[3C]

Digital Services Level 3 (DS3) - The 44 Mbps digital signal carried on a T3 circuit.[3C] Digital Signal - Standard specifying the electrical characteristics for data transmission over four-wire Telco circuits. DS1 is 1.544 Mbps, and DS3 is 44.736 Mbps. Also referred to as T1 and T3.[3C] Digital Signal Processor - CPU that is tailored to handle complex mathematical functions.[3C] Digital Subscriber Line - Point-to-point public network access technologies that allow multiple forms of data, voice, and video to be carried over twistedpair copper wire on the local loop between a network service provider's central office and the customer site. Included are asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), rate-adaptive digital subscriber line (R-ADSL), high bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL), single-line digital subscriber line (SDLS, and very high bit-rate subscriber line (VDSL).[3C] Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) - Device that reconstructs analog voltage waveforms from an incoming sequence of binary digits; does not in itself introduce noise.[3C] Digital Transmission - Transmission of voice, video, and other data that has been encoded as binary values and then transmitted as electrical pulses. Analog-to-digital conversion converts continuous waveforms into digital information that can be processed and stored in a computer.[3C] Direct Memory Access - Method for passing information directly from a mass-storage device such as a hard disk to memory with passing through the processor, resulting in a fast transfer.[3C] Directory - A special-purpose database that contains information about the nodes or devices attached to an enterprise network.[3C] Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) - The standard ADSL modulation technique developed by Amati Communications and Stanford University and commercialized by Northern Telecom; it uses digital signal processors to increase transmission speed of voice, video, data, and image signals to 6.144 Mbps downstream and 640 Kbps upstream over existing one-pair copper phone wiring.[3C] Discrete Time Domain - Signal values that are defined at periodic time intervals.[TB] Distributed Management - Approach to network management that provides comprehensive analysis by dispersing data collection, monitoring, and

management responsibilities among multiple consoles across the network. It provides the capability to collect data from all data points and sources on the network, regardless of network topology, giving network managers the power to manage large, geographically dispersed enterprise networks more effectively.[3C] Distributed Queue Dual Bus - Communication protocol proposed by IEEE 802.6 committee for use in MANs.[3C] Distributed Recovery Intelligence - The ability to track down a network problem and automatically isolate the malfunctioning node.[3C] Distribution - Portion of the telephone cabling plant that connects subscribers to feeder cables from the CO.[TB] Distribution Area (DA) - Loop distribution area beyond FDI. One or more Das to a CSA. The maximum DA loop tends to be about 2/3 the maximum legal CSA loop.[RM] Distribution Cable - The portion of the telephone loop plant that connects the feeder cable to the drop wires.[TB] DLC (Digital Loop Carrier) - Network transmission equipment, consisting of a CO terminal and a remote terminal, used to provide a pair gain function. Concentrates many local loop pairs onto a few high-speed digital pairs or one fiber optic pair for transport back to the CO.[TB] DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) - The frame relay virtual circuit number used in internetworking to denote the port to which the destination LAN is attached.[TB] DMS100 - A digital central office switching system made by Northern Telecom.[TB] DMT (Discrete MultiTone) - DSL technology using digital signal processors to divide the signal into 256 subchannels.[TB] DN (Directory Number) - A telephone number for ISDN. A BRI line can have up to eight directory numbers, depending on the switch type used by the telephone company.[TB] Domain Name - A text-based alias for an IP address based on the domain name system. While an IP address is a string of digits separated by periods, as

in 132.251.125.120, the domain name can even include the name of a particular organization, such as BellAtlantic.com.[BA] Domain Name System - Internet electronic-mail system for translating names of network nodes into addresses.[3C] ** Downstream - Refers to the transmission direction from the CO to the customer premises.[TB] Downstream - In a communications circuit there are two circuits: one coming to you, the client, and one going away from you. The downstream channel comes to you. Also, the digital transmission path from the central site or Internet service provider (ISP) to the user or client site.[3C] DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) - Memory used to store data in PCs and other devices.[TB] Drop Cable - A cable that connects a network device such as a computer to a physical medium such as an Ethernet network. Drop cable is also called transceiver cable because it runs from the network node to a transceiver (a transmit/receiver) attached to the trunk cable. Compare with AUI cable.[3C] Drop Wire - The section of the local loop connecting the distribution cable to the customer premises.[TB] ** DS-0 (Digital Signal 0) - In the digital hierarchy, this signaling standard defines a transmission speed of 64.[TB] DS0 - Digital Signal 0: 64 kbps digital representation of voice.[DS] ** DS-1 (Digital Signal 1) - In the digital hierarchy, this signaling standard defines a transmission speed of 1.544 MBPS; a DS-1 is composed of 24 DS-0 signals; this term is often used interchangeably with T-1.[TB] DS1- Digital Signal 1: Twenty-four voice channels packed into a 193-bit frame and transmitted at 1.544 Mbps. The unframed version, or payload, is 192 bits at a rate of 1.536 Mbps.[DS] DS1 - A data communications service for data-intensive businesses requiring high transmission speeds (1.544 Mbps). DS1 can transmit voice and data signals, or a combination of both. In the U.S., this is commonly referred to as T1.[BA]

DS1C - Digital Signal 1C: 3.152 Mb/s. Payload = 2(1.544). Can transport two asynchronous DS1s by bit-stuffing.[RM] DS2 - Digital Signal 2: Four T1 frames packed into a higher-level frame transmitted at 6.312 Mbps.[DS] ** DS-3 (Digital Signal 3) - In the digital hierarchy, this signaling standard defines a transmission speed of 44.736 MBPS; a DS-3 is composed of 28 DS-1 signals; this term is often used interchangeably with T-3.[TB] DS3 - A data communications service for data-intensive businesses requiring extremely high transmission speeds (45 Mbps). DS3 is also known as T3.[BA] DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) - The non-loaded, local-loop copper connection between the NSP and the customer premises. DSL can provide simultaneous high-speed digital data access and POTS service over the same twisted-pair wiring. Technically, DSL equates to ISDN, but this is decreasingly enforced terminology. See ADSL (Asymmetrical DSL), CDSL (Consumer DSL), HDSL (High Bit Rate DSL), IDSL (ISDN DSL), MDSL (Moderate Speed Digital Subscriber Line), SDSL (Symmetric DSL), UADSL (Universal ADSL or G.Lite), VDSL (Very High Data Rate DSL), and xDSL.[TB] DSL Digital Subscriber Line: Modems on either end of a single twisted pair wire that delivers ISDN Basic Rate Access.[DS] ** DSL- (digital subscriber line) A technology that exploits unused frequencies on copper telephone lines to transmit traffic typically at multi-megabit speeds. DSL can allow voice and data to be sent simultaneously over the same line. Because the service is 'always on', end users don't need to dial in or wait for call set-up. With DSL you are wired for speed.[KK] ** DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) - A CO platform for DSL modems that provides high-speed data transmission and optional POTS service simultaneously over traditional twisted-pair wiring.[TB] DSLAM - Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer: specifically, a device, which takes a number of ADSL subscriber lines and concentrates these to a single ATM line.[DS] DSLAM - digital subscriber loop access multiplexer.[BA] DSP (Digital Signal Processor) - The microprocessor that handles line signaling in a modem. Designed to perform speedy, complex operations on

digitized waveforms.[TB] DSS1 (Digital Subscriber Signaling System No. 1) The network access signaling protocol for users connecting to ISDN. It includes the CCITT Q.931 and Q.932 standards.[TB] DSU/CSU (Digital Service Unit/Channel Service Unit) - The interface required to change one form of digital signal to another. Many of the devices used in xDSL technologies are basically advanced forms of DSU/CSU, such as the HTU (HTML Termination Unit). Contrast with Modem.[TB] DSX-1 - DS1 Cross-connect. A 1.544 Mbps AMI signal used for short distances to interconnect equipment within a CO.[TB] DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) - The equipment, such as a computer or terminal, that provides data in the form of digital signals for transmission.[TB] Dual-Attached Concentrator - A device that is attached to and allows access to both rings in an FDDI network.[3C] Dual-Attached Servers - Servers attached to both paths of an FDDI ring for load balancing and redundancy.[3C] Dual-Attached Station - A station with two connections to an FDDI network, one to each logical ring. If one of the rings should fail, the network automatically reconfigures to continue normal operation. Compare with SAS. [3C] DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing) - A SONET term. High-speed versions of WDM, which is a means of increasing the capacity of SONET fiber optic transmission systems through the multiplexing of multiple wavelengths of light. Each wavelength channel typically supports OC-48 transmission at 2.5 GBPS. A 32-channel system will support an aggregate 80 GBPS.[TB] DWMT (Discrete Wavelet Multi-Tone) - A multicarrier modulation system pioneered by Aware Inc. that, according to the vendor, isolates its subchannels in a method that is superior to conventional DMT modulation. In the vendor's own words, "DWMT is able to maintain near optimum throughput in the narrow band noise environments typical of ADSL, VDSL, and Hybrid Fiber Coax, while DMT systems may be catastrophically impaired."[TB] DWT - Discrete Wavelet Transform: An alternative to DCT. The sidelobes of the sub-channels are narrower than those for the wavelet transform than those

of the Fourier cosine transform. See also DCT, Wavelet Transform, Fractal Transform.[RM] Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation - A key feature of ISDN remote-access devices that allows automatic adjustment of the number of B channels in use depending on the volume of data being sent or received. This feature saves you money because each B channel is billed as a separate charge. Automatically adjusting bandwidth up or down depending on your data volume means you use only what you need.[TB] Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation - The ability to add and drop B channels based on the sending of threshold data levels. Specifically, the ability to raise a call over a second B channel when the first B channel becomes saturated and to drop the call when data rates decline. Also called bandwidth-on-demand.[3C] Dynamic IP Addressing - An IP address is assigned to the client for the current session only. After the session ends, the IP address returns to a pool of IP addresses. See IP (Internet Provider).[TB] Dynamic Routing - Routing that adjusts automatically to changes in network topology or traffic.[3C]

E e-mail - Short for electronic mail; the transmission of written messages over communications networks.[3C] e-mail - An abbreviation for electronic mail, which is a network service that allows users to send and receive messages via computer. Once confined to a closed group within a particular network, the Internet and common message protocols makes it possible to send and receive messages worldwide.[BA] E.164 - ITU-T recommendations for telecommunications numbering, including ISDN, BISDN, and SMDS; includes telephone numbers up to 15 digits long. [3C] E1 (or E-1) - European equivalent of a T1 circuit. It is a term for a wide band digital interface used for transmitting data over a telephone network at 2.048 MBPS.[TB]

E1 - European basic multiplex rate which packs thirty voice channels into a 256 bit frame and transmitted at 2.048 Mbps.[DS] ** E1 - European designation for T1, communications circuit provided by longdistance carriers for voice and data transmission (2.054 Mbps in Europe, 1.544 Mbps in the U.S.); may be divided into 24 separate 64 Kbps channels.[3C] E3 (or E-3) - European equivalent of a T3 circuit. It is a term for a wide band digital interface used for transmitting data over a telephone network at 34MBPS.[TB] ** E3 - European designation for T3, a long-distance, point-to-point communications circuit service created by AT&T; it operates at 44 Mbps and can carry 672 channels of 64 Kbps.[3C] EC (Echo Cancellation) - A DSP time domain technique for removing echoes. See Echo supressor/Echo canceller.[TB] ECH (Echo-Cancelled Hybrid) - A 2-to-4 wire conversion with Echo Cancellation. A hybrid transformer is often used to interface to the line.[TB] Echo - The reflecting of a signal back to its source due to a variety of reasons. Whenever the same bandwidth is used for transmission in both directions, echo is a concern. In all cases, some form of echo control must be used to compensate for these effects, which can be annoying for voice but devastating for data. Both the voice network and simple modems employ echo cancellation techniques. Also known as "positive feedback" or "singing."[TB] Echo Suppressor/Echo Canceller - These are active devices used by the phone company to suppress positive feedback on the phone network. They work by predicting and subtracting a locally generated replica of the echo based on the signal propagating in the forward direction. Modems deactivate these devices by sending the 2100 Hz answer tone with 180-phasereversals every 450 msec at the beginning of the connection.[TB] ECSA - Exchange Carrier Standards Association: Sponsor of T1 Standards Working Groups. Supplanted by ATIS (late 1993).[RM] Edge Connection - Connection by which desktop computers are connected to one another and to local servers, usually by means of switches and hubs; any set of interconnected computers and servers form a local area network (LAN). If several LANs are located in close proximity to one another, they may be

incorporated into a larger LAN, referred to as a LAN segment. Ethernet is by far the preferred transmission technology for LAN edges.[3C] Edge Device - A device, such as a router or Ethernet-to- ATM switch, that is directly connected to an ATM network. The UNI defines the connection between the edge device and the ATM network switch. It is the first device a user sees when sending traffic to the ATM network. Also called an end device. [3C] EFS - Error-Free Seconds: A tariffed measure of performance. See also ES, SES.[RM] EIA/TIA (Electronic Industries Association/Telecommunications Industry Association) - This organization provides standards for the data communications industry to ensure uniformity of the interface between DTEs and DCEs.[TB] EKTS (Electronic Key Telephone Service) - A service that provides PBXlike capabilities using ISDN add-on features. It ties these add-on features to keys on your ISDN telephone, allowing you to have a hold button or forward button, for example.[TB] ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI) - Interference, usually manifested as a hum, static, or buzz, in audio equipment, that is produced by the equipment or cabling picking up stray electromagnetic fields.[3C] Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - Describes the technologies and protocols used to automate the exchange of business information between computer systems; for example, for passing orders, invoices, and other transactions electronically between locations or organizations. Often used strictly to refer to the implementation specified by the ASC X12 standard, specifically excluding more recent technologies such as Extensible Markup Language (XML).[3C] Electronic Commerce - A set of services which enable the secure exchange of electronic funds via the Internet. Generally, E-Commerce is referred to in relation to Web sites that promote products and services for immediate sale. [BA] Electronic Industries Association - Groups that together have specified data transmission standards such as EIA/TIA-232 (formerly known as RS-232).[3C]

EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) - Prevents unintended radio frequency interference (see RFI).[TB] EMS (Element Management System) - A management system that provides functions at the element management layer.[TB] Encapsulation - Wrapping a data set in a protocol header. For example, Ethernet data is wrapped in a specific Ethernet header before network transit. Also, a method of bridging dissimilar networks where the entire frame from one network is simply enclosed in the header used by the link-layer protocol of the other network.[3C] Encryption - Applying a specific algorithm to data in order to alter the data's appearance and prevent other devices from reading the information. Decryption applies the algorithm in reverse to restore the data to its original form.[3C] End System - End-user device on a network; also, a non routing host or node in an OSI network.[3C] End System-to-Intermediate System Protocol - The OSI protocol by which end systems such as networks personal computers announce themselves to intermediate systems such as hubs.[3C] End User - A person who uses applications on a computer system.[3C] Enterprise Network - A widely dispersed, multifaceted telecommunications network for a particular purpose or organization; a term for all of an organization's telecommunications networking services and equipment.[TB] Entity - Individual, manageable device in a network. Also, OSI terminology for a layer protocol machine. An entity within a layer performs the functions of the layer within a single computer system, accessing the layer entity below and providing services to the layer entity above at local service access points.[3C] EOC, eoc - Embedded Operations Channel: Communications channel for network use and separate from the customer channels in the data stream. ERP The planning of all operational processes in a business; the automation, integration, and optimization of all major business processes within each constituent organization. ERP is the foundation that enables supply chain management.[3C]

Error Correction - Techniques used to correct errors in data transmission, typically caused by noise.[3C] ES - Errored Second: A second of received data with one or more bit errors. A tariffed measure of circuit performance. See also EFS, SES.[RM] ESF - Extended Superframe: A DS1 signal frame format: 24 frames in a 3 ms superframe with CRC and a data link. See also ZBTSI.[RM] Ethernet - A type of network used to connect devices within a single building or campus at speeds up to 10/100 MBPS. Within the OSI model, Ethernet is defined at layer one (physical) and layer two (data link). Based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), Ethernet works by simply checking the wire before sending data. Sometimes two stations send at precisely the same time in which case a collision is detected and retransmission is attempted. Ethernet is a widely implemented standard for LANs. See also 10Base-T or 100Base-T.[TB] Ethernet - IEEE standard network protocol that specifies how data is placed on and retrieved from a common transmission medium. Has a transfer rate of 10 Mbps. Forms the underlying transport vehicle used by several upper-level protocols, including TCP/IP and XNS. See CSMA/CD for a description of Ethernet's media-access method. Compare with Token Ring.[3C] Ethernet - A 100-Mbps technology based on the 10BASE-T Ethernet CSMA/CD network access method to accommodate the operation of local area networks.[BA] Ethernet phone - New type of phone that will plug directly into an Ethernet network. The benefit is that moves, adds, and changes of phones are easy. Over time enterprises will need only a single wired network for both voice and data communications.[3C] ETSI (European Telecommunications Standardization Institute) - An organization that produces technical standards in the area of telecommunications.[TB] ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute.[BA] **European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) - Organization that specifies telecommunications standards for Europe.[3C] ET - Exchange Termination: Local switch terminating ISDN access lines.[RM]

EU - European Union. Formerly known as EC, European Commission.[TB] Exchange Area - A geographical area in which a single, uniform set of tariffs for telephone service is in place. A call between any two points in an exchange area is considered a local call. See also LATA (local access and transport area). [TB] Exterior Gateway Protocol - Internet routing protocol by which gateways exchange information about what systems they can reach; documented in RFC 904. Generally, an exterior gateway protocol is any internetworking protocol for passing routing information between autonomous systems. Compare with BGP.[3C] EZ-ISDN - A standardized set of ISDN line configurations developed by the NIUF (North American ISDN Users' Forum). Designed to make ordering of ISDN service easier.[TB]

F FA-1307 - Bellcore Framework Advisory on ADSL-1 transport requirements. See FA-1308.[RM] FA-1308 - Bellcore Framework Advisory on ADSL-1 operations and maintenance requirements. See TA-1307.[RM] Fast Ethernet - A LAN used to connect devices within a single building or campus at speeds up to 100 MBPS. Within the OSI model, Fast Ethernet is defined at layer one (physical) and layer two (data link). Like Ethernet, it uses CSMA/CD.[TB] Fast Ethernet - A 100 Mbps technology based on the 10BASE-T Ethernet CSMA/CD network access method.[3C] Fast Ethernet - A 100-Mbps technology based on the 10BASE-T Ethernet CSMA/CD network access method to accommodate the operation of local area networks.[BA] Fast IP - Fast IP is 3Com's strategy for providing IP switching across all types of network backbone technologies, including Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring, and ATM. An extension of 3Com's High-

Function Switching, Fast IP is designed to scale to the forwarding requirements of today's high-speed networks and tomorrow's next-generation network technologies. Fast IP combines the control-policy function of routing with the wire-speed forwarding performance of switching.[3C] Fault Tolerance - Generally, the ability to prevent a problem on a device from affecting other devices on the same port.[3C] ** FCC (Federal Communications Commission) - The US federal regulatory agency responsible for regulating interstate and international communications. [TB] FCC - Federal Communications Commission.[BA] FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) - Two-way transmission via Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM).[TB] FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) - A LAN token ring standard using fiber optic cable.[TB] FDI (Feeder Distribution Interfaces) - Points where cable bundles from the telephony switch use drop lines extended out to the customer premises.[TB] FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) - A multiplexing technique that uses different frequencies to combine multiple streams of data for transmission over a communications medium. FDM assigns a discrete carrier frequency to each data stream and then combines many modulated carrier frequencies for transmission.[TB] FEBE, febe - Far End Block Error: A bit in the overhead channel to indicate to the far end transceiver that a block was received in error as checked by CRC. See also nebe.[RM] FEC (Forward Error Control) - Errors are corrected by the receiver using redundant information sent by the transmitter.[TB] Feeder - That portion of the telephone cable plant that extends from the CO to distribution frames where distribution cables deliver traffic to subscribers.[TB] Feeder Network - That part of a public switched network which connects access nodes to the core network.[DS] **

FEXT (Far End CrossTalk) - Leakage of one or more foreign sources into the receiver of a system at the distant end of a transmission system.[TB] FEXT- Far End CrossTalk: the interference occurring between two signals at the end of the lines remote from the telephone switch.[DS] FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) - An algorithm for efficiently implementing via digital signal processors the conversion from the time-domain to the frequency-domain.[TB] Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) - LAN technology that permits data transfer on fiber-optic cable at up to 100 Mbps over a dual, counter-rotating token ring; ANSI standard X3T9.5.[3C] Fiber Optic Cable - A transmission medium composed of glass or plastic fibers; pulses of light are emitted from a LED or laser-type source. Fiber optic cabling is the present cabling of choice for all interexchange networks, and increasingly for the local exchange loops as well; it is high security, high bandwidth, and takes little conduit space. Considered the physical medium of all future, land-based communications.[TB] Fiber Optic Cable - A transmission medium that uses glass or plastic fibers rather than copper wire to transport data or voice signals. The signal is imposed on the fibers via pulses (modulation) of light from a laser or a light-emitting diode (LED). Because of its high bandwidth and lack of susceptibility to interference, fiber optic cable is used in long haul or noisy applications.[TB] Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link (FOIRL) - Fiber-optic signaling methodology based on the IEEE 802.3 fiber-optic specification.[3C] Fiber optics - Communications technology that uses thin filaments of glass or other transparent materials. Fiber optic technology offers extremely high transmission speeds, and in the future, will allow for services such as "video on demand."[BA] Fiber to the Cabinet - Network architecture where an optical fiber connects the telephone switch to a street-side cabinet where the signal is converted to feed the subscriber over a twisted copper pair.[TB] FID - Field Identifier[RM]

FIR (Finite Impulse Response) - An FIR filter uses a limited number of delay and multiplication elements.[TB] Firewall - A system or group of systems that enforces an access control policy between an organization's network and the Internet for purposes of security. [3C] FITL - Fiber In The Loop: General term for application of optical fiber and associated remote electronics in the outside plant. Defined in TA-NWT000909. See also FTTH and FTTC.[RM] Flat Pair - Transmission media in which the two wires are parallel with each other. Often the pair is covered with an insulator for mechanical structure and control of the electrical properties. See also Balanced Line, Drop Wire, Twisted Pair.[RM] FM (Frequency Modulation) - FM uses changes in frequency as a carrier signal to represent information.[TB] FoIP - Fax-over-IP.[BA] Forward - Network-to-customer, or provider-to-customer. Same as downstream. See reverse, upstream.[RM] Fourier Transform - Uses a sinusoidal expansion to represent a signal.[TB] FPS (Frames Per Second) - The number of frames per second of video images displayed on the screen. Term most often used when talking about the speed of video capture and playback. The higher the frame rate, the more fluid the motion appears. The highest, or best, quality frame rate available is 30 fps. Lower frame rates (below 10) still appear as motion but are noticeably "jerky," and zero fps corresponds to a still frame (no motion).[TB] Fractal Transform - An experimental technique that promises higher compression ratios than DCT. See also DCT, DWT and MPEG-4.[RM] ** Fractional T-1- WAN communications service that provides the user with some portion of a T1 circuit that has been divided into 24 separate 64 Kb channels; Fractional E-1 in Europe.[3C] Fractional T1 - A service that allows a customer to purchase portions of a T1 link (1.544 Mbps) in increments from 2.4 Kbps to 56/64 Kbps.[BA]

Fractionally Spaced Equalizer - An equalizer using multiples of the symbol rate.[TB] FRAD (Frame Relay Assembler/Dissembler) - A FRAD connects non-frame relay devices to the frame relay network.[TB] Frame - (1) A variable length unit of information. Frames contain packets and are subject to varying delays as they make their way through a network. Nevertheless, frames are the most popular way of transporting packets. Contrast with Cell. (2) A fixed length unit used for the transport of bits over a physical link. This is technically a transmission frame and forms part of a framed transport. All xDSL technologies are framed transports. [TB] Frame Relay - A high-speed connection-oriented packet switching WAN protocol using variable-length frames, similar to X.25. Frame relay is a leading contender for LAN-to-LAN interconnect services, and is well suited to the bursty demands of LAN environments. See also PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) and SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit).[TB] FRF - Frame Relay Forum. [TB] FRSP - Frame Relay Service Provider.[TB] FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - A TCP/IP standard protocol that allows a user on one host to access and transfer files to and from another host over a network. [TB] FTSA - Fiber to Service Area: A CATV term.[RM] FTTCab - Fibre To The Cabinet: network architecture where an optical fiber connects the telephone switch to a street-side cabinet where the signal is converted to feed the subscriber over a twisted copper pair.[DS] FTTC (Fiber To The Curb) - A telephone company service delivery system that delivers voice and video programming to small clusters of residences using fiber optics as the feeder and either twisted pairs or coax cable as the distribution plant to each home.[TB] FTTH (Fiber To The Home) - Network where an optical fiber runs from telephone switch to the subscriber's premises or home.[TB] FTTH - Fibre To The Home: network where an optical fibre runs from telephone switch to the subscriber's premises or home.[DS]

FTTK or FTTC - Fiber To the Kerb: a network where an optical fiber runs from telephone switch to a kerbside distribution point close to the subscriber where it is converted to a copper pair.[DS] Full Duplex - Refers to the transmission of data in two directions simultaneously.[TB] Full Duplex - The ability of a device or line to transmit data simultaneously in both directions.[3C] Functional Devices - A classification of ISDN operational functions used to describe what tasks different components of an ISDN configuration perform. [TB] FUNI - Frame-based ATM UNI (User Network Interface).[TB]

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