Uninterruptable power

supply (UPS)
Operates as storage system, regulator, and key
element for managing grid
Advisor: Bahri Uzunoglu

Yousre Odeh
1/19/2011

Storage system in general and uninterruptable power supply (UPS) specifically can be combined with
renewable energy resources to assure power production regulating. Furthermore, (UPS) systems are
capable to play a key role to maintain the fluctuation of the power production managed and smoothed.
Table of Contents
Abstract................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Overview of storage systems ................................................................................................................... 5
UPS Systems Classifications ..................................................................................................................... 8
Static UPS ................................................................................................................................................ 8
On-line UPS ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Off-line UPS ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Line Interactive UPS............................................................................................................................... 14
Series Parallel Line Interactive UPS ........................................................................................................ 16
Rotary UPS (flywheel) ............................................................................................................................ 17
Hybrid (Static/Rotary) UPS..................................................................................................................... 18
Power Disturbances............................................................................................................................... 19
(UPS) Compatibility with Wind Power .................................................................................................... 21
Study Case- Lillgrund project ................................................................................................................. 21
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 25
References ............................................................................................................................................ 26

2
Abstract

The dependence on the energy in general recently has become extremely clear, especially the
renewable energy as way for achieving sustainability. Studies showed that next 20-30 years
would yield more usage of the renewable energy and rational usage of the traditional energy
sources. Moreover, many countries put a renewable energy strategy for the future stating the
increasing of the renewable energy share. The limitation of increasing the share of the energy
from renewables is that, the character of energy production is not predictable, so that to relay on
the renewable energy as a primary source of energy required monitoring the production from one
hand, and regulating systems from other hand. Furthermore, the output from renewable sources
need to held for a period of time in a storage system, therefore, systems that have the capability
of storing and regulating power are strongly required. This paper is presented to shed the lights
upon the possibility of using uninterruptable power supply as systems for regulating power
fluctuation generated from renewable resources. Furthermore, the paper will discuss how (UPS)
can play role in grid management.

Keywords: Storage system, storage capacity, life cycle, backup time, Uninterruptable power
supply UPS

3
Introduction
Various types of (UPS) systems are available in the market, with different features. Wide range
of companies meanwhile is manufacturing and installing these systems. The relay on the storage
systems, in general, has surprisingly increased and enhanced with the growth of renewable
energy extraction, as the renewable energy cannot be stored. The energy systems in general have
the capability of holding the produced energy from renewable resources for a period of time.
Furthermore, such systems can compensate the loss of power production that associated with the
unavailability of the resources. Moreover, power storage systems can add a value to the power
produced by renewable sources so that the production would be more predictable and
manageable. It is important to point out that the fluctuation of the power consumption is day
variable and season variable, which means that the power production has to be always ready to
fulfill the demands, and so more power plant to supply energy, and m ore grid load, unless
storage systems being implemented. Storage systems can be used in extremely flexible way to
supply power instantly to the demand. Therefore, a reliable storage system and power regulation
system is vital and became a global concern that is growing in parallel with growth of renewable
energy popularity in the world.

The main issue with renewables is that, the produced energy cannot be stored. Hence, there is a
need for an interface system that can operate as a regulator for the renewables output. Moreover,
this system should be capable to provide storing mechanism for electricity in cases of low
production, and high production. This project will discuss the importance of the storage systems.
Furthermore, it will concentrate on uninterruptable power supply systems as a solution for
storing electricity, regulating electricity, and as systems that can combine with renewables
producers for an efficient usage of the grid. Moreover, a case study will be presented, which will
discuss the annual spilled energy from Lillgrund offshore wind farm and the feasibility of using
different storage techniques, taking in consideration the different efficiency in different storage
systems.

4
Overview of storage systems
Storage systems are systems that have the capability to hold a reasonable amount of any form of
energy (mechanical, thermal, physical, chemical, or electro-chemical) for a certain period of time
(RECHARGE, 2008) Such systems should have storage capacity, a good storing efficiency, and
efficient energy delivery (RECHARGE, 2008)
Beside the needs of a big scale centralized energy storage unit as shown in Figure [1], small
scale storage systems are required to optimize the energy conversation in different life aspects, as
shown in Figure [2].

Figure 1: Typical storage system module (RECHARGE, 2008)

Figure 2: advanced decentralized storage system module (RECHARGE, 2008)

There is a wide range of storage systems that are being used. Systems are classified into four
categories according to their application (Ibrahim, Ilinca, & Perron, 2008):

 Low-power application designated to feed critical utilities in the isolated area (Ibrahim et
al., 2008) a good example of this application is super capacitors.
 Medium-power application that is designated for individual power system for example
town supplying (Ibrahim et al., 2008).a good example of this application is flywheel and
uninterruptable power supplies.
 Network connection application
 Power quality control application

5
The second two categories are related to the large scale systems were energy can be stored and
used based on its gravitational energy like hydropower storage system (Ibrahim et al., 2008).

The different manners for storing and regulating power associate different efficiency for each
one of the techniques and different service cycle. service cycle is referred to the process of
charging and discharging, one life cycle means one charge and one discharge (Ibrahim et al.,
2008). Table [1] shows different storage systems, service cycle, and the efficiency energy
conversion.

Table 1: Different storage systems, Service cycle and Efficiency (RECHARGE, 2008)

In this table, the UPS systems are not considered, however, I think the efficiency of the UPS
system is around 70%, since these systems are based on the acid batteries, the efficiency might
vary from one topology to another, but it will stay within the same average.

Another important Table 2: Power capacity cost, Energy capacity cost for different storage systems(RECHARGE,
2008)
factor that has a
big influence in
the planning
process for a
storage

6
implementation is the cost effectiveness. The cost is expressed in some researches as power
capacity cost, and energy capacity cost, shown in Table [2]. Power capacity cost is related to the
output capacity while, energy capacity cost most likely to be related to storage capacity
(RECHARGE, 2008)

The importance of
Table 3: Actual renewable share by 2004 and policy targets for world leading countries
the storage system
(Martinot, Dienst, Weiliang, & Qimin, 2007)
lay on the
capability of these
systems to be
combined with
renewable energy
systems for
regulating both
voltage and
frequency. The
recently diversion
toward renewable energy in the whole world and mainly in Europe, has to be followed up by a
development in both storing, and transmitting electricity. Otherwise, it would be challenging to
use the traditional grid for transmitting electricity produced from renewables. Table [3] shows
the share of the renewable energy in different countries in the year of 2004, and the expected
percentage of the renewable share according to the national renewable policy. Data in the table
proves the need for maintaining a reliable grid to tolerate the produced energy. Moreover, it
proves the needs for systems that can work side by side with the grid, for storing energy, and
using the grid efficiently.

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Uninterruptable Power Supply
Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS) are devices that are capable to maintain supplying electric
power to connect equipments from battery bank source when the main line of power is not
available (Guerrero, 2007). UPS’s are capable of acting as regulators, for regulating both
frequency and phase of the output power. Moreover, it operates as an intermediate term storage
system for critical utilities such as telecommunication and medical devices. But the main
characteristic for UPS that it is capable to provide power immediately when the main power line
goes down, unlike standby generators that need some time to startup after the power line goes
down. Nowadays, different types of UPS systems with various rated powers are available in the
market.

UPS Systems Classifications

Three main classifications for the UPS are available that are static, rotary, and hybrid UPS
systems that are combining static and rotary in their design as shown in Figure [3] (Bekiarov &
Emadi, 2002).

Static UPS
This type of systems uses power
electronic converters with
semiconductors (Guerrero, 2007). Static
systems are the most commonly used,
moreover, a wide range of this type is
available in the market that is
designated to fulfill the needs for small
scale applications such as computers,

medium scales such as medical utilities

Figure 3: Various classifications of UPS systems (Bekiarov & Emadi,
and large scales power utilities 2002)

8
(Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)

Static UPS systems operate with high efficiency, and high reliability. Moreover, the total
harmonic distortion (THD) is low comparing to other systems. However, the drawback of this
type of system that it has poor performance with unbalanced load and nonlinear load as well,
none-linear load is the type of load that may absorb a harmonic current with a different order
from the current of supplied voltage, therefore, the current will not be proportional to the voltage
(Fauri, 1997). Furthermore, it is significantly costly to achieve high reliability of the system
(Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002) there are three different types of UPS systems that are underlying in
the static UPS system. On-line UPS, Off-line UPS, and line interactive UPS are highlighted in
this study.

On-line UPS
On-line Static UPS system also called double conversion UPS (Guerrero, 2007). It consists
of three elements, rectifier, batteries bank and inverter, as shown in Figure [4] (Bekiarov &
Emadi, 2002) On-line UPS always performs modification on the input voltage, in the normal
condition, the rectifier changes input power from alternating current form (AC) to direct
current form (DC), and provide power for charging batteries. Furthermore, Rectifier provides
power to the inverter, which converts the input power back from DC to AC. Whence the
main line, is not available or outside the tolerance, the UPS automatically will be turned to
the storage operation. The DC power will be supplied to the load from batteries bank
throughout the inverter, which is connected in series with the load (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)

9
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of the On-line static UPS systems (Guerrero, 2007).

When the main line is available again, a phase locked loop is operating to make the load
voltage in phase with the input voltage phase, and then switching to the normal operation
(Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)

UPS switches to bypass operation when the load increasing above a limit so that the UPS will
not be able to serve the high load or due to the UPS failure. The bypass switch is turned on to
link the load directly from the main line, hence, protecting the UPS from damage (Guerrero,
2007).

It is important to point out that the transition from normal operation to the stored energy
operation , is happening without any transition time associated that is considered to be one of
the main advantages for the on-line static UPS (Guerrero, 2007).

Power rating is a term used to indicate for the maximum power that the device can handle
without affecting its operation. The rating power for the rectifier has to be capable to supply
both the load and the needs for charging batteries, which is the highest in this topology, and it
increases the cost (Guerrero, 2007). The power rating for the inverter should be capable to
cover the load. Moreover, the power rating of the battery has to be capable to serve the
targeted load and the backup time considered at the way of connecting batteries (Bekiarov &

10
 Emadi, 2002). Most of the commonly used UPS systems that are rated as 5KV and above are
on-line UPS systems (Guerrero, 2007).

Advan tages

 Transition time: no time is associated with the transition from normal operation to stored
energy operation that makes this type absolutely reliable to the critical utilities (Bekiarov
& Emadi, 2002).
 Regulation availability: this topology provides a precise regulation for the voltage in both
the normal operation and stored energy operation, hence, insuring the safety for the
connected utility in both moods (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002).
 Wide tolerance: this topology can handle wide range of main line variation voltage with a
precise regulation for the output voltage (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002).
 Frequency regulation: beside the phase regulation that this type provides, it is capable to
regulate the frequency of the voltage to have the desired output (Bekiarov & Emadi,
2002).

Disadvantages

 Power factor is low compared with other topologies because of the rectifier has to be 100
percent load; it is hard to maintain this objective for high power rating. Moreover, Low
efficiency due to the two stage of conversion. (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002).

 The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) at the input is high compared with other topology
(Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002).

 In this topology, the input current formation is destroyed due to the conversion from AC
to DC operation. This can be solved by extra circuit to be added to the UPS but this will
affect the total cost of the UPS (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002).

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Off-line UPS
This type of UPS also called line preferred UPS or passive standby. In this topology, the UPS
consists of three main elements, the charger (AC-DC converter), batteries, and the inverter. As
shown in Figure [5]. Off-line UPS has switch for transition between Normal operation and stored
energy operation(Guerrero, 2007).

Figure 5: Schematic diagram of the Off-line static UPS systems(Guerrero, 2007).

During the normal operation, the main line is connected directly to the load, while the charger is
connected to batteries for charging operation at the standby mode. When the main power is not
available or out of the tolerance, the switching operation takes place to connect batteries and
inverter to the load in parallel to form what is so called stored energy operation (Guerrero,
2007).

The transition time between the normal operation and the stored energy operation is around 10ms
(Guerrero, 2007). A filter can be added to the inverter or to the output in order to improve the
quality of the produced voltage (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002) Furthermore, the rated power for the
AC-DC charger is much lower than the one used in the on-line UPS because it is required to
supply power for charging operation only. Hence, the off-line UPS systems are cheaper than the
on-line systems (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)

12
The rated power of the inverter has to be capable to supply the power for the connecter load
(100%), moreover the batteries rated power has to be able to supply power to the load in the
stored energy operation, which can be improved with extra bank of batteries to be connected in
parallel with the battery bank (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002). Off-line UPS rated power as 600VA,
which is normally used for low power applications such as personal computers (Guerrero, 2007).

Advan tages

 Reliable: this is the most reliable topology due to the simplicity of the design (Guerrero,
2007).
 Simple design: this topology consists of the components that are not highly loaded during
the normal operation (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)
 Low cost: since the charger (AC-DC rectifier) in this topology has less rating power than
the one used in the on-line UPS, this allow off-line UPS to be available in a cheaper cost
(Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)
 Small size: the size compared with the on-line UPS is smaller because it uses less load
rectifier (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)
 Robust technique: because the line conditioning in the normal operation is passive
(Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)

Disadvantages

 Lack of isolation: since the main line is not isolated from the load. It is connected directly
to the normal operation (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)
 The output voltage is not regulated, since it is not designed to perform line conditioning
during the normal cooperation (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)
 Switching time: since it takes 10ms for transition from normal operation to stored energy
operation, this delay might be sensitive to some devices (Guerrero, 2007).
 Performance is poor with non-linear load (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)

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Line Interactive UPS
Line interactive UPS is a midway between online and offline UPS. Figure [6] shows schematic
diagram for line interactive UPS (Guerrero, 2007). Line interactive UPS consists of static switch,
bi-directional inverter, and battery bank. Some studies show the same schematic, but with a
series inductor connecting the static switch with the rest of UPS components (Bekiarov &
Emadi, 2002) Furthermore, Line interactive UPS can operate as either on-line UPS or off-line
UPS. In off-line- line interactive UPS. The series inductor is not required; this is the reason why
it is excluded from some schematic diagrams. However, mostly the line interactive UPS systems
are used to operate as on-line line interactive UPS to improve the power factor and to maintain
the safety for the overall system (Guerrero, 2007).

Figure 6: Schematic diagram of the Line-interactive static UPS systems (Guerrero, 2007).

During the normal operation, the static switch is on to supply power for the load, and for the bi-
directional inverter, which is acting as a rectifier in this stage to charge batteries (Guerrero,
2007). If the power line is not available for any reason or out of tolerance, the static switch will
become off to prevent back feed of power. At this stage, the bi-directional inverter will act as an
inverter to supply power to the load from the battery bank (Guerrero, 2007). The line
conditioning in this topology is poor because the inverter is connected in parallel to the load.

14
This system might have an optional active power filtering capabilities to be added at the output
of the UPS or at the input of the load (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)

This topology minimizes the transfer's times to the battery, hence extending the battery life.
Moreover, some of these models contains automatic regulator that can step up or step-down the
voltage without referring to the battery (Guerrero, 2007). Line interactive UPS systems are rated
from 0.5KVA -5KVA for serving small systems (Guerrero, 2007). The typical efficiency for
small units is 97% (Guerrero, 2007).

Advan tages

 Simple design and reliable, as it includes one conversion stage only.

 Low cost
 Regulation capability: as some designs incorporating automatic regulator that can step up
the power or step it down (Guerrero, 2007).
 The transfer times to the battery are minimized, hence, extending the battery lifetime
(Guerrero, 2007).
 Good harmonic suppression for the input current (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)
 Higher efficiency: compared with two conversion stages, because it uses only one stage
of conversion (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)

Disadvantages

 Output voltage frequency regulation is not available during the normal operation
(Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)
 The load is not isolated from the main line (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)
 Output conditioning is poor as the inverter is connected in parallel with the load
(Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)



15
Series Parallel Line Interactive UPS
In this section, it is interesting to highlight an interesting topology known as delta-conversion
UPS or series-parallel line interactive UPS, as shown in Figure [7] (Guerrero, 2007).

Figure 7: Schematic diagram of the Delta-conversion static UPS systems (Guerrero, 2007)

The delta-conversion UPS consists of static switch and two inverters, one is delta inverter that is
rated at 20% of the nominal power, and another one (main inverter) that is rated at 100% of the
nominal power. Furthermore, it contains transformer that separates the inverters from the main
line and battery bank (Guerrero, 2007).

Delta-inverter is used to compensate any difference of the voltage between the input and the
output. Thus, it passes 15% of the power. Furthermore, it feeds power to the batteries for
charging those (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002).

This design is recommended since it can achieve both, unity factor, and precise output
regulation, the power correction factor is achieved, and the load harmonic current suppression is
achieved as well, moreover, the output voltage can be regulated in this design (Guerrero, 2007).

The efficiency of the topology is high, however, the drawback of this technique is its complex
design, and it needs complex controlling algorithms. Moreover, no continues separation between
the main line and the utilities, as that one is used in on-line UPS design (Bekiarov & Emadi,
2002), (Guerrero, 2007).

16
Rotary UPS (flywheel)
Rotary UPS is another type of UPS that uses kinetic energy and electrical energy for storing
energy (electro-mechanic) to operate as a backup system in power shortage situation. Rotary
UPS is shown in Figure [8]. The schematic diagram of this topology is shown in Figure [9]
(Guerrero, 2007).

Figure 8: Rotary (dynamic) UPS (Guerrero, 2007).

Rotary UPS has been found long time ago, and because it is a reliable system it is still used
nowadays in the industrial utilities (Guerrero, 2007).

The system consists of AC motor, DC machine, and AC generator and battery bank. The AC line
feeds power to the AC motor, which in terms couples kinetic power to the DC machine. DC
machine is capable to charge the battery, and to deliver kinetic energy to the AC generator to
supply the load (Guerrero, 2007).

17
Figure 9: schematic diagram for the rotary (dynamic) UPS (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)

The system is considered to be reliable, and simple. Moreover, the rated power of rotary UPS
can be many megawatts. However, the drawback of this system is the low efficiency and power
loss due to the conversion process to rotary and to electricity again. Furthermore, this system
such as any mechanical system needs regularly maintenance, besides the big size and weight of
the system (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002).

Hybrid (Static/Rotary) UPS

Hybrid UPS system is also called Static/Rotary system, because it combines the features of the
static system with the feature of rotary system (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002) The system consists of
static switch, AC motor, AC generator, bi-directional inverter, and battery bank, as shown in
Figure [10] (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002).

In normal operation, the static switch is on, so that the main line provides power to the AC
motor. The AC motor couples dynamic energy to the AC generator that supplies power to the
load, during this stage, the battery is always connected to the power through bi-direction inverter.
If the power is not available or out of the tolerance, the battery bank supplies power to the
system through the bi-directional inverter, which drives AC motor to supply power to the load
(Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002).

18
Figure 10: schematic diagram of the hybrid (static/rotary) UPS system (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002)

Hybrid UPS systems are reliable, require less maintenance time, excellent frequency stability,
and low output impedance. Moreover, this type of UPS has high rated power; hence, it is used
for high power applications (Bekiarov & Emadi, 2002).

Power Disturbances
The purpose of UPS systems as mentioned earlier is to provide backup support to the critical
utility such as clinical devices that fed from renewable resources such as wind power. Moreover,
UPS systems are designated to deal with different types of power disturbance so that it can
regulate the power supplied to these critical utilities. However, due to the different manners used
in different topologies, sometimes the on-line UPS can be good to deal with special type of
faults, but not suitable to deal with others. Therefore, it is very relevant to highlight the different
power disturbances and the suitable topology to deal with them. Table [4] shows a list for the
common power faults, waveform, classification according to IEC62040-3 and the suitable UPS
for dealing with these problems.

19
Table 4: Table shows list of power faults, associated waveform, classfification according to IEC62040-3, and UPS solution
(Guerrero, 2007).

20
(UPS) Compatibility with Wind Power

Wind power is considered the most promising resource for energy in terms of renewable
resources, but still the characteristic of produced power from wind energy over time is uneven
due to the unpredictability of the energy primary sources (Ibrahim et al., 2008). Therefore, UPS
systems can be used as shown in Figure [11] for assuring better power production and smooth
fluctuation.

Figure 11: Diagram shows how Wind power can be combined with power plant and UPS for storing power and smoothing up
power fluctuation (RECHARGE, 2008).

Study Case- Lillgrund project

Lillgrund is off-shore wind project has been constructed by Vattenfall AB in the Öresund sea at
lillgrund. It is situated 7km southern of the bridge that connects Copenhagen in Denmark with
Malmo in Sweden, as shown in Figure [12]. (Unosson, 2009). The construction process for this
project took place in the spring of 2006 until the end of 2007.The wind farm consists of 48 wind
turbines of Siemens 2.3 MW (Boulanger). The expectation of the yearly generated power from
the wind farm was 0.33TWh, which is enough to supply electricity to 60,000 homes (Unosson,
2009).

21
Figure 12: off-shore Lillgrund wind farm project (Unosson, 2009).

In this section, the Lillgrund offshore project is taken as a study case. The data for monthly
production is available for 29 turbines out of 48 turbines in the farm. The purpose of the study
case is to show the roughly amount of spelled energy from these 29 turbines. Moreover, in a
comparison way, the lights will be shed on different storage techniques considering their
efficiencies to overview the feasibility of using different techniques in this case.

Data An alysis scenarios

The data is available for 29 turbines out of 48 turbines. The data contains information about the
monthly production for each one of the turbine, over three years. Different scenarios to deal with
the data were presented as follow:

 Analyzing the data for each one of the turbine, and performing the duration curve for
each one of the turbine assuming that each turbine might have different duration curve,
and implementing the results of these turbine in detailed grid management research.
 Treating the 29 turbine as a unit, and analyzing the data month by month. So that, the
duration curve can be plotted for the whole unit, this scenario is clearer, and saves efforts,

22
 but the result will be applicable on 29 turbines out of 48. For this reason, The third
scenario was developed.
 Analyzing the data of 29 turbines, month by month, averaged over 3 years, and averaged
of 29 turbines. Then in order to have an indication about the whole farm production the
averaged result will be multiplied by 48 turbines.

Result

After applying the third scenario, the achieved result is shown in Figure [13]. The graph shows
the transmission limit (TL) of the grid, and the wind power duration curve of the farm (WPDM).
The spelled energy from the farm due to the grid capacity is the rectangular area restricted
between the green curve, and the transmission limit curve. Calculating that area using EXCEL
software, I found out that the annual spelled energy from Lillgrund farm is about (15543.1
MW.h). It is noticeable the peak values of power production are not successive months. That
means, it is not necessarily to have storage system has the backup duration for more than one
month. The stored power in the peak month can be delivered to customers when the production
is below the transmission limit, hence, efficient grid usage can be achieved.

Time Duration,Transmission limit, spelled

energy
250

200
Megawatts

150
WPDC (farm)
100 TDC
WPDC+TDC
50
TL

Figure 13: Graph shows the Transmission limit of the grid (TL), Wind Power Duration Curve of the farm (WPDC).

23
However, according to the author opinion, the UPS systems can be implemented for storing
power for short term in such projects. But a detailed study should be conducted first to show the
fluctuation of power from the wind farm over the day. So that the maximum power production
and lower power, can be defined. And according to that, the UPS can be implemented to store
power at the peak hours, and discharge it during the low power.

If the amount of spelled energy from Lillgrund, managed to be captured by different storage
techniques, considering the different efficiencies in different techniques the amount of conserved
energy will be as shown in Figure [14].

conserved energy from Lillgrund wind farm

instead of spelled energy
conserved energy

14765.94513988.79
13211.635
13211.635
13211.63512434.48
11657.32510880.17

6994.395

777.155

Figure 14: annual conserved energy from Lillgrund wind farm using different techniques in MWh.

24
Conclusion
To sum up, the storage systems can play a key role in the future development of power system,
and the grid integration. The super grid might be a necessity to cope with the European national
renewable energy policy but it is not the only solution. Storage system in general and UPS can be
implemented and combined with renewable energy resources to smooth up the power
fluctuation, moreover (UPS) can be used to make the production from renewable resources more
manageable and controlled . In terms of UPS systems, different systems are already being used,
and different topologies were developed for regulating power output, storing electricity, and
distributing loads.

25
References
Bekiarov, S. B., & Emadi, A. (2002, 2002). Uninterruptible power supplies: classification, operation,
dynamics, and control. Paper presented at the Applied Power Electronics Conference and
Exposition, 2002. APEC 2002. Seventeenth Annual IEEE.

Boulanger, I. Lillgrund Wind Farm Modelling and Reactive Power Control.

Fauri, M. (1997). Harmonic modelling of non-linear load by means of crossed frequency admittance
matrix. Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 12(4), 1632-1638.

Guerrero. (2007). Uninterruptible power supply systems provide protection. Ieee Industrial Electronics,
1(1), 28.

Ibrahim, H., Ilinca, A., & Perron, J. (2008). Energy storage systems--Characteristics and comparisons.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(5), 1221-1250.

Martinot, E., Dienst, C., Weiliang, L., & Qimin, C. (2007). Renewable energy futures: Targets, scenarios,
and pathways.

RECHARGE. (2008). Advanced Batteries as Energy Storage Systems An essential technology for a
Sustainable Energy Policy.

Unosson, O. (2009). Offshore Cable Installation - Lillgrund.

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