Atoll 2.8.3 MW Technical Reference Guide E2

v e r s i o n 2.8.
3
AT283_TRG_E2
Technical Reference Guide

Microwave Links
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Atoll User Manual
MW Technical Reference Guide
Forsk 2010 AT283_TRG_E2 3
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Atoll 2.8.3 Technical Reference Guide Release AT283_TRG_E2
Copyright 1997 - 2010 by Forsk
The software described in this document is provided under a licence agreement. The software may only be used/copied
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About the Technical Reference Guide
This document is targeted at readers with a prior knowledge of Atoll, its operation and basic functioning. It is not the User
Manual for Atoll, and does not teach how to operate and use Atoll. It is a supplementary document containing detailed
descriptions of models, algorithms and concepts adopted in Atoll. Therefore, it concerns only the appropriate personnel.
The Atoll Technical Reference Guide is divided into three parts with each part comprising similar topics. The first part
contains descriptions of general terms, entities, ideas and concepts in Atoll that are encountered throughout its use. It is
followed by the second part that consists of descriptions of entities common to all types of networks and the algorithms
that are technology independent and are available in any network type. Lastly, the guide provides detailed descriptions of
each basic type of network that can be modelled and studied in Atoll.
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 Coordinate Systems and Units ....................................................... 13
1.1 Coordinate Systems............................................................................................................................... 13
1.1.1 Description of Coordinate Systems .................................................................................................. 13
1.1.1.1 Geographic Coordinate System.................................................................................................. 13
1.1.1.2 Datum......................................................................................................................................... 13
1.1.1.3 Meridian...................................................................................................................................... 13
1.1.1.4 Ellipsoid ...................................................................................................................................... 13
1.1.1.5 Projection.................................................................................................................................... 14
1.1.1.6 Projection Coordinate System.................................................................................................... 14
1.1.2 Coordinate Systems in Atoll ............................................................................................................. 14
1.1.2.1 Projection Coordinate System.................................................................................................... 14
1.1.2.2 Display Coordinate System........................................................................................................ 14
1.1.2.3 Internal Coordinate Systems ...................................................................................................... 14
1.1.3 File Formats ..................................................................................................................................... 15
1.1.3.1 Unit Codes.................................................................................................................................. 15
1.1.3.2 Datum Codes.............................................................................................................................. 16
1.1.3.3 Projection Method Codes ........................................................................................................... 17
1.1.3.4 Ellipsoid Codes........................................................................................................................... 17
1.1.3.5 Projection Parameter Indices...................................................................................................... 18
1.1.4 Creating a Coordinate System......................................................................................................... 18
1.2 Units....................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.2.1 Power Units ...................................................................................................................................... 18
1.2.2 Length Units ..................................................................................................................................... 19
2 Geographic and Radio Data ........................................................... 23
2.1 Geographic Data.................................................................................................................................... 23
2.1.1 Data Type......................................................................................................................................... 23
2.1.1.1 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) ....................................................................................................... 23
2.1.1.2 Clutter (Land Use) ...................................................................................................................... 24
2.1.1.2.1 Clutter Classes...................................................................................................................... 24
2.1.1.2.2 Clutter Heights ...................................................................................................................... 24
2.1.1.3 AtollAtollAtollAtollAtollAtollVector Data....................................................................................... 24
2.1.1.4 Scanned Images......................................................................................................................... 24
2.1.1.5 Population................................................................................................................................... 24
2.1.1.6 Other Geographic Data............................................................................................................... 25
2.1.2 Supported Geographic Data Formats .............................................................................................. 25
2.2 Radio Data............................................................................................................................................. 26
2.2.1 Site ................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.2.2 Antenna............................................................................................................................................ 26
2.2.3 AtollAtollMicrowave Link................................................................................................................... 26
2.2.4 Point to Multipoint Link ..................................................................................................................... 26
2.2.5 Passive Repeater ............................................................................................................................. 26
3 File Formats .................................................................................... 29
3.1 BIL Format ............................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.1 HDR Header File.............................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.1.1 Description.................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.1.2 Samples...................................................................................................................................... 30
3.1.1.2.1 Digital Terrain Model ............................................................................................................. 30
3.1.1.2.2 Clutter Classes File............................................................................................................... 30
3.1.1.2.3 BIL File.................................................................................................................................. 30
3.2 TIF Format start here ............................................................................................................................. 30
3.2.1 TFW Header File.............................................................................................................................. 31
3.2.2 Sample ............................................................................................................................................. 32
3.2.2.1 Clutter Classes File..................................................................................................................... 32
3.3 BMP Format ........................................................................................................................................... 32
3.3.1 BMP File Description........................................................................................................................ 32
3.3.1.1 BMP File Structure...................................................................................................................... 32
3.3.1.2 BMP Raster Data Encoding ........................................................................................................33
3.3.1.2.1 Raster Data Compression Descriptions.................................................................................34
3.3.2 BPW/BMW Header File Description..................................................................................................35
3.3.3 Sample..............................................................................................................................................35
3.3.3.1 Clutter Classes File .....................................................................................................................35
3.4 PNG Format............................................................................................................................................35
3.4.1 PGW Header File Description...........................................................................................................35
3.5 Generic Raster Header File (.wld) ..........................................................................................................35
3.5.1 WLD File Description ........................................................................................................................36
3.5.2 Sample..............................................................................................................................................36
3.5.2.1 Clutter Classes File .....................................................................................................................36
3.6 DXF Format ............................................................................................................................................36
3.7 SHP Format ............................................................................................................................................36
3.8 MIF Format .............................................................................................................................................36
3.9 TAB Format ............................................................................................................................................37
3.10 ECW Format ...........................................................................................................................................37
3.11 Erdas Imagine Format ............................................................................................................................37
3.12 Planet EV/Vertical Mapper Geographic Data Format .............................................................................38
3.13 ArcView Grid Format ..............................................................................................................................38
3.13.1 ArcView Grid File Description ...........................................................................................................38
3.13.2 Sample..............................................................................................................................................38
3.14 Other Supported Geographic Data File Formats....................................................................................39
3.15 Planet Format .........................................................................................................................................39
3.15.1 DTM File............................................................................................................................................39
3.15.1.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................39
3.15.1.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................39
3.15.2 Clutter Class Files.............................................................................................................................40
3.15.2.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................40
3.15.2.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................40
3.15.3 Vector Files .......................................................................................................................................40
3.15.3.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................40
3.15.3.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................41
3.15.4 Image Files........................................................................................................................................41
3.15.5 Text Data Files..................................................................................................................................41
3.16 MNU Format ...........................................................................................................................................42
3.16.1 Description........................................................................................................................................42
3.16.2 Sample..............................................................................................................................................42
3.17 XML Table Export/Import Format ...........................................................................................................42
3.17.1 Index.xml File....................................................................................................................................43
3.17.2 XML File............................................................................................................................................43
3.18 Antenna Pattern Formats........................................................................................................................44
3.18.1 2D Antenna Diagram Format ............................................................................................................44
3.18.2 Import Format of Text Files Containing 3D Antenna Patterns ..........................................................46
3.19 Microwave Antennas File Formats .........................................................................................................46
3.19.1 NSMA Format: WG 16.89.003 Recommendation.............................................................................46
3.19.1.1 File Description............................................................................................................................46
3.19.1.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................47
3.19.2.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................50
3.20 Microwave Equipment File Formats .......................................................................................................51
3.20.1.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................53
4 Calculations .....................................................................................57
4.1 Geographic Data Estimation...................................................................................................................57
4.1.1 Ground Altitude Determination..........................................................................................................57
4.1.2 Clutter Determination ........................................................................................................................57
4.1.2.1 Clutter Class................................................................................................................................57
4.1.2.2 Clutter Height ..............................................................................................................................58
4.1.2.3 Profile Resolution: Multi-Resolution Management ......................................................................58
4.2 Microwave Propagation Model ...............................................................................................................58
4.2.1 Path Length.......................................................................................................................................58
4.2.2 Profile Extraction...............................................................................................................................59
4.2.3 Propagation Loss ..............................................................................................................................59
4.2.3.1 Free Space Loss .........................................................................................................................59
Table of Contents
4.2.3.2 Diffraction Loss........................................................................................................................... 60
4.2.3.2.1 Refractivity Factor ................................................................................................................. 60
4.2.3.2.2 Knife-Edge Diffraction........................................................................................................... 60
4.2.3.2.3 3 Knife-Edge Deygout Method.............................................................................................. 61
4.2.3.2.4 Epstein-Peterson Method ..................................................................................................... 62
4.2.3.2.5 Deygout Method with Correction........................................................................................... 62
4.2.3.2.6 Millington Method.................................................................................................................. 62
4.2.3.2.7 Full Deygout Method............................................................................................................. 63
4.2.3.2.8 ITU 452-11 Recommendation............................................................................................... 63
4.2.3.3 Atmospheric Loss ....................................................................................................................... 64
4.2.3.4 Tropospheric Scatter Loss.......................................................................................................... 64
4.2.3.4.1 ITU-R P.617-1....................................................................................................................... 64
4.2.3.4.2 ITU-R P. 452......................................................................................................................... 65
4.2.3.4.3 Simplified Method ................................................................................................................. 66
4.3 Antenna Attenuation Calculation............................................................................................................ 66
4.3.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles............................................................................................. 66
4.3.2 Antenna Pattern 3-D Interpolation.................................................................................................... 68
4.3.3 Additional Electrical Downtilt Modelling............................................................................................ 68
4.4 Antenna Diameter Calculation ............................................................................................................... 69
5 Microwave Radio Links Networks ................................................... 73
5.1 Link Budget and Interference Analysis................................................................................................... 73
5.1.1 Input ................................................................................................................................................. 73
5.1.2 Link Budget Calculation Details........................................................................................................ 74
5.1.2.1 Nominal Power ........................................................................................................................... 74
5.1.2.2 Coordinated Power ..................................................................................................................... 74
5.1.2.3 Transmission Attenuation ........................................................................................................... 75
5.1.2.4 EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) .............................................................................. 75
5.1.2.5 Reception Attenuation ................................................................................................................ 75
5.1.2.6 Received Signal Level ................................................................................................................ 75
5.1.2.7 Thermal Fade Margin ................................................................................................................. 75
5.1.2.8 Signal Enhancement Margin....................................................................................................... 75
5.1.3 Interference Calculation Details ....................................................................................................... 75
5.1.3.1 Single Interference Source ......................................................................................................... 75
5.1.3.1.1 Interference Signal Level ...................................................................................................... 75
5.1.3.1.2 Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I).......................................................................................... 75
5.1.3.1.3 Threshold Degradation ......................................................................................................... 75
5.1.3.1.4 Effective Thermal Fade Margin............................................................................................. 76
5.1.3.2 Multiple Interference Sources..................................................................................................... 76
5.1.3.2.1 Total Interference Signal Level in Clear Air Conditions......................................................... 76
5.1.3.2.2 Total Interference Signal Level in Rain Conditions ............................................................... 76
5.1.3.2.3 Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Clear Air Conditions............................................ 76
5.1.3.2.4 Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Rain Conditions .................................................. 76
5.1.3.2.5 Total Threshold Degradation in Clear Air Conditions............................................................ 76
5.1.3.2.6 Total Threshold Degradation in Rain Conditions .................................................................. 76
5.1.3.2.7 Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Clear Air Conditions ............................................... 76
5.1.3.2.8 Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Rain Conditions...................................................... 77
5.2 Performance Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 77
5.2.1 Input ................................................................................................................................................. 77
5.2.2 ITU-R P.530 Method ........................................................................................................................ 77
5.2.2.1 Total Outage Probability ............................................................................................................. 77
5.2.2.1.1 Total Outage Probability in Rain Conditions ......................................................................... 77
5.2.2.1.2 Total Outage Probability in Clear-Air Conditions................................................................... 77
5.2.2.1.3 Total Outage Probability due to Equipment Reliability.......................................................... 77
5.2.2.2 Quality Performance................................................................................................................... 78
5.2.2.3 Availability Performance ............................................................................................................. 78
5.2.2.4 Global Annual Performance........................................................................................................ 78
5.3 Propagation in Rain Analysis ................................................................................................................. 78
5.3.1 Input ................................................................................................................................................. 78
5.3.2 ITU-R P.530-5 .................................................................................................................................. 78
5.3.2.1 Rain Fade Margin ....................................................................................................................... 78
5.3.2.1.1 Rain Coefficients................................................................................................................... 78
5.3.2.1.2 Rain Attenuation ................................................................................................................... 79
5.3.2.1.3 Effective Path Length............................................................................................................ 79
5.3.2.1.4 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year ............................................... 79
5.3.2.1.5 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for p% of the Average Year .................................................... 79
5.3.2.1.6 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for pw% of the Average Worst Month..................................... 79
5.3.2.2 Total Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year........................................................ 79
5.3.3 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, and ITU-R P.530-12 ..........................................80
5.3.3.1 Rain Fade Margin........................................................................................................................80
5.3.3.1.1 Rain Coefficients....................................................................................................................80
5.3.3.1.2 Rain Attenuation ....................................................................................................................80
5.3.3.1.3 Effective Path Length.............................................................................................................80
5.3.3.1.4 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year................................................80
5.3.3.1.5 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for p% of the Average Year.....................................................80
5.3.3.1.6 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for pw% of the Average Worst Month .....................................80
5.3.3.2 Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year .................................................................81
5.3.3.3 Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Year ................................................81
5.3.4 Crane ................................................................................................................................................82
5.3.4.1 Rain Fade Margin........................................................................................................................82
5.3.4.1.1 Rain Coefficients....................................................................................................................82
5.3.4.1.2 Rain Attenuation ....................................................................................................................82
5.3.4.1.3 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for p% of the Average Year.....................................................82
5.4 Propagation in Clear-Air Analysis...........................................................................................................82
5.4.1 Input ..................................................................................................................................................82
5.4.2 Frequency Non-Selective Fading......................................................................................................84
5.4.2.1 ITU-R P.530-5 .............................................................................................................................84
5.4.2.1.1 Method for Initial Planning .....................................................................................................84
5.4.2.1.2 Method for Detailed Planning ................................................................................................86
5.4.2.2 ITU-R P.530-8 .............................................................................................................................89
5.4.2.3 ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12...............................................................91
5.4.2.4 Vigants-Barnett............................................................................................................................93
5.4.2.5 CCIR Report 338 (KQ factor) ......................................................................................................95
5.4.3 Frequency Selective Fading..............................................................................................................96
5.4.3.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10 and ITU-R P.530-11.................................................................96
5.4.3.1.1 Method With the Equipment Signature..................................................................................96
5.4.3.1.2 Method With the Normalized Equipment Signature...............................................................97
5.4.3.2 ITU-R P.530-12 ...........................................................................................................................97
5.4.3.2.1 Method With the Equipment Signature..................................................................................97
5.4.3.2.2 Method With the Normalized Equipment Signature...............................................................97
5.4.4 Signal Enhancement .........................................................................................................................98
5.4.4.1 ITU-R P.530-5 .............................................................................................................................98
5.4.4.1.1 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month .............................98
5.4.4.1.2 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year ..........................................98
5.4.4.1.3 Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various Per-
centage of Time99
5.4.4.1.4 Method for Small Percentage of Time ...................................................................................99
5.4.4.1.5 Method for Various Percentage of Time................................................................................99
5.4.4.2 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12....................................100
5.4.4.2.1 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month ...........................100
5.4.4.2.2 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year ........................................101
5.4.4.2.3 Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various Per-
centage of Time101
5.4.4.2.4 Method for Small Percentage of Time .................................................................................102
5.4.4.2.5 Method for Various Percentage of Time..............................................................................102
5.4.5 XPD Reduction................................................................................................................................103
5.4.5.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10 and ITU-R P.530-11...............................................................103
5.4.5.1.1 Multipath Parameter ............................................................................................................103
5.4.5.1.2 Cross-Polarisation Parameters............................................................................................103
5.4.5.1.3 Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Worst Month............................104
5.4.6 Diversity ..........................................................................................................................................104
5.4.6.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12....................................104
5.4.6.1.1 Space Diversity....................................................................................................................104
5.4.6.1.2 Frequency Diversity.............................................................................................................105
5.4.6.1.3 Space and Frequency Diversity (Two Receivers)................................................................106
5.5 Surface Reflection Analysis..................................................................................................................107
5.5.1 Input ................................................................................................................................................107
5.5.2 ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12...................................................................107
5.5.2.1 Surface Reflection Point Location .............................................................................................107
5.5.2.2 Difference in Path Length Between Direct and Reflected Signals ............................................108
Table of Contents
5.5.2.3 Surface Reflection Coefficient .................................................................................................. 108
5.5.2.4 Effective Surface Reflection Coefficient.................................................................................... 108
5.5.2.5 Thermal Fade Margin Attenuation ............................................................................................ 109
5.5.2.6 Attenuation Graphs................................................................................................................... 110
Chapter 1
Coordinate Systems and Units
Chapter 1: Coordinate Systems and Units
1 Coordinate Systems and Units
1.1 Coordinate Systems
A map or a geo-spatial database is a flat representation of data collected from a curved surface. A projection is a means
for producing all or part of a spheroid on a flat sheet. This projection cannot be done without distortion. Therefore, the
cartographer must choose the characteristic (distance, direction, scale, area, or shape) that he wants to be shown
accurately at the expense of the other characteristics, or compromise on several characteristics [1-3]. The projected zones
are referenced using cartographic coordinates (meter, yard, etc.). Two projection methods are widely used:
The Lambert Conformal-Conic Method: A portion of the earth is mathematically projected on a cone
conceptually secant at one or two standard parallels. This projection method is useful for representing countries
or regions that have a predominant east-west expanse.
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Method: A portion of the earth is mathematically projected on a
cylinder tangent to a meridian (which is transverse or crosswise to the equator). This projection method is useful
for mapping large areas that are oriented north-south.
The geographic system is not a projection. It is only a representation of a location on the surface of the earth in geographic
coordinates (degree-minute-second, grade) giving the latitude and longitude in relation to the meridian origin (e.g., Paris
for NTF system and Greenwich for ED50 system). The locations in the geographic system can be converted into other
projections.
1.1.1 Description of Coordinate Systems
A Geographic coordinate system is a latitude and longitude coordinate system. The latitude and longitude are related to
an ellipsoid, a geodetic datum, and a prime meridian. The geodetic datum provides the position and orientation of the
ellipsoid relative to the earth.
Cartographic coordinate systems are obtained by transforming each (latitude, longitude) value into an (easting, northing)
value. A projection coordinate system is obtained by transforming each (latitude, longitude) value into an (easting,
northing) value. Projection coordinate systems are geographic coordinate systems that provide longitude and latitude, and
the transformation method characterised by a set of parameters. Different methods may require different sets of
parameters. For example, the parameters required for Transverse Mercator coordinate systems are:
The longitude of the natural origin (central meridian)
The latitude of the natural origin
The False Easting value
The False Northing value
A scaling factor at the natural origin (central meridian)
Basic definitions are presented below.
1.1.1.1 Geographic Coordinate System
The geographic coordinate system is a datum and a meridian. Atoll enables you to choose the most suitable geographic
coordinate system for your geographic data.
1.1.1.2 Datum
The datum consists of the ellipsoid and its position relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid. In addition to the ellipsoid, translation,
rotation, and distortion parameters define the datum.
1.1.1.3 Meridian
The standard meridian is Greenwich, but some geographic coordinate systems are based on other meridians. These
meridians are defined by the longitude with respect to Greenwich.
1.1.1.4 Ellipsoid
The ellipsoid is the pattern used to model the earth. It is defined by its geometric parameters.
References:
[1] Snyder, John. P., Map Projections Used by the US Geological Survey, 2nd Edition, United States Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 313 pages, 1982.
[2] http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html
[3] http://www.posc.org/Epicentre.2_2/DataModel/ExamplesofUsage/eu_cs34.html
[4] http://www.ign.fr/telechargement/Pi/SERVICES/transfo.pdf (Document in French)
14 AT283_TRG_E2 3DF 01955 6980 RKZZA Forsk 2010
1.1.1.5 Projection
The projection is the transformation applied to project the ellipsoid of the earth on to a plane. There are different projection
methods that use specific sets of parameters.
1.1.1.6 Projection Coordinate System
The projection coordinate system is the result of the application of a projection to a geographic coordinate system. It
associates a geographic coordinate system and a projection. Atoll enables you to choose the projection coordinate
system matching your geographic data.
1.1.2 Coordinate Systems in Atoll
Depending on the working environment, there can be either two or four coordinate systems used in Atoll. If you are
working with stand-alone documents, i.e., documents not connected to databases, there are two coordinate systems used
in Atoll:
Projection coordinate system
Display coordinate system
If you are working in a multi-user environment, Atoll uses four coordinate systems:
Projection coordinate system for the Atoll document
Display coordinate system for the Atoll document
Internal projection coordinate system for the database
Internal display coordinate system for the database
1.1.2.1 Projection Coordinate System
The projection coordinate system is the coordinate system of the available raster geographic data files. You should set the
projection coordinate system of your Atoll document so that it corresponds to the coordinate system of the available raster
geographic data. You can set the projection coordinate system of your document in the Options dialog.
All the raster geographic data files that you want to import and use in an Atoll document must have the same coordinate
system. You cannot work with raster geographic data files with different coordinate systems in the same document.
The projection coordinate system is used to keep the coordinates of sites (radio network data) consistent with the
geographic data.
When you import a raster geographic data file, Atoll reads the geo-referencing information from the file (or from its header
file, depending on the geographic data file format), i.e., its Northwest pixel, to determine the coordinates of each pixel.
Atoll does not use any coordinate system during the import process. However, the geo-referencing information of
geographic data files are considered to be provided in the projection coordinate system of the document.
1.1.2.2 Display Coordinate System
The display coordinate system is the coordinate system used for the display, e.g., in dialogs, in the Map window rulers, in
the status bar, etc. The coordinates of each pixel of geographic data are converted to the display coordinate system from
the projection coordinate system for display. The display coordinate system is also used for sites (radio network data). You
can set the display coordinate system of your document in the Options dialog.
If you import sites data, the coordinate system of the sites must correspond to the display coordinate system of your Atoll
document.
If you change the display coordinate system in a document which is not connected to a database, the coordinates of all
the sites are converted to the new display system.
1.1.2.3 Internal Coordinate Systems
The internal coordinate systems are the projection and the display coordinate systems stored in a database. The projection
and display coordinate systems set by the administrator in the central Atoll project are stored in the database when the
database is created, and cannot be modified by users. Only the administrator can modify the internal coordinate systems
manually by editing the entries in the CoordSys and the Units tables. All Atoll documents opened from a database will
have the internal coordinate systems of the database as their default projection and display coordinate systems.
Note:
If you import vector geographic data (e.g., measurements, etc.) with different coordinate
systems, it is possible to convert the coordinate systems of these data into the projection
coordinate system of your Atoll document.
Note:
If the coordinate systems of all your geographic data files and sites (radio network data) are the
same, you do not have to define the projection and display coordinate systems separately. By
default, the two coordinate systems are the same.
When exporting an Atoll project to a database, the currently chosen display coordinate system becomes the internal
display coordinate system for the database, and the currently chosen projection coordinate system becomes the internal
projection coordinate system for the database.
Although Atoll stores both the coordinate systems in the database, i.e., the projection and the display coordinate systems,
the only relevant coordinate system for the database is the internal display coordinate system because this coordinate
system is the one used for the coordinates of sites (radio network data).
Users working on documents connected to a database can modify the coordinate systems in their documents locally, and
save these changes in their documents, but they cannot modify the coordinate systems stored in the database.
If you change the display coordinate system in a document which is not connected to a database, the coordinates of all
the sites are converted to the new display system.
If you change the display coordinate system in a document which is connected to a database, the coordinates of all the
sites are converted to the new coordinate system in the Atoll document locally but not in the database because the internal
coordinate systems cannot be changed.
Atoll uses the internal coordinates systems in order to keep the site coordinates consistent in the database which is
usually accessed by a large number of users in a multi-user environment.
1.1.3 File Formats
The Coordsystems folder located in the Atoll installation directory contains all the coordinate systems, both geographic
and cartographic, offered in the tool. Coordinate systems are grouped by regions. A catalogue per region and a
"Favourites" catalogue are available in Atoll. The Favourites catalogue is initially empty and can be filled by the user by
adding coordinate systems to it. Each catalogue is described by an ASCII text file with .cs extension. In a .cs file, each
coordinate system is described in one line. The line syntax for describing a coordinate system is:
Examples:
You should keep the following points in mind when editing or creating .cs files:
The identification code enables Atoll to differentiate coordinates systems. In case you create a new coordinate
system, its code must be an integer value higher than 32767.
When describing a new datum, you must enter the ellipsoid code and parameters instead of the datum code in
brackets. There can be 3 to 7 parameters defined in the following order: Dx, Dy, Dz, Rx, Ry, Rz, S. The syntax of
the line in the .cs file will be:
There can be up to seven projection parameters. These parameters must be ordered according to the parameter
index (see "Projection Parameter Indices" on page 18). Parameter with index 0 is the first one. Projection
parameters are delimited by commas.
For UTM projections, you must provide positive UTM zone numbers for north UTM zones and negative numbers
for south UTM zones.
You can add all other information as comments (such as usage or region).
Codes of units, data, projection methods, and ellipsoids, and projection parameter indices are listed in the tables below.
1.1.3.1 Unit Codes
Code = "Name of the system"; Unit Code; Datum Code; Projection Method Code,
Projection Parameters; "Comments"
4230 = "ED50"; 101; 230; 1; "Europe - west"
32045 = "NAD27 / Vermont"; 2; 267; 6, -72.5, 42.5, 500000, 0, 0.9999643; "United
States - Vermont"
Code = "Name of the system"; Unit Code; {Ellipsoid Code, Dx, Dy, Dz, Rx, Ry,
Rz, S}; Projection Method Code, Projection Parameters; "Comments"
Code Cartographic Units Code Geographic Units
0 Metre 100 Radian
1 Kilometre 101 Degree
2 Foot 102 Grad
3 Link 103 ArcMinute
4 Chain 104 ArcSecond
5 Yard
6 Nautical mile
7 Mile
-1 Unspecified -1 Unspecified
1.1.3.2 Datum Codes
Code Datum Code Datum
121 Greek Geodetic Reference System 1987 260 Manoca
125 Samboja 261 Merchich
126 Lithuania 1994 262 Massawa
130 Moznet (ITRF94) 263 Minna
131 Indian 1960 265 Monte Mario
201 Adindan 266 M'poraloko
202 Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 267 North American Datum 1927
203 Australian Geodetic Datum 1984 268 NAD Michigan
204 Ain el Abd 1970 269 North American Datum 1983
205 Afgooye 270 Nahrwan 1967
206 Agadez 271 Naparima 1972
207 Lisbon 272 New Zealand Geodetic Datum 1949
208 Aratu 273 NGO 1948
209 Arc 1950 274 Datum 73
210 Arc 1960 275 Nouvelle Triangulation Franaise
211 Batavia 276 NSWC 9Z-2
212 Barbados 277 OSGB 1936
213 Beduaram 278 OSGB 1970 (SN)
214 Beijing 1954 279 OS (SN) 1980
215 Reseau National Belge 1950 280 Padang 1884
216 Bermuda 1957 281 Palestine 1923
217 Bern 1898 282 Pointe Noire
218 Bogota 283 Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994
219 Bukit Rimpah 284 Pulkovo 1942
221 Campo Inchauspe 285 Qatar
222 Cape 286 Qatar 1948
223 Carthage 287 Qornoq
224 Chua 288 Loma Quintana
225 Corrego Alegre 289 Amersfoort
226 Cote d'Ivoire 290 RT38
227 Deir ez Zor 291 South American Datum 1969
228 Douala 292 Sapper Hill 1943
229 Egypt 1907 293 Schwarzeck
230 European Datum 1950 294 Segora
231 European Datum 1987 295 Serindung
232 Fahud 296 Sudan
233 Gandajika 1970 297 Tananarive 1925
234 Garoua 298 Timbalai 1948
235 Guyane Francaise 299 TM65
236 Hu Tzu Shan 300 TM75
237 Hungarian Datum 1972 301 Tokyo
238 Indonesian Datum 1974 302 Trinidad 1903
239 Indian 1954 303 Trucial Coast 1948
240 Indian 1975 304 Voirol 1875
241 Jamaica 1875 305 Voirol Unifie 1960
242 Jamaica 1969 306 Bern 1938
243 Kalianpur 307 Nord Sahara 1959
244 Kandawala 308 Stockholm 1938
245 Kertau 309 Yacare
247 La Canoa 310 Yoff
248 Provisional South American Datum 1956 311 Zanderij
1.1.3.3 Projection Method Codes
1.1.3.4 Ellipsoid Codes
249 Lake 312 Militar-Geographische Institut
250 Leigon 313 Reseau National Belge 1972
251 Liberia 1964 314 Deutsche Hauptdreiecksnetz
252 Lome 315 Conakry 1905
253 Luzon 1911 322 WGS 72
254 Hito XVIII 1963 326 WGS 84
255 Herat North 901 Ancienne Triangulation Franaise
256 Mahe 1971 902 Nord de Guerre
257 Makassar 903
NAD 1927 Guatemala/Honduras/Salvador
(Panama Zone)
258 European Reference System 1989
Code Datum Code Datum
Code Projection Method Code Projection Method
0 Undefined 8 Oblique Stereographic
1 No projection > Longitude / Latitude 9 New Zealand Map Grid
2 Lambert Conformal Conical 1SP 10 Hotine Oblique Mercator
3 Lambert Conformal Conical 2SP 11 Laborde Oblique Mercator
4 Mercator 12 Swiss Oblique Cylindrical
5 Cassini-Soldner 13 Oblique Mercator
6 Transverse Mercator 14 UTM Projection
7 Transverse Mercator South Oriented
Code Name Major Axis Minor Axis
1 Airy 1830 6377563.396 6356256.90890985
2 Airy Modified 1849 6377340.189 6356034.44761111
3 Australian National Spheroid 6378160 6356774.71919531
4 Bessel 1841 6377397.155 6356078.96261866
5 Bessel Modified 6377492.018 6356173.50851316
6 Bessel Namibia 6377483.865 6356165.38276679
7 Clarke 1858 6378293.63924683 6356617.98173817
8 Clarke 1866 6378206.4 6356583.8
9 Clarke 1866 Michigan 6378693.7040359 6357069.45104614
10 Clarke 1880 (Benoit) 6378300.79 6356566.43
11 Clarke 1880 (IGN) 6378249.2 6356515
12 Clarke 1880 (RGS) 6378249.145 6356514.86954978
13 Clarke 1880 (Arc) 6378249.145 6356514.96656909
14 Clarke 1880 (SGA 1922) 6378249.2 6356514.99694178
15 Everest 1830 (1937 Adjustment) 6377276.345 6356075.41314024
16 Everest 1830 (1967 Definition) 6377298.556 6356097.5503009
17 Everest 1830 (1975 Definition) 6377301.243 6356100.231
18 Everest 1830 Modified 6377304.063 6356103.03899315
19 GRS 1980 6378137 6356752.31398972
20 Helmert 1906 6378200 6356818.16962789
21 Indonesian National Spheroid 6378160 6356774.50408554
22 International 1924 6378388 6356911.94612795
23 International 1967 6378160 6356774.71919530
24 Krassowsky 1940 6378245 6356863.01877305
25 NWL 9D 6378145 6356759.76948868
26 NWL 10D 6378135 6356750.52001609
27 Plessis 1817 6376523 6355862.93325557
1.1.3.5 Projection Parameter Indices
1.1.4 Creating a Coordinate System
Atoll provides a large catalogue of default coordinate systems. Nevertheless, it is possible to add the description of
geographic and cartographic coordinate systems. New coordinate systems can be created from scratch or initialised on
the basis of an existing one.
To create a new coordinate system from scratch:
1. Select Tools > Options. The Options dialogue opens.
2. Select the Coordinates tab.
3. Click the browse button (...) on the right of the Projection field.
4. Click the New button. The Coordinate System dialog opens.
5. In the Coordinate System dialogue:
a. Select the coordinate systems catalogue to which you want to add the new coordinate system.
b. In the General properties section: Enter a name for the new coordinate system, select a unit. You can also
enter any comments about its usage. Atoll assigns the code automatically.
c. In the Category section: Select the type of coordinate system. Enter the longitude and latitude for a
geographic coordinate system, or the type of projection and its set of associated parameters for a cartographic
coordinate system (false easting and northing, and the first and second parallels).
d. In the Geo section: Specify the meridian and choose a datum for the coordinate system. The associated
ellipsoid is automatically selected. You can also describe a geodetic datum by selecting "..." in the Datum list.
In this case, you must provide parameters (Dx, Dy, Dz, Rx, Ry, Rz, and S) needed for the transformation of
the datum into WGS84, and an ellipsoid.
6. Click OK. The new coordinate system is added to the selected coordinate system catalogue.
To create a new coordinate system based on an existing system, select a coordinate system in the Coordinate Systems
dialog before clicking New in step 4. The new coordinate system is initialised with the values of the selected coordinate
system.
1.2 Units
1.2.1 Power Units
Depending on the working environment, there can be either one or two types of units for transmission and reception
powers. If you are working with stand-alone documents, i.e., documents not connected to databases, there is only one unit
used in Atoll:
Display power units
If you are working in a multi-user environment, Atoll uses two type of units:
Display power units for the Atoll document
Internal power units for the database
28 Struve 1860 6378297 6356655.84708038
29 War Office 6378300.583 6356752.27021959
30 WGS 84 6378137 6356752.31398972
31 GEM 10C 6378137 6356752.31398972
32 OSU86F 6378136.2 6356751.51667196
33 OSU91A 6378136.3 6356751.61633668
34 Clarke 1880 6378249.13884613 6356514.96026256
35 Sphere 6371000 6371000
Code Name Major Axis Minor Axis
Index Projection Parameter Index Projection Parameter
0 UTM zone number 4 Scale factor at origin
0 Longitude of origin 4 Latitude of 1st parallel
1 Latitude of origin 5 Azimuth of central line
2 False Easting 5 Latitude of 2nd parallel
3 False Northing 6 Angle from rectified to skewed grid
The display units are used for the display in dialogs and tables, e.g., reception thresholds ( microwave link properties, etc.),
and received signal levels (measurements, point analysis, etc.). You can set the display units for your document in the
Options dialog.
The internal units are the power units stored in a database. The power units set by the administrator in the central Atoll
project are stored in the database when the database is created, and cannot be modified by users. Only the administrator
can modify the internal units manually by editing the entries in the Units tables. All Atoll documents opened from a
database will have the internal units of the database as their default power units.
Users working on documents connected to a database can modify the units in their documents locally, and save these
changes in their documents, but they cannot modify the units stored in the database.
1.2.2 Length Units
There are two types of units for distances, heights, and offsets:
Display length units
Internal length units
The display length units are used to display distances, heights, and offsets in dialogs, tables, and the status bar. You can
set the display units for your document in the Options dialog.
The internal unit for lengths is metre for all Atoll documents whether they are connected to databases or not. The internal
unit is not stored in the databases. The internal unit cannot be changed.
Chapter 2
Geographic and Radio Data
Chapter 2: Geographic and Radio Data
2 Geographic and Radio Data
2.1 Geographic Data
2.1.1 Data Type
Atoll manages several geographic data types; DTM (Digital Terrain Model), clutter (Land-Use), scanned images, vector
data, population, and any other generic data.
2.1.1.1 Digital Terrain Model (DTM)
The DTM (Digital Terrain Model or height) files describe the ground elevation above the sea level. DTM files supported by
Atoll are 16 bits/pixel relief maps in .tif, .bil, Planet and Erdas Imagine formats and 8 bits/pixel relief maps in .tif, .bil,
Erdas Imagine and .bmp formats. DTM maps are taken into account in path loss calculations by Atoll propagation models.
DTM file provides altitude value (z stated in metre) on evenly spaced points. Abscissa and ordinate axes are respectively
oriented in right and downwards directions. Space between points is defined by pixel size (P stated in metre). Pixel size
must be the same in both directions. First point given in the file corresponds to the centre of the upper-left pixel of the map.
This point refers to the northwest point geo-referenced by Atoll. Four points (hence, four altitude values) are necessary
to describe a bin; these points are bin vertices.
Therefore, a n*n bin DTM file requires (n)
2
points (altitude values).
Figure 2.1Digital Terrain Model
Figure 2.2Schematic view of a DTM file
Notes:
Altitude values differ within a bin. Method used to calculate altitudes is described in the
Path loss calculations: Altitude determination part. Concerning DTM map display, Atoll
takes altitude of the southwest point of each bin to determine its colour.
In most documents, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) are
differentiated and do not have the same meaning. By definition, DEM refers to altitude
above sea level including, both, ground and clutter while DTM just corresponds to the
ground height above sea level. In Atoll, the DEM term may be used instead of DTM term.
2.1.1.2 Clutter (Land Use)
You may import two types of clutter files in ATL documents. These files indicate either the clutter class or the clutter height
on each bin of the map.
2.1.1.2.1 Clutter Classes
Atoll supports 8 bits/pixel (255 classes) raster maps in .tif, .bil, .bmp, Erdas Imagine formats or 16 bits/pixel raster maps
in Planet format. This kind of clutter file describes the land cover (dense urban, buildings, residential, forest, open,
villages, ). A grid map represents ground and each bin of the map is characterised by a code corresponding to a main
type of cover (a clutter class). Atoll automatically lists all the clutter classes of the map. It is possible to specify an average
clutter height for each clutter class manually during the map description step. Clutter maps are taken into account in path
loss calculations by Atoll propagation models.
Clutter file provides a clutter code per bin. Bin size is defined by pixel size (P stated in metre). Pixel size must be the same
in both directions. Abscissa and ordinate axes are respectively oriented in right and downwards directions. First point given
in the file corresponds to the centre of the upper-left pixel of the image. This point refers to the northwest point geo-
referenced by Atoll.
Therefore, a n*n bin Clutter file requires (n)
2
code values.
2.1.1.2.2 Clutter Heights
Files supported by Atoll for clutter heights are 8 or 16 bits/pixel raster maps in .tif, .bil and Erdas Imagine formats. The file
provides clutter height value on evenly spaced points. Abscissa and ordinate axes are respectively oriented in right and
downwards directions. Space between points is defined by pixel size (P in metre). Pixel size must be the same in both
directions. First point given in the file corresponds to the centre of the upper-left pixel of the map. This point refers to the
northwest point geo-referenced by Atoll.
These maps are taken into account in path loss calculations by Atoll propagation models.
2.1.1.3 AtollAtollAtollAtollAtollAtollVector Data
These data represent either polygons (regions, etc.), lines (roads, coastlines, etc.) or points (towns, etc.). Atoll supports
vector data files in .dxf, Planet, .shp, .mif and .agd formats. These maps are only used for display and provide
information about the geographic environment.
2.1.1.4 Scanned Images
These geographic data include the road maps and the satellite images. They are only used for display and provide
information about the geographic environment. Atoll supports scanned image files in .tif (1, 4, 8, 24-bits/pixel), .bil (1, 4,
8, 24-bits/pixel), Planet (1, 4, 8, 24-bits/pixel), .bmp (1-24-bits/pixel), Erdas Imagine (1, 4, 8, 24-bits/pixel) and .ecw (24-
bits/pixel) formats.
2.1.1.5 Population
Atoll deals with vector population files (polygons, lines or points) in .mif, .shp and .agd formats or 8, 16, 32 bits/pixel raster
population files in .tif, .bil, .bmp and Erdas Imagine formats. Population map describes the population distribution. They
are considered in clutter statistics.
Figure 2.3Clutter Classes
Note:
The clutter code is the same inside a bin.
Note:
Atoll considers the clutter height of the nearest point in calculations (see Path loss
calculations: Clutter determination part). For map display, Atoll takes clutter height of the
southwest point of each bin to determine its colour.
Chapter 2: Geographic and Radio Data
2.1.1.6 Other Geographic Data
It is possible to import generic geographic data types, other than those listed above, (Customer density, revenue density,
etc.) in Atoll. These data can be either vector files in .mif, .shp and .agd formats or 8, 16, 32 bits/pixel raster files in .tif,
.bil, .bmp and Erdas Imagine formats. These maps are taken into account in clutter statistics.
The ArcView Grid format (.txt) is an ASCII format dedicated to define raster maps. It may be used to export any raster map
such as DTM, images, Clutter Classes and/or Heights, Population, and Generic data maps. The contents of an ArcView
Grid file are in ASCII and consist of a header, describing the content, followed by the content in the form of cell values.
2.1.2 Supported Geographic Data Formats
Atoll offers Import/Export filters for the most commonly used geographic data formats. The different filters are:
Thus, to sum up, you can import:
DTM files in .tif (16-bits, 8-bits), .bil (16-bits, 8-bits), Planet (16-bits), Erdas Imagine (16-bits, 8-bits), Vertical
Mapper (.grd, .grc) and .bmp (8-bits) formats.
Clutter heights files in .tif (16-bits, 8-bits), .bil (16-bits, 8-bits), Erdas Imagine (16-bits, 8-bits), Vertical Mapper (.grd,
.grc) and .bmp (8-bits) formats.
Clutter classes in .tif (8-bits), .bil (8-bits), .bmp (8-bit), Erdas Imagine (8-bits) and Vertical Mapper (.grd, .grc) and
Planet format (16-bits) are also supported.
Vector data files in .dxf, Planet, .shp, .mif and .agd formats.
Scanned image files in .tif (1, 4, 8, 24-bits), .bil (1, 4, 8, 24-bits), Planet (1, 4, 8, 24-bits), .bmp (1-24-bits), Erdas
Imagine (1, 4, 8, 24-bits), Vertical Mapper (.grd, .grc) and .ecw (Enhanced Compressed Wavelet) (24 bits) formats.
Population files in .mif, .shp, .agd, .tif (8, 16, 32-bits), .bil (8, 16, 32-bits), .bmp (8, 32-bits), Vertical Mapper (.grd,
.grc) and Erdas Imagine (8, 16, 32-bits) formats.
Other generic data types in .mif, .shp, .agd, .tif (8, 16, 32-bits), .bil (8, 16, 32-bits), .bmp (8, 32-bits), Vertical
Mapper (.grd, .grc) and Erdas Imagine (8, 16, 32-bits) formats.
Notes:
The minimum resolution supported by Atoll is 1m for any raster maps, excepted for
scanned images, for which it is unlimited.
DTM and clutter map resolution must be an integer.
All the raster maps you want to import in an ATL document must be represented in the
same projection system.
File format
Import/
Export
Can contain Georeferenced
.bil Both
DTM, Clutter classes and heights, Image,
Population, Other data
Yes via .hdr files
.tif Both
Yes via associated .tfw files if
they exist
Planet Both DTM, Clutter classes, Image, Vector data Yes via index files
.bmp Both
DTM, Clutter heights, Clutter classes, Image,
Yes via .bpw (or .bmw) files
.dxf Import Only Vector data Yes
.shp Both Vector data, Population, Other data Yes
.mif/.mid Both Vector data, Population, Other data Yes
Erdas Imagine Import Only
Yes
ArcView Grid Export Only
Yes automatically embedded in
the data file
.agd Both Vector data, Population, Other data
the data file
Vertical Mapper
(.grd, .grc)
Both
the data file
.ecw Import Only Images Yes via ers file (not mandatory)
Note:
The .wld files may be used as georeferencement file for any type of binary raster file.
Tiled .tif format is not supported.
Note:
It is possible to import Packbit, FAX-CCITT3 and LZW compressed .tif files. However, in
case of DTM and clutter, we recommend not to use compressed files in order to avoid poor
performances. If uncompressed files are too big, it is better to split them.
2.2 Radio Data
Atoll manages several radio data types; sites, transmitters, antennas, stations and hexagonal designs. Data definition in
Atoll is detailed hereafter.
2.2.1 Site
A site is a geographical point where one or several transmitters (multi-sectored site or station) equipped with antennas are
located.
2.2.2 Antenna
An antenna is a device used for transmitting or receiving electromagnetic waves.
2.2.3 AtollAtollMicrowave Link
A microwave link is a communication link at microwave frequencies used for transmitting video, audio, and data between
two locations which can be from a few feet to several miles apart. A link may be uni or bidirectional with transmitter and a
receiver at each extermity. Transmitters and receivers are connected to antennas through coaxial cables or metallic
waveguides.
2.2.4 Point to Multipoint Link
Microwave radio links can be used in point-to-multipoint configurations where a number of remote stations are served by
a single base station. Point-to-multipoint systems are not symmetric like point-to-point systems, and, therefore, both
directions, downstream, i.e., from the base station to the remote stations, and upstream, must be considered separately.
2.2.5 Passive Repeater
A passive repeater is a device that receives a signal from a transmitter and retransmits it to a receiver. The term passive
means that the hardware has no power source of its own. Active repeaters, on the other hand, amplify the received signal.
Reflectors are examples of passive repeaters.
Chapter 3
File Formats
Chapter 3: File Formats
3 File Formats
3.1 BIL Format
Band Interleaved by Line is a method of organizing image data for multi-band images. It is a schema for storing the actual
pixel values of an image in a file. The pixel data is typically preceded by a file header that contains auxiliary data about the
image, such as the number of rows and columns in the image, a colour map, etc. .bil data stores pixel information band
by band for each line, or row, of the image. Although .bil is a data organization schema, it is treated as an image format.
An image description (number of rows and columns, number of bands, number of bits per pixel, byte order, etc.) has to be
provided to be able to display the .bil file. This information is included in the header .hdr file associated with the .bil file. A
.hdr file has the same name as the .bil file it refers to, and should be located in the same directory as the source file. The
.hdr structure is simple; it is an ASCII text file containing eleven lines. You can open a .hdr file using any ASCII text editor.
Atoll supports the following objects in .bil format:
Digital Terrain Model (8 or 16 bits)
Clutter heights (8 or 16 bits)
Clutter classes maps (8 bits)
Raster images (1, 4, 8, 24 bits)
Population maps (8, 16, 32 bits)
Other generic geographic data (8, 16, 32 bits)
3.1.1 HDR Header File
3.1.1.1 Description
The header file is a text file that describes how data are organised in the .bil file. The header file is made of rows, each
row having the following format:
where keyword corresponds to an attribute type, and value defines the attribute value.
Keywords required by Atoll are described below. Other keywords are ignored.
Four additional keywords may be optionally managed.
which can be :
in some cases, this keyword can be replace by datatype defined as follows:
keywordvalue
nrowsNumber of rows in the image.
ncolsNumber of columns in the image.
nbandsNumber of spectral bands in the image, (1 for DTM data and 8 bit pictures).
nbitsNumber of bits per pixel per band; 8 or 16 for DTMs or Clutter heights
(altitude in metres), 8 for clutter classes file (clutter
code), 16 for path loss matrices (path loss in dB, field
value in dBm, dBV and DBV/m).
byteorderByte order in which image pixel values are stored. Accepted values are
M (Motorola byte order) or I (Intel byte order).
layoutMust be bil.
skipbytesByte to be skipped in the image file in order to reach the beginning
of the image data. Default value is 0.
ulxmapx coordinate of the centre of the upper-left pixel.
ulymapy coordinate of the centre of the upper-left pixel.
xdim x size in metre of a pixel.
ydim y size in metre of a pixel.
pixeltypeType of data read (in addition to the length)
UNSIGNDINT Undefined 8, 16, 24 or 32 bits
SIGNEDINT Integer 16 or 32 bits
FLOAT Real 32 or 64 bits
datatypeType of data read (in addition to the length)
It can be:
The other optional keywords are :valueoffset, valuescale and nodatavalue.
By default, integer data types are chosen with respect to the pixel length (nbits).
So, we have
3.1.1.2 Samples
Here, the data is 20m.
3.1.1.2.1 Digital Terrain Model
3.1.1.2.2 Clutter Classes File
3.1.1.2.3 BIL File
.bil files are usually binary files without header. Data are stored starting from the Northwest corner of the area. The
skipbytes value defined in the header file allows to skip records if the data do not start at the beginning of the file.
3.2 TIF Format start here
Tagged Image File Format graphics filter supports all image types (monochrome, greyscale, palette colour, and RGB full
colour images) and Packbit, LZW or fax group 3-4 compressions. .tif files are not systematically geo-referenced. You have
to enter spatial references of the image manually during the import procedure (x and y-axis map coordinates of the centre
of the upper-left pixel, pixel size); an associated file with .tfw extension will be simultaneously created with the same name
Un Undefined n bits (8, 16, 24 or 32 bits)
In Integer n bits (16 or 32 bits)
Rn Real n bits (32 or 64 bits)
RGB24 Integer 3 colour components on 24 bits
valueoffsetReal value to be added to the read value (V
read
)
valuescaleScaling factor to be applied to the read value
nodatavalueValue corresponding to NO DATA
V V
read
val uescal e val ueoffset + =
nrows1500
ncols1500
nbands1
nbits8 or 16
byteorderM
layoutbil
skipbytes0
ulxmap975000
ulymap1891000
xdim 20.00
ydim 20.00
nrows1500
ncols1500
nbands1
nbits8
byteorderM
layoutbil
skipbytes0
ulxmap975000
ulymap1891000
xdim 20.00
ydim 20.00
and in the same directory as the .tif file it refers to. Atoll will then use the .tfw file during the import procedure for an
automatic geo-referencing.
You can modify the colour palette convention used by Atoll when exporting .tif files. This can be helpful when working on
.tif files exported by Atoll in other tools. In the default palette, the first colour indexes represent the useful information and
the remaining colour indexes represent the background. It is possible to export .tif files with a palette which defines the
background colour at the colour index 0, and then the colour indexes necessary to represent useful information. Add the
following lines in the Atoll.ini file to set up the new palette convention:
Please refer to the Administrator Manual for more details about the Atoll.ini file.
Atoll supports the following objects in .tif format:
Digital Terrain Model (8 or 16 bits)
Clutter heights (8 or 16 bits)
Population maps (8, 16, 32 bits)
Other generic geographic data (8, 16, 32 bits)
.tfw file contains the spatial reference data of an associated .tif file. The .tfw file structure is simple; it is an ASCII text file
that contains six lines. You can open a .tfw file using any ASCII text editor.
3.2.1 TFW Header File
The .tfw files contain spatial reference data for the associated .tif file. The header file is a text file that describes how data
are organised in the .tif file. You can open a .tfw file using any ASCII text editor. The header file consists of six lines, with
each line having the following description:
Note:
Atoll also supports .tif files using the Packbit, FAX-CCITT3 and LZW compression modes.
[TiffExport]
PaletteConvention=Gis
Notes:
Using compressed geo data formats (compressed .tif, Erdas Imagine, or .ecw) can cause
performance loss due to real-time decompression. However, you can recover this loss in
performance by:
- Either, hiding the status bar, which provides geographic data information in real time, by
unchecking the Status Bar item in the View menu.
- Or, not displaying some of the information, such as altitude, clutter class and clutter
height, in the status bar. This can be done through the Atoll.ini file, by adding the following
lines:
[StatusBar]
DisplayZ=0
DisplayClutterClass=0
DisplayClutterHeight=0
You can also save the produced map in an uncompressed format.
Line Description
1 x dimension of a pixel in map units
2 amount of translation
3 amount of rotation
4 negative of the y dimension of a pixel in map units
5 x-axis map coordinate of the centre of the upper-left pixel
6 y-axis map coordinate of the centre of the upper-left pixel
Note:
Atoll does not use the lines 2 and 3 when importing a .tif format geographic file.
3.2.2 Sample
3.2.2.1 Clutter Classes File
3.3 BMP Format
This is the MS-Windows standard format. It holds black & white, 16-, 256- and True-colour images. The palletized 16-
colour and 256-colour images may be compressed via run length encoding (though compressed .bmp files are quite rare).
The image data itself can either contain pointers to entries in a colour table or literal RGB values. .bmp files are not
systematically geo-referenced. You have to enter spatial references of the image manually during the import procedure (x
and y-axis map coordinates of the centre of the upper-left pixel, pixel size). When exporting (saving) a .bmp file, an
associated file with .bpw extension is created with the same name and in the same directory as the .bmp file it refers to.
Atoll stores the georeferencing information in this file for future imports of the .bmp so that the .bpw file can be used during
the import procedure for automatic geo-referencing. Atoll also supports .bmw extension for the .bmp related world files.
Atoll supports the following objects in .bmp format:
Digital Terrain Model (8 bits)
Clutter Heights (8 bits)
Population maps (8, 32 bits)
Other generic geographic data (8, 32 bits)
3.3.1 BMP File Description
A .bmp file contains of the following data structures:
BITMAPFILEHEADER bmfh Contains some
information about the bitmap file (about the file, not about the bitmap
itself).
BITMAPINFOHEADER bmih Contains information
about the bitmap (such as size, colours, etc.).
RGBQUAD aColors[] Contains a colour table.
BYTE aBitmapBits[] Image data (whose
format is specified by the bmih structure).
3.3.1.1 BMP File Structure
The following tables give exact information about the data structures. The Start-value is the position of the byte in the file
at which the explained data element of the structure starts, the Size-value contains the number of bytes used by this data
element, the Name column contains both generic name and the name assigned to this data element by the Microsoft API
documentation, and the Description column gives a short explanation of the purpose of this data element.
BITMAPFILEHEADER (Header - 14 bytes):
BITMAPINFOHEADER (InfoHeader - 40 bytes):
100.00
0.00
0.00
-100.00
60000.00
2679900.00
Start Size
Name
Description
Generic MS API
1 2 Signature bfType Must always be set to 'BM' to declare that this is a .bmp-file.
3 4 FileSize bfSize Specifies the size of the file in bytes.
7 2 Reserved1 bfReserved1 Unused. Must be set to zero.
9 2 Reserved2 bfReserved2 Unused. Must be set to zero.
11 4 DataOffset bfOffBits
Specifies the offset from the beginning of the file to the bitmap (raster)
data.
Start Size
Name
Description
Generic MS API
RGBQUAD array (ColorTable):
Pixel data:
The interpretation of the pixel data depends on the BITMAPINFOHEADER structure. It is important to know that the rows
of a .bmp are stored upside down meaning that the uppermost row which appears on the screen is actually the lowermost
row stored in the bitmap. Another important thing is that the number of bytes in one row must always be adjusted by
appending zero bytes to fit into the border of a multiple of four (16-bit or 32-bit rows).
3.3.1.2 BMP Raster Data Encoding
Depending on the image BitCount and on the Compression flag there are 6 different encoding schemes. In all of them,
Pixels are stored bottom-up, left-to-right.
Pixel lines are padded with zeros to end on a 32-bit boundary.
15 4 Size biSize
Specifies the size of the BITMAPINFOHEADER structure, in
bytes (= 40 bytes).
19 4 Width biWidth Specifies the width of the image, in pixels.
23 4 Height biHeight Specifies the height of the image, in pixels.
27 2 Planes biPlanes
Specifies the number of planes of the target device, must be
set to zero or 1.
29 2 BitCount biBitCount
Specifies the number of bits per pixel.
1 = monochrome pallete. # of colours = 1
4 = 4-bit palletized. # of colours = 16
24 = 24-bit palletized. # of colours = 16M
31 4 Compression biCompression
Specifies the type of compression, usually set to zero.
0 = BI_RGB no compression
1 = BI_RLE8 8-bit RLE encoding
2 = BI_RLE4 4-bit RLE encoding
35 4 ImageSize biSizeImage
Specifies the size of the image data, in bytes. If there is no
compression, it is valid to set this element to zero.
39 4 XpixelsPerM biXPelsPerMeter Specifies the the horizontal pixels per meter.
43 4 YpixelsPerM biYPelsPerMeter Specifies the the vertical pixels per meter.
47 4 ColoursUsed biClrUsed
Specifies the number of colours actually used in the bitmap. If
set to zero the number of colours is calculated using the
biBitCount element.
51 4 ColoursImportant biClrImportant
Specifies the number of colour that are 'important' for the
bitmap. If set to zero, all colours are considered important.
Note:
biBitCount actually specifies the colour resolution of the bitmap. It also decides if there is a
colour table in the file and how it looks like.
- In 1-bit mode the colour table has to contain 2 entries (usually white and black). If a bit in
the image data is clear, it points to the first palette entry. If the bit is set, it points to the
second.
- In 4-bit mode the colour table must contain 16 colours. Every byte in the image data
represents two pixels. The byte is split into the higher 4 bits and the lower 4 bits and each
value of them points to a palette entry.
- In 8-bit mode every byte represents a pixel. The value points to an entry in the colour
table which contains 256 entries.
- In 24-bit mode three bytes represent one pixel. The first byte represents the red part, the
second the green and the third the blue part. There is no need for a palette because every
pixel contains a literal RGB-value, so the palette is omitted.
Start Size
Name
Description
Generic MS API
1 1 Blue rgbBlue Specifies the blue part of the colour.
2 1 Green rgbGreen Specifies the green part of the colour.
3 1 Red rgbRed Specifies the red part of the colour.
4 1 Reserved rgbReserved Must always be set to zero.
Note:
In a colour table (RGBQUAD), the specification for a colour starts with the blue byte, while
in a palette a colour always starts with the red byte.
For uncompressed formats every line will have the same number of bytes.
Colour indices are zero based, meaning a pixel colour of 0 represents the first colour table entry, a pixel colour of
255 (if there are that many) represents the 256th entry. For images with more than 256 colours there is no colour
table.
3.3.1.2.1 Raster Data Compression Descriptions
4-bit / 16 colour images
8-bit / 256 colour images
Encoding type
BitCoun
t
Compressio
n
Remarks
1-bit
B&W images
1 0
Every byte holds 8 pixels, its highest order bit representing the
leftmost pixel of these 8. There are 2 colour table entries. Some
readers assume that 0 is black and 1 is white. If you are storing
black and white pictures you should stick to this, with any other 2
colours this is not an issue. Remember padding with zeros up to a
32-bit boundary.
4-bit
16 colour images
4 0
Every byte holds 2 pixels, its high order 4 bits representing the left of
those. There are 16 colour table entries. These colours do not have
to be the 16 MS-Windows standard colours. Padding each line with
zeros up to a 32-bit boundary will result in up to 28 zeros = 7 'wasted
pixels'.
8-bit
256 colour images
8 0
Every byte holds 1 pixel. There are 256 colour table entries.
Padding each line with zeros up to a 32-bit boundary will result in up
to 3 bytes of zeros = 3 'wasted pixels'.
16-bit
High colour images
16 0
Every 2 bytes hold 1 pixel. There are no colour table entries.
Padding each line with zeros up to a 16-bit boundary will result in up
to 2 zero bytes.
24-bit
True colour images
24 0
Every 4 bytes hold 1 pixel. The first holds its red, the second its
green, and the third its blue intensity. The fourth byte is reserved
and should be zero. There are no colour table entries. No zero
padding necessary.
4-bit
16 colour images
4 2
Pixel data is stored in 2-byte chunks. The first byte specifies the
number of consecutive pixels with the same pair of colour. The
second byte defines two colour indices. The resulting pixel pattern
will have interleaved high-order 4-bits and low order 4 bits
(ABABA...). If the first byte is zero, the second defines an escape
code. The End-of-Bitmap is zero padded to end on a 32-bit
boundary. Due to the 16bit-ness of this structure this will always be
either two zero bytes or none.
8-bit
256 colour images
8 1
The pixel data is stored in 2-byte chunks. The first byte specifies the
number of consecutive pixels with the same colour. The second byte
defines their colour indices. If the first byte is zero, the second
defines an escape code. The End-of-Bitmap is zero padded to end
on a 32-bit boundary. Due to the 16bit-ness of this structure this will
always be either two zero bytes or none.
n (Byte 1) c (Byte 2) Description
>0 any
n pixels to be drawn. The 1st, 3rd, 5th, ... pixels' colour is in c's high-order 4 bits, the
even pixels' colour is in c's low-order 4 bits. If both colour indices are the same, it
results in just n pixels of colour c.
0 0 End-of-line
0 1 End-of-Bitmap
0 2
Delta. The following 2 bytes define an unsigned offset in x and y direction (y being up).
The skipped pixels should get a colour zero.
0 >=3
The following c bytes will be read as single pixel colours just as in uncompressed files.
Up to 12 bits of zeros follow, to put the file/memory pointer on a 16-bit boundary again.
n (Byte 1) c (Byte 2) Description
>0 any n pixels of colour number c
0 0 End-of-line
0 1 End-of-Bitmap
0 2
Delta. The following 2 bytes define an unsigned offset in x and y direction (y being up).
The skipped pixels should get a colour zero.
3.3.2 BPW/BMW Header File Description
The header file is a text file that describes how data are organised in the .bmp file. The header file is made of rows, each
row having the following description:
Atoll supports .bpw and .bmw header file extensions for Import, but exports headers with .bpw file extensions.
3.3.3 Sample
3.4 PNG Format
Portable Network Graphics (PNG) is a bitmapped image format that employs lossless data compression. PNG supports
palette-based (palettes of 24-bit RGB or 32-bit RGBA colors), greyscale, RGB, or RGBA images. PNG was designed for
transferring images on the Internet, not professional graphics, and so does not support other color spaces (such as
CMYK). PNG files nearly always use file extension .PNG or .png.
When exporting (saving) a .png file, an associated file with .pgw extension is created with the same name and in the same
directory as the .png file it refers to. Atoll stores the georeferencing information in this file for future imports of the .png so
that the .pgw file can be used during the import procedure for automatic geo-referencing.
For more information on the PNG file format, see www.w3.org/TR/PNG/.
3.4.1 PGW Header File Description
A PNG World file (.pgw file extension) is a plain text file used by geographic information systems (GIS) to provide
georeferencing information for raster map images in .png format. The world file parameters are:
3.5 Generic Raster Header File (.wld)
.wld is a new Atoll specific header format that can be used for any raster data file for georeferencing. At the time of import
of any raster data file, Atoll can use the corresponding .wld file to read the georeferencing information related to the raster
data file. The .wld file contains the spatial reference data of any associated raster data file. The .wld file structure is simple;
it is an ASCII text file containing six lines. You can open a .wld file using any ASCII text editor.
0 >=3
The following c bytes will be read as single pixel colours just as in uncompressed files.
A zero follows, if c is odd, putting the file/memory pointer on a 16-bit boundary again.
Line Description
100.00
0.00
0.00
-100.00
60000.00
2679900.00
Line Description
3.5.1 WLD File Description
The .wld file is a text file that describes how data are organised in the associated raster data file. The header file is made
of rows, each row having the following description:
3.5.2 Sample
3.6 DXF Format
Atoll is capable of importing and working with AutoCAD drawings in the Drawing Interchange Format (DXF). .dxf files
can have ASCII or binary formats. But only the ASCII .dxf files can be used in Atoll.
.dxf files are composed of pairs of codes and associated values. The codes, known as group codes, indicate the type of
value that follows. .dxf files are organized into sections of records containing the group codes and their values. Each group
code and value is a separate line.
Each section starts with a group code 0 followed by the string, SECTION. This is followed by a group code 2 and a string
indicating the name of the section (for example, HEADER). Each section ends with a 0 followed by the string ENDSEC.
3.7 SHP Format
ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.) ArcView GIS Shapefiles have a simple, non-topological format
for storing geometric locations and attribute information of geographic features. A shapefile is one of the spatial data
formats that you can work with in ArcExplorer. .shp data files usually have associated .shx and .dbf files.
Among these three files:
The .shp file stores the feature geometry
The .shx file stores the index of the feature geometry.
The .dbf (dBASE) file stores the attribute information of features. When a shapefile is added as a theme to a view,
this file is displayed as a feature table.
You can define mappings between the coordinate system used for the ESRI vector files, defined in the corresponding .prj
files, and Atoll. In this way, when you import a vector file, Atoll can detect the correct coordinate system automatically.
For more information about defining the mapping between coordinate systems, please refer to the Administrator Manual.
3.8 MIF Format
MapInfo Interchange Format (.mif) allows various types of data to be attached to a variety of graphical items. These ASCII
files are editable, easy to generate, and work on all platforms supported by MapInfo. Vector objects with a .mif extension
may be imported in Atoll.
Two files, a .mif and a .mid, contain MapInfo data. Graphics reside in the .mif file while the text contents are stored in the
.mid file. The text data is delimited with one row per record, and Carriage Return, Carriage Return plus Line Feed, or Line
Feed between lines. The .mif file has two sections, the file header and the data section. The .mid file is optional. When
there is no .mid file, all fields are blank.
You can find more information at http://www.mapinfo.com.
Line Description
100.00
0.00
0.00
-100.00
60000.00
2679900.00
You can define mappings between the coordinate system used for the MapInfo vector files, defined in the corresponding
.mif files, and Atoll. In this way, when you import a vector file, Atoll can detect the correct coordinate system automatically.
3.9 TAB Format
TAB files (MapInfo Tables) are the native format of MapInfo. They actually consist of a number of files with extensions
such as .TAB, .DAT and .MAP. All of these files need to be present and kept together for the table to work. These are
defined as follows:
.TAB: table structure in ASCII format
.DAT: table data storage in binary format
.MAP: storage of map objects in binary format
.ID: index to the MapInfo graphical objects (.MAP) file
.IND: index to the MapInfo tabular (DAT) file
You can find more information at http://www.mapinfo.com.
You can define mappings between the coordinate system used for the MapInfo vector files, defined in the corresponding
.mif files, and Atoll. In this way, when you import a vector file, Atoll can detect the correct coordinate system automatically.
TAB files are also supported as georeference information files for raster files (.bmp and .tif). The .TAB file The fields in
bold are described below:
3.10 ECW Format
The Enhanced Compressed Wavelet file format is supported in Atoll. .ecw files are geo-referenced image files, which can
be imported in Atoll. This is an Open Standard wavelet compression technology, developed by Earth Resource Mapping,
which can compress images with up to a 100-to-1 compression ratio. Each compressed image file contains a header
carrying the following information about the image:
The image size expressed as the number of cells across and down
The number of bands (RGB images have three bands)
The image compression rate
The cell measurement units (meters, degrees or feet)
The size of each cell in measurement units
Coordinate space information (Projection, Datum etc.)
3.11 Erdas Imagine Format
Atoll supports Erdas Imagine data files in order to import DTM (8 or 16 bit/pixel), clutter (8 bit/pixel), and image (1-24 bit/
pixel) files with the .img format. These files use the Erdas Imagine Hierarchical File Format (HFA) structure. For any type
of file, if there are pyramids (storage of different resolution layers), they are used to enhance performance when
decreasing the resolution of the display. Some aspects of working with Erdas Imagine format in Atoll are:
Atoll supports uncompressed as well as compressed (or partially compressed) DTM .img files.
You can create a .mnu file to improve the clutter class map loading.
The colour-to-code association (raster maps) may be automatically imported from the .img file.
These files are automatically geo-referenced, i.e., they do not require any additional file for geo-reference.
For image files, the number of supported bands is either 1 (colour palette is defined separately) or 3 (no colour palette but
direct RGB information for each pixel). In case of 3 bands, only 8 bit per pixel format is supported. Therefore, 8-bit images,
containing RGB information (three bands are provided: the first band is for Blue, the second one is for Green and the third
for Red), can be considered as 24 bit per pixel files. 32 bit per pixel files are not supported.
Field Description
File "raster.bmp" Name of the raster file (e.g., raster.bmp)
ulxmap x coordinate of the centre of the upper-left pixel in metres
ulymap y coordinate of the centre of the upper-left pixel in metres
llxmap x coordinate of the centre of the lower-left pixel in metres
llymap y coordinate of the centre of the lower-left pixel in metres
lrxmap x coordinate of the centre of the lower-right pixel in metres
lrymap y coordinate of the centre of the lower-right pixel in metres
urxmap x coordinate of the centre of the upper-right pixel in metres
urymap y coordinate of the centre of the upper-right pixel in metres
nrows Number of rows in the image
ncols Number of columns in the image
3.12 Planet EV/Vertical Mapper Geographic Data Format
Vertical Mapper offers two types of grids:
Numerical continuous grids, which contain numerical information (such as DTM), and are stored in files with the
.grd extension.
Classified grids, which contain alphanumeric (characters) information, and are stored in files with the .grc
extension.
Atoll is capable of supporting the Vertical Mapper Classified Grid (GRC) and Vertical Mapper Continuous Grid (GRD) file
formats in order to import and export:
GRD: DTM, image, population, and other data types.
GRC: DTM, clutter classes, clutter heights, image, population, and other data types.
This is the geographic data format used by Planet EV. So, it is possible to directly import geographic data from Planet EV
to Atoll using this format.
3.13 ArcView Grid Format
The ArcView Grid format (.txt) is an ASCII format dedicated to defining raster maps. It may be used to export any raster
map such as DTM, images, clutter classes and/or heights, population, and other data maps. The contents of an ArcView
Grid file are in ASCII and consist of a header, describing the content, followed by the content in the form of cell values.
3.13.1 ArcView Grid File Description
The format of this file is as follows:
3.13.2 Sample
Notes:
Using compressed geo data formats (compressed .tif, Erdas Imagine, or .ecw) can cause
performance loss due to real-time decompression. However, you can recover this loss in
performance by:
- Either, hiding the status bar, which provides geographic data information in real time, by
unchecking the Status Bar item in the View menu.
- Or, not displaying some of the information, such as altitude, clutter class and clutter
height, in the status bar. This can be done through the Atoll.ini file, by adding the following
lines:
[StatusBar]
DisplayZ=0
DisplayClutterClass=0
DisplayClutterHeight=0
You can also save the produced map in an uncompressed format.
ncols XXXNumber of columns of the grid (XXX columns).
nrows XXXNumber of rows of the grid (XXX rows).
xllcenter XXX OR
xllcorner XXXSignificant value relative to the bin centre or corner.
yllcenter OR
yllcorner XXXSignificant value relative to the bin centre or corner.
cellsize XXXGrid resolution.
nodata_value XXXOptional value corresponding to no data (no information).
//Row 1Top of the raster. Description of the first row. Syntax: ncols number of
values separated by spaces.
:
:
//Row NBottom of the raster.
ncols 303
nrows 321
3.14 Other Supported Geographic Data File Formats
Other than the .bil, .tif, Planet, .dxf, .shp, .mif, .img, and .ecw formats, Atoll supports 3 other formats.
The .ist and .dis formats are ASCII files used for Digital Terrain Model only. .ist images come from Istar, whereas .dis
images come from IGN (Institut Gographique National). The .ist format works in exactly the same way as the .bil format,
except for DTM images. For DTM images, the .ist format uses a decimetric coding for altitudes, whereas .bil images use
only a metric coding.
3.15 Planet Format
The Planet geographic data are described by a set of files grouped in a Planet directory. The directory structure depends
on the geographic data type.
Atoll supports the following objects in Planet format:
Digital Terrain Model (8 and 16 bits)
Clutter class maps (16 bits)
Raster images (1, 4, 8 and 24 bits)
Vector data
Text data
3.15.1 DTM File
3.15.1.1 Description
The DTM directory consists of three files; the height file and two other files detailed below:
The index file structure is simple; it is an ASCII text file that holds position information about the file. It contains
five columns. You can open an index file using any ASCII text editor. The format of the index file is as follows:
The projection file provides information about the projection system used. This file is optional. It is an ASCII text
file with four lines maximum.
3.15.1.2 Sample
Index file associated with height file (DTM data):
xllcorner 585300.000000
yllcorner 5615700.000000
cellsize 100.000000
nodata_value 0
...
Field Acceptable values Description
File name Text Name of file referenced by the index file
East min Float x-axis map coordinate of the centre of the upper-left pixel in meters
East max Float x-axis map coordinate of the centre of the upper-right pixel in meters
North min Float y-axis map coordinate of the centre of the lower-left pixel in meters
North max Float y-axis map coordinate of the centre of the upper-left pixel in meters
Square size Float Dimension of a pixel in meters
Line Description
Spheroid
Zone
Projection
Central meridian
Latitude and longitude of projection central meridian and equivalent x and y coordinates in meters
(optional)
Note:
In the associated binary file, the value -9999 corresponds to No data which is supported
by Atoll.
Projection file associated with height file (DTM data):
3.15.2 Clutter Class Files
The Clutter directory consists of three files; the clutter file and two other files detailed below:
The menu file, an ASCII text file, defines the feature codes for each type of clutter. It consists of as many lines
(with the following format) as there are clutter codes in the clutter data files. This file is optional.
The index file gives clutter spatial references. The structure of clutter index file is the same as the structure of DTM
index file.
3.15.2.2 Sample
Menu file associated with the clutter file:
3.15.3 Vector Files
Vector data comprises terrain features such as coastlines, roads, etc. Each of these features is stored in a separate vector
file. Four types of files are used, the vector file, where x and y coordinates of vector paths are stored, and three other files
detailed below:
sydney1 303900 343900 6227900 6267900 50
Australian-1965
56
UTM
0 153 500000 10000000
Field Type Description
Clutter-code Integer (>1) Identification code for clutter class
Feature-name Text (up to 32 characters in length)
Name associated with the clutter-code. (It may contain
spaces)
Note:
In the associated binary file, the value -9999 corresponds to No data which is supported
by Atoll.
1 open
2 sea
3 inlandwater
4 residential
5 meanurban
6 denseurban
7 buildings
8 village
9 industrial
10 openinurban
11 forest
12 parks
13 denseurbanhigh
14 blockbuildings
15 denseblockbuild
16 rural
17 mixedsuburban
The menu file, an ASCII text file, lists the vector types stored in the database. The menu file is composed of one
or more records with the following structure:
The fields are separated by space character.
The index file, an ASCII text file, lists the vector files and associates each vector file with one vector type, and
optionally with one attribute file. The index file consists of one or more records with the following structure:
The fields are separated by spaces.
The attribute file stores the height and description properties of vector paths. This file is optional.
3.15.3.2 Sample
Index file associated with the vector files
3.15.4 Image Files
The image directory consists of two files, the image file with .tif extension and an index file with the same structure as the
DTM index file structure.
3.15.5 Text Data Files
The text data directory consists of:
The text data files are ASCII text files with the following format:
Each file contains a line of text followed by easting and northing of that text, etc.
The index file, an ASCII text file, stores the position of each text file. It consists of one or more records with the
following structure:
Vector type code Integer > 0 Identification code for the vector type
Vector type name Text (up to 32 characters in length) Name of the vector type
Vector file name Text (up to 32 characters in length) Name of the vector file
Attribute file name Text (up to 32 characters in length)
Name of attribute file associated with the vector file
(optional)
Dimensions Real
vector file eastmin: minimum x-axis coordinate of all
vector path points in the vector file
vector file eastmax: maximum x-axis coordinate of all
vector file northmin: minimum y-axis coordinate of all
vector file northmax: maximum y-axis coordinate of all
vector path points
Vector type name Text (up to 32 characters in length)
Name of the vector type with which the vector file is
associated. This one must match exactly a vector type
name field in the menu file.
sydney1.airport313440 333021 6239426 6244784 airport
sydney1.riverlake303900 342704 6227900 6267900 riverlake
sydney1.coastline322837 343900 6227900 6267900 coastline
sydney1.railways303900 336113 6227900 6267900 railways
sydney1.highways303900 325155 6240936 6267900 highways
sydney1.majstreets303900 342770 6227900 6267900 majstreets
sydney1.majorroads303900 342615 6227900 6267900 majorroads
Airport
637111.188 3094774.00
Airport
628642.688 3081806.25
The fields are separated by spaces.
The menu file, an ASCII text file, contains the text features. This file is optional.
3.16 MNU Format
3.16.1 Description
A .mnu file is useful when importing clutter classes files in .tif, .bil and .img formats. It gives the correspondence between
the clutter code and the class name. It is a text file with the same name as the clutter file with .mnu extension. It must be
stored at the same location as the clutter file. It has the same structure as the menu file used in the Planet format.
Separator used can either be a space character or a tab.
3.16.2 Sample
A .mnu file associated to a clutter classes file:
3.17 XML Table Export/Import Format
All the data tables in an Atoll document can be exported to XML files.
Atoll creates the following files when exporting data tables to XML files:
One index.xml file which contains the mapping between the data tables in Atoll and the corresponding XML file
created by the export.
One XML file per data table which contains the data table format (schema) and the data.
The XML import does not modify the active document table and field definitions. Therefore, the Networks and
CustomFields tables, although exported, are not imported.
The following sections describe the structures of these two types of XML files created at export.
File name Text (up to 32 characters in length) File name of the text data file
East Min Real
Minimum x-axis coordinate of all points listed in the text
data file
East Max Real
Maximum x-axis coordinate of all points listed in the text
data file
North Min Real
Minimum y-axis coordinate of all points listed in the text
data file
North Max Real
Maximum y-axis coordinate of all points listed in the text
data file
Text feature Text (up to 32 characters in length) This field is omitted in case no menu file is available.
railwayp.txt -260079 693937 2709348 3528665 Railway_Station
airport.txt -307727 771663 2547275 3554675 Airport
ferryport.txt 303922 493521 2667405 3241297 Ferryport
1 Airport
2 Ferryport
3 Railway_Station
Class code Integer > 0 Identification code for the clutter class
Class name Text (up to 50 characters in length) Name of the clutter class. It may contain spaces.
0 none
1 open
2 sea
3 inland_water
4 residential
5 meanurban
3.17.1 Index.xml File
The index.xml file stores the system (GSM, UMTS, etc.) and the technology (TDMA, CDMA, etc.) of the document, and
the version of Atoll used for exporting the data tables to XML files. It also contains the mapping between the data tables
in the Atoll document and the XML file corresponding to each data table.
The root tag <Atoll_XML_Config...> of the index.xml file contains the following attributes:
The index file also contains a list of mapping between the tables exported from Atoll and the XML files corresponding to
each table. This list is sorted in the order the Atoll tables are to be imported.
The list is composed of <XML_Table.../> tags with the following attributes:
A sample extract of the index.xml is given below:
Note that no closing tag </XML_Table> is required.
3.17.2 XML File
Atoll creates an XML file per exported data table. This XML file has two sections, one for storing the description of the
table structure, and the second for the data itself. The XML file uses the standard XML rowset schema (schema included
in the XML file between <s:Schema id=RowsetSchema> and </s:Schema> tags).
Rowset Schema
The XML root tag for XML files using the rowset schema is the following:
The schema definition follows the root tag and is enclosed between the following tags:
In the rowset schema, after the schema description, the data are enclosed between <rs:data> and </rs:data>.
Between these tags, each record is handled by a <z:row /> tag having its attributes set to the record field values since
in the rowset schema, values are handled by attributes. Note that no closing tag </z:row> is required.
A sample extract of a Sites.xml file containing the Sites table with only one site is given below:
Attribute Description
Atoll_File_System Corresponds to the SYSTEM_ field of the Networks table of the exported document
Atoll_File_Technology
Corresponds to the TECHNOLOGY field of the Networks table of the exported
document
Atoll_File_Version Corresponds to the Atoll version
Attribute Description
XML_File Corresponds to the exported XML file name (e.g., "Sites.xml")
Atoll_Table Corresponds to the exported Atoll table name (e.g., "Sites")
<Atoll_XML_Config Atoll_File_System="UMTS" Atoll_File_Technology="CDMA"
Atoll_File_Version="2.x.x build xxxx">
<XML_Table XML_File="CustomFields.xml" Atoll_Table="CustomFields" />
<XML_Table XML_File="CoordSys.xml" Atoll_Table="CoordSys" />
...
</Atoll_XML_Config>
<xml xmlns:s='uuid:BDC6E3F0-6DA3-11d1-A2A3-00AA00C14882'
xmlns:dt='uuid:C2F41010-65B3-11d1-A29F-00AA00C14882'
xmlns:rs='urn:schemas-microsoft-com:rowset'
xmlns:z='#RowsetSchema'>
<s:Schema id=RowsetSchema>
<!-Schema is defined here, using <s:ElementType> and <s:AttributeType> tags ->
</s:Schema>
<xml xmlns:s='uuid:BDC6E3F0-6DA3-11d1-A2A3-00AA00C14882'
xmlns:dt='uuid:C2F41010-65B3-11d1-A29F-00AA00C14882'
xmlns:rs='urn:schemas-microsoft-com:rowset'
xmlns:z='#RowsetSchema'>
<s:Schema id='RowsetSchema'>
3.18 Antenna Pattern Formats
This section describes the format of the PATTERN field of the MW Antennas table. This field stores the antenna diagrams
in a 2D (angle vs. attenuation) format. This is the format of the contents of the PATTERN field of the MW Antennas table
when it is copied from, pasted to, imported to (from txt, csv, or xls files), and exported from (in txt or csv files) the MW
Antennas table.
Antenna patterns can also be imported in Planet 2D-format antenna files and 3D antenna files. The file format required for
3D antenna file import is described in "Import Format of Text Files Containing 3D Antenna Patterns" on page 46.
3.18.1 2D Antenna Diagram Format
The format of 2D antenna patterns can be understood from Figure 3.1 on page 45.
<s:ElementType name='row' content='eltOnly' rs:updatable='true'>
<s:AttributeType name='NAME' rs:number='1' rs:maydefer='true'
rs:writeunknown='true' rs:basetable='Sites' rs:basecolumn='NAME'
rs:keycolumn='true'>
<s:datatype dt:type='string' dt:maxLength='50'/>
</s:AttributeType>
<s:AttributeType name='LONGITUDE' rs:number='2' rs:maydefer='true'
rs:writeunknown='true' rs:basetable='Sites' rs:basecolumn='LONGITUDE'>
<s:datatype dt:type='float' dt:maxLength='8' rs:precision='15'
rs:fixedlength='true'/>
</s:AttributeType>
<s:AttributeType name='LATITUDE' rs:number='3' rs:maydefer='true'
rs:writeunknown='true' rs:basetable='Sites' rs:basecolumn='LATITUDE'>
<s:datatype dt:type='float' dt:maxLength='8' rs:precision='15'
</s:AttributeType>
<s:AttributeType name='ALTITUDE' rs:number='4' rs:nullable='true'
rs:maydefer='true' rs:writeunknown='true' rs:basetable='Sites'
rs:basecolumn='ALTITUDE'>
<s:datatype dt:type='r4' dt:maxLength='4' rs:precision='7'
</s:AttributeType>
<s:AttributeType name='COMMENT_' rs:number='5' rs:nullable='true'
rs:maydefer='true' rs:writeunknown='true' rs:basetable='Sites'
rs:basecolumn='COMMENT_'>
<s:datatype dt:type='string' dt:maxLength='255'/>
</s:AttributeType>
<s:extends type='rs:rowbase'/>
</s:ElementType>
</s:Schema>
<rs:data>
<rs:insert>
<z:row NAME='Site0' LONGITUDE='8301' LATITUDE='-9756'/>
</rs:insert>
</rs:data>
</xml>
The contents of the PATTERN field are formatted as follows:
Pattern Descriptor 1: Space-separated list of parameters.
- First entry: The number of co-polar diagrams. For example, 4.
- Second and third entries: First co-polar diagram type = 0 1, for H-V diagram.
- Fourth entry: The elevation angle of the azimuth diagram.
- Fifth entry: The number of angle-attenuation pairs in the first co-polar diagram. For example, 360.
Co-polar H-V Diagram: Co-polar H-V diagram (the second and third entries in the preceding descriptor are 0 1).
The format is space-separated angle attenuation pairs. For example, 0 0 1 0.5....
- First and second entries: Second co-polar diagram type = 0 0, for H-H diagram.
- Third entry: The azimuth angle of the elevation diagram.
- Fourth entry: The number of angle-attenuation pairs in the second co-polar diagram. For example, 360.
Co-polar H-H Diagram: Co-polar H-H diagram (the first and second entries in the preceding descriptor are 0 0).
- First and second entries: Third co-polar diagram type = 1 1, for V-V diagram.
- Third entry: The elevation angle of the azimuth diagram.
- Fourth entry: The number of angle-attenuation pairs in the third co-polar diagram. For example, 360.
Co-polar V-V Diagram: Co-polar V-V diagram (the first and second entries in the preceding descriptor are 1 1).
- First and second entries: Fourth co-polar diagram type = 1 0, for V-H diagram.
- Fourth entry: The number of angle-attenuation pairs in the fourth co-polar diagram. For example, 360.
Co-polar V-H Diagram: Co-polar V-H diagram (the first and second entries in the preceding descriptor are 1 0).
- First entry: The number of cross-polar diagrams. For example, 4.
- Second and third entries: First cross-polar diagram type = 0 1, for H-V diagram.
- Fourth entry: The elevation angle of the azimuth diagram.
- Fifth entry: The number of angle-attenuation pairs in the first cross-polar diagram. For example, 360.
Cross-polar H-V Diagram: Cross-polar H-V diagram (the second and third entries in the preceding descriptor are
0 1). The format is space-separated angle attenuation pairs. For example, 0 0 1 0.5....
- First and second entries: Second cross-polar diagram type = 0 0, for H-H diagram.
- Fourth entry: The number of angle-attenuation pairs in the second cross-polar diagram. For example, 360.
Cross-polar H-H Diagram: Cross-polar H-H diagram (the first and second entries in the preceding descriptor are
Figure 3.12D Antenna Pattern Format
Pattern
Co-polar H-V Diagram Co-polar H-H Diagram
Discriptor 1
Pattern
Discriptor 2
Pattern
Co-polar V-V Diagram Co-polar V-H Diagram
Discriptor 3
Pattern
Discriptor 4
Pattern
Cross-polar H-V Diagram Cross-polar H-H Diagram
Discriptor 5
Pattern
Discriptor 6
Pattern
Cross-polar V-V Diagram Cross-polar V-H Diagram
Discriptor 7
Pattern
Discriptor 8
4 0 1 0 360 0 0 1 0.5 ... 0 0 0 360 0 0 1 0.5 ...
1 1 0 360 0 0 1 0.5 ... 1 0 0 360 0 0 1 0.5 ...
4 0 1 0 360 0 0 1 0.5 ... 0 0 0 360 0 0 1 0.5 ...
1 1 0 360 0 0 1 0.5 ... 1 0 0 360 0 0 1 0.5 ...
- First and second entries: Third cross-polar diagram type = 1 1, for V-V diagram.
- Third entry: The elevation angle of the azimuth diagram.
- Fourth entry: The number of angle-attenuation pairs in the third cross-polar diagram. For example, 360.
Cross-polar V-V Diagram: Cross-polar V-V diagram (the first and second entries in the preceding descriptor are
- First and second entries: Fourth cross-polar diagram type = 1 0, for V-H diagram.
- Fourth entry: The number of angle-attenuation pairs in the fourth cross-polar diagram. For example, 360.
Cross-polar V-H Diagram: Cross-polar V-H diagram (the first and second entries in the preceding descriptor are
3.18.2 Import Format of Text Files Containing 3D Antenna Patterns
Text files containing 3D antenna patterns that may be imported in Atoll must have the following format:
Header: The text file may contain a header with additional information. When you import the antenna pattern you
can indicate the row number in the file where the header ends and the antenna pattern begins.
Antenna Pattern: Each row contains three values to describe the 3D antenna pattern. The columns containing
the values can be in any order:
- Azimuth: Allowed range of values is from 0to 360. The smallest increment allowed is 1.
- Tilt: Allowed range of values is from -90to 90or from 0to 180. The smallest increment allowed is 1.
- Attenuation: The attenuation in dB.
3.19 Microwave Antennas File Formats
You can import microwave antennas in from files in Planet microwave antenna and standard NSMA (National Spectrum
Managers Association) formats, which are described in the WG16.89.003 and WG16.99.050 recommendations. The
NSMA formats are described below.
3.19.1 NSMA Format: WG 16.89.003 Recommendation
3.19.1.1 File Description
The file is an ASCII text file with the following structure:
Field
Length
(Char)
Description
Antenna Manufacturer 30 Name under which the data was filed with the FCC
Antenna Model number 30 Full model number as used when the data was filed with the FCC
Comment 30 Field for comments on the current revision
FCC ID number 16 ID number issued by the Common Carrier Branch of the FCC
Reverse pattern ID number 16 This lists the reverse pattern FCC ID number
Date of data 16 Date referenced on the published pattern
Manufacturer ID Number 16 Reference number assigned by the antenna manufacturer.
Frequency range 16
This is to identify the full frequency range for which this pattern is valid and
agrees with the range as specified in the printed pattern. The frequency is
in Megahertz.
Mid-band gain 16 Gain of the antenna at mid-band (dBi)
Half-power beam width 16
This is the included angle centered on the main beam of the antenna and
defines the angle where the antenna response falls -3 dB
3.19.1.2 Sample
Polarization
+Space
+Data count
+Space
7
7
The data is preceded by an indication of the polarization the data. The
commonly accepted polarization designators for linear polarization are to
be used:
HH: Horizontal polarized port response to a horizontally polarized signal in
the horizontal direction.
HV: Horizontal polarized port response to a vertically polarized signal in the
horizontal direction.
VV: Vertical polarized port response to a vertically polarized signal in the
horizontal direction
VH: Vertical polarized port response to a horizontally polarized signal in
the horizontal direction
ELHH: Horizontal polarized port response to a horizontally polarized signal
in the vertical direction
ELHV: Horizontal polarized port response to a vertically polarized signal in
the vertical direction
ELVV: Vertical polarized port response to a vertically polarized signal in
ELVH: Vertical polarized port response to a horizontally polarized signal in
The data count will be the number of data points to follow.
All eight responses should be included. If different polarizations have
identical responses, they are to be duplicated in order that a full set of data
be listed.
Angle
+Space
+Antenna Response
+Space
7
7
Full compliment of data will show the antenna response in the horizontal
direction for a 'horizontal cut' and in the vertical direction for a 'vertical cut'.
The data is presented in two columns. The angle of observation is listed
first followed by the antenna response.
For the horizontal direction, the angle of observation starts from -180
degrees (defined as the left side of the antenna) and decrease in angle to
the main beam , 0 degrees, and then increase to +180 degrees. The full
data will cover the 360 degrees of the antenna.
For the vertical direction, the angle of observation starts from -5 (-90)
degrees (defined as the antenna response below the main beam) and
decrease in angle to the main beam, 0 degrees, and then increase to +5
(+90) degrees. The full data will cover the 10 (180) degrees centered about
the main beam.
The antenna response is listed as dB down from the main lobe response
and is shown as negative.
MARK ANTENNA PRODUCTS Inc.
MHP-100A120D
(none)
M15028
M15027
11-25-85
NONE
10700-11700 MHZ
48.4 dB
0.6 Deg
HH 39
-180 -88
-160 -88
-150 -90
-97 -90
-66 -70
...
160 -88
180 -88
HV 33
-180 -89
-170 -89
The file is an ASCII text file with the following structure:
...
180 -89
VV 39
-180 -88
-160 -88
...
150 -90
160 -88
180 -88
VH 33
-180 -89
-170 -89
-160 -90
...
180 -89
ELHH 7
-4 -36
-1.7 -30
...
4 -36
ELHV 11
-4.5 -63.4
...
4.5 -63.4
ELVV 7
-4 -36
...
4 -36
ELVH 11
-4.5 -63.4
...
4.5 -63.4
Field
Length
(Char)
Abbreviated
Name
Description
Revision Number 42 REVNUM Version of this standard to which the pattern conforms
Revision Date 16 REVDAT Date of the current revision of the standard
Comment1 80 COMNT1 Field for comments on the current revision
Comment2 80 COMNT2 Field for comments on the current revision
Antenna Manufacturer 42 ANTMAN Name of the antenna manufacturer
Model Number 42 MODNUM Full model number as used when the data was taken
Pattern ID Number 42 PATNUM NSMA ID number
Pattern File Number 13 FILNUM
Used when more than one file is associated with a specific
antenna model number.
This field will contain the particular file number and the
total number of files associated with that model number.
An example of such a case would be a dual band antenna
with two pattern files associated with it.
Feed Orientation 13 FEDORN
Orientation of the feed hook when looking from the back of
the antenna in the direction of the mechanical boresite
Description1 80 DESCR1 Used to describe the antenna and its characteristics
Date of data 16 DTDATA Date the pattern data was taken
Low Frequency (MHz) 21 LOWFRQ
Lower frequency of the operating bandwidth of the
antenna (MHertz). If the antenna can be operated in two
distinct frequency bands, then the performance of the
antenna in each band shall be described in separate files.
High Frequency (MHz) 21 HGHFRQ
Upper frequency of the operating bandwidth of the
antenna (MHertz). If the antenna can be operated in two
distinct frequency bands, then the performance of the
antenna in each band shall be described in separate files
Gain Units 15 GUNITS Gain unit
Low-band gain 12 LWGAIN
Gain of the antenna at the low frequency of the frequency
band. The gain is in units described in GUNITS
Mid-band gain 16 MDGAIN
Gain of the antenna at the mid frequency of the frequency
band and may include a full bandwidth tolerance. The gain
is in units described in GUNITS
High-band gain 12 HGGAIN
Gain of the antenna at high frequency of the frequency
band. The gain is in units described in GUNITS
Mid-band Az Bmwdth 16 AZWIDT
Nominal total width of the main beam at the -3 dB points in
the azimuth plane. This is a mid-band measurement
expressed in degrees and may include a full bandwidth
tolerance
Mid-band El Bmwdth 16 ELWIDT
Nominal total width of the main beam at the -3 dB points in
the elevation plane. This is a mid-band measurement
expressed in degrees and may include a full bandwidth
tolerance
Connector Type 80 CONTYP Description of the antenna connector type
VSWR 13 ATVSWR
Worst case limit of the antennas VSWR over the operating
bandwidth
Front-to-back Ratio(dB) 10 FRTOBA
Worst case power level in dB between the main lobe peak
and the peak of the antennas back lobe. The back lobe
peak does not necessarily point 180 degrees behind the
main lobe.
Electrical Downtilt (deg) 16 ELTILT
Amount that the main beam peak of the antenna (electrical
boresite) is dowtilted below the mechanical boresite of the
antenna. This is a midband measurement and may include
a tolerance. This measurement is expressed in degrees.
Radiation Center (m) 13 RADCTR
Height of the center of the radiating aperture above the
mechanical bottom of the antenna (m). It is not necessarily
the phase center of the antenna.
Port-to-Port Iso (dB) 12 POTOPO
Measurement made on dual polarization antennas. It is the
maximum amount of power over the antennas operating
bandwidth that is coupled between ports. It is the power
ratio (dB) between a reference signal injected into one port
and the amount of coupled power returned back out of the
other port.
Max Input Power (W) 17 MAXPOW
Maximum amount of average RF input power which can
be applied to each of the antennas input ports in the
antennas operating frequency range (Watts).
Antenna Length (m) 14 ANTLEN
Mechanical length of the antenna (m). This does not
include the antenna mount. For a circularly symmetric
parabolic antenna this would be the diameter.
Antenna Width (m) 14 ANTWID
Mechanical width of the antenna (m). This does not
include the antenna mount. For a circularly symmetric
parabolic antenna this would be the diameter.
Antenna Depth (m) 14 ANTDEP
Mechanical depth antenna (m). This does not include the
antenna mount.
3.19.2.2 Sample
Antenna Weight (kg) 16 ANTWGT
weight of the antenna in kg. This includes the antenna
mount.
Future Field 80 FIELD1
Pattern Type 16 PATTYP Pattern type, either typical or envelope.
# Freq this file 10 NOFREQ
The number of pattern frequencies which comprise the full
data set.
Pattern Freq (Mhz) 21 PATFRE Frequency of the pattern data for a typical pattern (MHz).
# Pattern cuts 11 NUMCUT Number of pattern cuts which comprise the full data set.
Pattern Cut 11 PATCUT Geometry of a particular pattern cut.
Polarization 15 POLARI
Particular polarization of a pattern cut. The first
polarization is the polarization of the antenna-under-test
and the second the polarization of the illuminating source.
The two polarizations are separated by a /.
# Data Points 13 NUPOIN
The number of data points in a particular pattern cut data
set.
First & Last Angle 25 FSTLST
The first and last angle (in degrees) of the antenna pattern
data.
Pattern data shall be expressed monotonically, with
respect to angle. Azimuths shall be stated as either 180
to +180 or 0 to 360 degrees.
X-axis Orientation 53 XORIEN
A verbal description of the physical orientation of the x-axis
on the antenna.
Y-axis Orientation 53 YORIEN
A verbal description of the physical orientation of the y-axis
on the antenna.
Z-axis Orientation 53 ZORIEN
A verbal description of the physical orientation of the z-axis
on the antenna.
Pattern cut data 28/point
The data is presented in three columns. The angle of
observation is listed first followed by the antenna
magnitude response and phase response. In most cases
the phase response will not be included in the data set. S
designates the sign of the number.
The antenna power magnitude is listed in the units
specified in the antenna units field (GUNITS).
The angle and phase data are expressed in units of
degrees.
End of file 11 ENDFIL
This field designates the end of the file with the characters
EOF
REVNUM:,NSMA WG16.99.050
REVDAT:,19990520
ANTMAN:,RADIO WAVES INC
MODNUM:,HP4-64
DESCR1:,4 FT LOW SIDELOBE ANTENNA
PATNUM:,9005
DTDATA:,20030807
LOWFRQ:,6425
HGHFRQ:,7125
GUNITS:,DBI/DBR
LWGAIN:,35.5
MDGAIN:,35.9
HGGAIN:,36.3
AZWIDT:,2.8
ELWIDT:,2.8
3.20 Microwave Equipment File Formats
enables you to import microwave equipment that are in standard NSMA (National Spectrum Managers Association)
format defined by the recommendation WG 21.99.051 or in Pathloss format (version 4.0). The NSMA format is described
below.
The file is an ASCII text file with the extension NSM. It consists of rows; each data item is placed on a separate row started
with the specific name of the item. The name and data items are separated with commas (,). Each text field is enclosed in
double quotes (). Numeric values are not enclosed with quotes and must not contain any embedded commas.
The file has the following structure:
ELTILT:,0
ANTLEN:,1.2,
PATTYP:,ENVELOPE,
NOFREQ:,NA,
PATFRE:,NA,
NUMCUT:,4,
PATCUT:,AZ,
POLARI:,H/H,
NUPOIN:,29,
FSTLST:,-180,180
-180,-60,
-100,-60,
-51,-42.3,
...
PATCUT:,AZ,
POLARI:,H/V,
NUPOIN:,11,
FSTLST:,-180,180
-180,-60,
-22,-60,
...
PATCUT:,AZ,
POLARI:,V/V,
NUPOIN:,33,
FSTLST:,-180,180
-180,-60,
...
PATCUT:,AZ,
POLARI:,V/H,
NUPOIN:,11,
FSTLST:,-180,180
-180,-60,
...
ENDFIL:,EOF,
Row Description
"$HDR", File type, "$"
File header. The file type indicates the data contained, the format and
the version of the format. For version 1.0 of the Equipment format, this
value must be EQUIP1.0.
"EQUIP_MFG", Equipment manufacturer Manufacturer with no abbreviations
"MFG_MODEL", Model number Manufacturer model number
"REV_NUM", Document revision number Document revision number - Not used by Atoll
"REV_DATE", Document revision date Document revision date - Date format: yyyy-mm-dd - Not used by Atoll
"RADIO_ID", Radio ID number Radio identification - Not used by Atoll
"FCC_CODE", FCC code FCC code - Not used by Atoll
"EQ_DATE", Equipment data date
Date equipment data was recorded by manufacturer - Date format:
mm-dd-yyyy - Not used by Atoll
"EMISSION", Emission designator Code designating the bandwidth and modulation type
"MAX_LOADING", Number of circuits Number of voice circuits
"DATA_RATE", Data rate Payload data rate in Mbits/s
"RADIO_CAP", Number of lines, Signal
standard
Radio capacity - The Number of Lines is the number of installed DS1s,
DS3s, etc. The Signal Standard is a text field for the type of interface
(e.g., DS3)
"MODULATION", Modulation type Type of modulation
"DEVIATION", Deviation Frequency deviation in kHz (analog radio only) - Not used by Atoll
"FREQ_RANGE", Low frequency, High
frequency
Frequency range in MHz over which this radio model works
"POWER_OPTION", Power #1, Power #2,
etc.,
Transmit power options in dBm (when discrete power levels are
available)
"POWER_RANGE", Transmit power low,
Transmit power high
Transmit power range in dBm with adjustable power levels
"STABILITY", Carrier stability
Tolerance of transmitter output frequency expressed as a percent of
carrier frequency - Not used by Atoll
"ATPC_POWER", Power reduction ATPC power reduction in dB
"ATPC_STEP", Step size
ATPC step size in dB when power increases to compensate for
reduction in receive level- Not used by Atoll
"ATPC_TRIG", Receiver level Receiver level in dBm at which ATPC first activates - Not used by Atoll
"THRESH_DIG", Threshold for 10
-6
BER,
Threshold for 10
-3
BER
Receiver threshold in dBm at the specified thresholds (digital radio
only)
"THRESH_ANA", Threshold for 30dB analog
signal-to-noise level, Threshold for 37dB
analog signal-to-noise level
Receiver threshold in dBm at the specified thresholds (analog radio
only) - Not used by Atoll
"BRANCHING", Configuration, Transmitter
loss, Main receiver loss, Protect receiver loss
System configuration and branching losses in dB
Configuration may be:NP = not protected; MHSB = monitored hot
standby; MHSD = monitored hot space diversity; FD = frequency
diversity diversity; 1:M = multiline
"MAX_RSL", Overflow threshold for 10
-6
BER,
Overflow threshold for 10
-3
BER
Maximum receive level in dBm (overflow threshold)
"DFM", DFM for 10
-6
BER, DFM for 10
-3
BER
Dispersive fade margin (dB) at the specified BER (digital radio only) -
Not used by Atoll
"TX_SPECTRUM", Number of points Number of points used to define the transmitter mask graph
"CURVE_POINT", Frequency shift in MHz,
Response in dBm/4Hz
Data points of the transmitter mask graph
"TX_FILTER", Not used by Atoll
"FCC_BANDWIDTH", FCC bandwidth
FCC channel bandwidth in MHz used to calculate the FCC spectrum
mask - Not used by Atoll
"99%_BANDWIDTH", 99%power bandwidth
Bandwidth occupied by the transmitter in MHz (including 99% of the
transmitted power)
"3DB_BANDWIDTH", 3dB bandwidth
Bandwidth occupied by the transmitter in MHz (between the 3dB
points) - Not used by Atoll
"T/T_FREQ_SEP", Same
Antenna&Polarization, Same Antenna &
Different Polarization, Different Antenna &
Polarization
Minimum required frequency separation between two transmitters in
MHz - Not used by Atoll
"T/R_FREQ_SEP", Same
Antenna&Polarization, Same Antenna &
Different Polarization, Different Antenna &
Polarization
Minimum required frequency separation between the closest
transmitter and receiver in MHz - Not used by Atoll
3.20.1.2 Sample
"T/R_FIXED", T/R spacing #1, T/R spacing #2,
etc.,
Some radios only allow fixed transmit-receive frequency separations. If
applicable, show all allowable frequency separations in MHz - Not
used by Atoll
"T/I_LIKE", Number of points
Number of points used to define the Threshold-to-Interference (T/I)
graph. The interfering transmitter and victim receiver are the same
type of radio, using the same modulation and data rate.
Response in dB
Data points of the T/I graph
"T/I_CW", Number of points
Number of points used to define the Threshold-to-Interference (T/I)
graph. The interfering transmitter is a CW tone and the victim receiver
is a digital radio. This T/I curve is used to model FM transmitters
interfering into digital receivers - Not used by Atoll
Response in dB
Data points of the T/I graph - Not used by Atoll
"T/I_OTHER", RADIO_ID, Interferor
Bandwidth, Number of points
Other capacity radio into specified radio
RADIO_ID refers to the Radio Identification of the interfering
transmitter.
Interferor Bandwidth shall correspond to the FCC or ITU emission
bandwidth of the interferor, specified as a real number in MHz.
Response in dB
Data points of the T/I graph
"BB_FREQ", Low frequency, High frequency
Baseband frequency range in kHz (analog radio only) - Not used by
Atoll
"RX_RF_FILTER", Number of points Number of points used to define the receiver mask graph
Response in dB
Data points of the receiver mask graph
"RX_IF_FILTER", Number of points Not used by Atoll
Response in dB
Not used by Atoll
"IF_FILTER_EXT", Switch-on point, Number
of points
Not used by Atoll
Response in dB
Not used by Atoll
"RX_BB_FILTER", Number of points Not used by Atoll
Response in dB
Not used by Atoll
"COM_COUNT", Number of comments Number of comments
"COMMENT", Description #1 Comment
"COMMENT", Description #2 Comment
"COMMENT", Description #n Comment
"$TLR", File type, "$"
File trailer. The file type indicates the data contained, the format and
the version of the format. For version 1.0 of the Equipment format, this
value must be EQUIP1.0.
"$HDR", "EQUIP1.0", "$"
"EQUIP_MFG", "Alcatel USA"
"MFG_MODEL", "MDR-6706-8"
"REV_NUM", "Version 1.0"
"REV_DATE", "03-01-1999"
"RADIO_ID", "JF6-9406"
"FCC_CODE",
"EQ_DATE", "02-24-1999"
"EMISSION", "2M50D7W"
"MAX_LOADING", 192
"DATA_RATE", 12.4
"RADIO_CAP", 8, "DS1"
"MODULATION", "128 TCM"
"DEVIATION",
"FREQ_RANGE", 5850, 7125
"POWER_OPTION", 15, 29, 31
"POWER_RANGE"
"STABILITY", 0.001
"ATPC_POWER", 10
"ATPC_STEP", 1
"ATPC_TRIG", -65
"THRESH_DIG", -79, -81
"THRESH_ANA"
"BRANCHING", "Non-Protected", 0, 0
"BRANCHING", "Monitored Hot-Standby", 0, 0.5, 10
"MAX_RSL", -10, -8
"DFM", 68, 70
"TX_SPECTRUM", 25
"CURVE_POINT", -3.12, -85.65
...
"CURVE_POINT", 3.12, -85.51
"TX_FILTER", 0
"FCC_BANDWIDTH", 2.5
"99%_BANDWIDTH", 2.48
"3DB_BANDWIDTH", 2.08
"T/T_FREQ_SEP", 49, 2.5, 28
"T/R_FREQ_SEP", 132, 105, 33
"T/R_FIXED"
"T/I_LIKE", 171
"CURVE_POINT", -125.000, -130.7
...
"CURVE_POINT", 125.000, -133.0
"T/I_CW", 171
"CURVE_POINT", -125.000, -152.9
...
"CURVE_POINT", 125.000, -143.0
"T/I_OTHER", "", 0, 0
"BB_FREQ"
"RX_RF_FILTER", 68
"CURVE_POINT", -125, -113.7
...
"CURVE_POINT", 125, -110.5
"RX_IF_FILTER", 0
"IF_FILTER_EXT", 0
"RX_BB_FILTER", 0
"COM_COUNT", 1
"COMMENT", "T/I Data for 6.425-7.125 GHz band"
"$TLR", "EQUIP1.0", "$"
Chapter 4
Calculations
Chapter 4: Calculations
4 Calculations
4.1 Geographic Data Estimation
4.1.1 Ground Altitude Determination
Atoll determines reception and transmission site altitude from Digital Terrain Model map. The method used to evaluate
site altitude is based on a bilinear interpolation. It is described below.
Let us suppose a site S located inside a bin. Atoll knows the altitudes of four bin vertices, S1, S1, S2 and S2, from the
DTM file (Centre of each DTM pixel).
1
st
step: Atoll draws a vertical line through S. This line respectively intersects (S1,S1) and (S2, S2) lines at S1 and S2.
2
nd
step: Atoll determines the S1 and S2 altitudes using a linear interpolation method.
3
rd
step: Atoll performs a second linear interpolation to evaluate the S altitude.
4.1.2 Clutter Determination
Some propagation models need clutter class and clutter height as information at receiver or along a transmitter-receiver
profile.
4.1.2.1 Clutter Class
Atoll uses clutter classes file to determine the clutter class.
Figure 4.1Ground Altitude Determination - 1
4.1.2.2 Clutter Height
To evaluate the clutter height, Atoll uses clutter heights file if available in the .atl document; clutter height of a site is the
height of the nearest point in the file.
Example: Let us suppose a site S. In the clutter heights file, Atoll reads clutter heights of four points around the site, S1,
S1, S2 and S2. Here, the nearest point to S is S2; therefore Atoll takes the S2 clutter height as clutter height of S.
If you do not have any clutter height file, Atoll takes clutter height information in clutter classes file. In this case, clutter
height is an average height related to a clutter class.
4.1.2.3 Profile Resolution: Multi-Resolution Management
Geographic profile resolution depends on resolution of geographic data used by the propagation model (DTM and/or
clutter).
Example 1: Microwave Links propagation model is used for calculations. A DTM map with a 40 m resolution and
a clutter heights map with a 20 m resolution are available.
Both DTM and clutter maps are considered when using the Microwave Links propagation model . Therefore, here,
the profile resolution will be 20 m. It means that Atoll will extract geographic information, ground altitude and
clutter height, every 20 m. To get ground altitude every 20m, Atoll uses the bilinear interpolation method described
in "Ground Altitude Determination" on page 57. Clutter heights are read from the clutter heights map. Atoll takes
the clutter height of the nearest point every 20m (see Path loss calculations: Clutter determination).
Example 2: Microwave Links propagation model is used for calculations. A DTM map with a 40 m resolution and
a clutter classes map with a 20 m resolution are available. No clutter height file has been imported in .atl document.
Both DTM and clutter maps are considered when using the Microwave Links propagation model . Therefore, here,
the profile resolution will be 20 m. It means that Atoll will extract geographic information, ground altitude and
clutter height, every 20 m. To get ground altitude every 20 m, Atoll uses the bilinear interpolation method
described in "Ground Altitude Determination" on page 57. Atoll uses the clutter classes map to determine clutter
height. Every 20 m, it determines clutter class and takes associated average height.
4.2 Microwave Propagation Model
The microwave propagation model is used to compute the total loss along the propagation path. The path is defined by
the positions of the transmitter site and the receiver site, their antenna heights, and the terrain profile between them.
4.2.1 Path Length
The total length is calculated along the great-circle as follows:
is the total height (DTM + antenna height) of each extremity.
Figure 4.5Clutter Height
Notes:
The selected profile resolution does not depend on the geographic layer order. In the last
example, whatever the DTM file order you choose, profile resolution will always be 25m.
On the other hand, the geographic layer order will influence the usage of data to establish
the profile.
dkm
nang
2
4.10
8
t
2
-------------------------------------- zkm
1
zkm
2
( )
2
+
\ .
|
| |
=
zkm
i
nang o
2
|
2
l ati tude
1
( ) cos l ati tude
2
( ) cos + ( ) =
where
and , , .
4.2.2 Profile Extraction
The profile is extracted from DTM and clutter files. The points along the profile are regularly spaced at , which is:
Where,
is the path length along the great circle.
n is the number of points of the profile. n is given by : .
Step is the min. resolution of the files (see "Profile Resolution: Multi-Resolution Management" on page 58).
4.2.3 Propagation Loss
The microwave propagation model considers the following losses:
Free space loss,
Diffraction loss,
Atmospheric loss,
Tropospheric scatter loss,
4.2.3.1 Free Space Loss
calculates (in dB).
with,
K
1
: constant offset (dB).
K
2
: multiplicative factor for log(d)
d: distance between the receiver and the transmitter sites (km)
K
3
: multiplicative factor for log(f)
f: frequency of transmission (MHz)
The default values for K
1
, K
2
and K
3
coefficients are respectively set to 32.4, 20 and 20. Therefore, is equal to
free space loss ( ).

o
R
mi n
2
R
max
R
moy
---------------------------------
R
mi n
R
max
-------------
l ati ( ) sin
l ati ( ) cos
------------------------
\ .
| |
atan
\ .
| |
cos
l ati ( ) cos
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\ .
|
|
|
| |
3
l ati tude
1
l ati tude
2
=
|
R
max
R
moy
-------------
R
mi n
R
max
-------------
l ati ( ) sin
l ati ( ) cos
------------------------
\ .
| |
atan
\ .
| |
cos
l ati ( ) cos
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\ .
|
|
|
| |
3
l ongi tude
1
l ongi tude
2
=
l ati
l ati tude
1
l ati tude
2
+
2
--------------------------------------------------------- =
R
mi n
6356.912 km = R
moy
6366.2 km = R
max
6378.388 km =
Note:
Clutter heights at the transmitter and the receiver are always equal to 0.
o
o
Total Length
n 1 ( )
-------------------------------------- =
Total Length
n l ong
Total Length
Step 1 + ( )
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
Note:
In case of a link (AB) with one or two repeaters (P and Q), calculates free space loss for
each section of the link (AP, PQ and QB) and then, considers the sum.
L
model 1
L
model 1
K
1
K
2
d ( ) log K
3
f ( ) log + + =
L
model 1
L
b0
L
b0
32.4 20 f ( ) log 20 d ( ) log + + =
4.2.3.2 Diffraction Loss
General method for one or more obstacles (knife-edge diffraction) is used to evaluate diffraction losses ( ) (dB) over the
transmitter-receiver profile. Six construction methods are implemented in :
Deygout
Epstein Peterson
Deygout with correction (ITU 526-5)
Millington
ITU 452-11
Full Deygout (introduced in 2.5.1)
All of the construction methods are based on the same physical principle but differ in the way they consider one or several
obstacles.
According to the selected option in the Parameters tab of the models properties dialog, i.e., Use Clutter Heights = Yes or
No, you can consider the following along the transmitter-receiver profile:
Ground altitude and clutter height (Consider heights in diffraction option),
In this case, uses clutter height information from clutter heights files if available in the .atl document. Otherwise,
it considers average clutter height specified for each clutter class in the clutter classes file description.
Or, only ground altitude.
4.2.3.2.1 Refractivity Factor
All methods except the Millington method use the refractivity coefficient k as a user input. The refractive index in the
troposphere drops gradually with the altitude and the resulting refraction causes the radio horizon to appear 1.33 times
further than the geographic horizon. The refractivity coefficient can be defined in the Link analysis window or in the
Analysis tab of the Microwave Radio Links folders properties dialog.
4.2.3.2.2 Knife-Edge Diffraction
The procedure checks whether a knife-edge obstructs the first Fresnel zone constructed between the transmitter and the
receiver. The diffraction loss, J(v), depends on the obstruction parameter (v), which corresponds to the ratio of the
obstruction height (h) and the radius of the Fresnel zone (R).
where,
n is the Fresnel zone index,
c
0
is the speed of light (2.99792 x10
8
ms
-1
),
f is the frequency in Hz
d
1
is the distance from the transmitter to obstacle in m,
d
2
is the distance from obstacle to receiver in m.
We have:
where,
h is the obstruction height (height from the obstacle top to the Tx-Rx axis).
L
d
Figure 4.6Knife-Edge Diffraction
R
c
0
n d
1
d
2

f d
1
d
2
+ ( )
---------------------------------- =
v
h
r
--- =
r
R
2
------- =
Hence,
For 1 knife-edge method, if ,
Else,
4.2.3.2.3 3 Knife-Edge Deygout Method
The Deygout construction, limited to a maximum of three edges, is applied to the entire profile from transmitter to receiver.
This method is used to evaluate path loss incurred by multiple knife-edges. Deygout method is based on a hierarchical
knife-edge sorting used to distinguish the main edges, which induce the largest losses, and secondary edges, which have
a lesser effect. The edge hierarchy depends on the obstruction parameter (v) value.
1 Obstacle
A straight line between transmitter and receiver is drawn and the height of the obstacle above the Tx-Rx axis, h
i
, is
calculated. The obstruction position, d
i
, is also recorded. v
i
are evaluated from these data. The point with the highest v
value is termed the principal edge, p, and the corresponding loss is J(vp).
Therefore, we have
3 Obstacles
Then, the main edge (point p) is considered as a secondary transmitter or receiver. Therefore, the profile is divided in two
parts: one half profile, between the transmitter and the knife-edge section, another half, constituted by the knife-edge-
receiver section.
The same procedure is repeated on each half profile to determine the edge with the higher v. The two obstacles found,
(points t and r), are called secondary edges. Losses induced by the secondary edges, J(v
t
) and J(v
r
), are then calculated.
Once the edge hierarchy is determined, the total loss is evaluated by adding all the intermediary losses obtained.
Note:
In case of multiple-knife edge method, the minimum required to estimate diffraction loss
is -0.78.
v 0.7 > J v ( ) 6.9 20 v 0.1 ( )
2
1 + v 0.1 ( ) + ( ) log + =
J v ( ) 0 =
v
Figure 4.7Deygout Construction 1 Obstacle
Figure 4.8Deygout Construction 3 Obstacles
Di ffracti onLoss J v
P
( ) =
Therefore, if
we have
Otherwise, If ,
4.2.3.2.4 Epstein-Peterson Method
The Epstein-Peterson construction is limited to a maximum of three edges. First, Deygout construction is applied to
determine the three main edges over the whole profile as described above. Then, the main edge height, h
p
, is recalculated
according to the Epstein-Peterson construction. h
p
is the height above a straight line connecting t and r points. The main
edge position d
p
is recorded and v
p
and J(v
p
) are evaluated from these data.
Therefore, we have
4.2.3.2.5 Deygout Method with Correction
The Deygout method with correction (ITU 526-5) is based on the Deygout construction (3 obstacles) plus an empirical
correction, C.
Therefore, If ,
we have
Otherwise
4.2.3.2.6 Millington Method
The Millington construction, limited to a single edge, is applied over the entire profile. Two horizon lines are drawn at the
transmitter and at the receiver. A straight line between the transmitter and the receiver is defined and the height of the
intersection point between the two horizon lines above the Tx-Rx axis, h
h
, is calculated. The position d
h
is recorded and
then, from these values, v
h
and J(v
h
) are evaluated using the same previous formulas.
Therefore, we have
v
P
0 >
P
( ) J v
t
( ) J v
r
( ) + + =
v
P
0.7 > Di ffracti onLoss J v
P
( ) =
Figure 4.9Epstein-Peterson Construction
P
( ) J v
t
( ) J v
r
( ) + + =
v
P
0 >
P
( ) J v
t
( ) J v
r
( ) C + + + =
P
( ) C + =
Figure 4.10Millington Construction
h
( ) =
4.2.3.2.7 Full Deygout Method
According to the profile and antenna heights, diffraction can be classified as:
Line of sight: full Fresnel ellipsoid clearance
Trans-horizon: optical path is obstructed
Sub-diffraction: line-of sight with no full Fresnel ellipsoid clearance.
Standard Deygout Algorithm searches the main obstacle which obstructs the optical path. Whenever such an obstacle
exists, two other obstacles are searched:
Between Tx and this main obstacle
Between this main obstacle and Rx
The 3 losses are added. Only the main peak is drawn on the profile and the loss is the sum of the 3 peaks. If the main
obstacle does not obstruct the optical path but just penetrates the Fresnel Ellipsoid, the 2 secondary obstacles are not
taken into account.
Full Deygout algorithm always adds the secondary obstacles losses. Sub-diffraction case is more precisely computed with
this method compared to Standard Deygout algorithm.
So, in the full Deygout method, for any "sufficient" , .
Remember that for each case above (standard and full Deygout methods), penetrating the Fresnel Ellipsoid means that
the distance between the earth (DTM + clutter height) and the optical path is less than 60% of the Fresnel ellipsoid radius
at this point.
4.2.3.2.8 ITU 452-11 Recommendation
The ITU-R P.452 recommendations are used to evaluate the microwave interference between links. Various losses which
do not affect the useful signal are taken into account and described in "Link Budget and Interference Analysis" on page 73.
Diffraction loss calculation between an interfering transmitter and a victim receiver is slightly different from the other
methods described above. The excess diffraction loss Ld is computed by the standard Deygout method combined with a
log-normal distribution of loss between 50% and 0 as follows:
Where,
is Deygout diffraction loss computed with k = 1.4
is Deygout diffraction loss computed with k = 3
is an interpolation factor based on an approximation of a log-normal distribution, , computed as described in
Appendix 4 of the ITU452-11 Recommendation:
Point of incidence of anomalous propagation, , for the centre of the path is determined using,
where,
: path centre latitude (degrees).
The parameter depends on the degree to which the path is above land (inland or coastal) and water. It is given by,
where
And, ,
where:
: longest continuous land (inland coastal) section of the great-circle path (km)
: longest continuous inland section of the great-circle path (km).
and
v
P
0.7 v
p
< ( ) Di ffracti onLoss J v
P
( ) J v
t
( ) J v
r
( ) + + =
Ld Ld_50 F
i
Ld_50 Ld_|
0
( ) =
Ld_50
Ld_|
0
F
i
l x ( )
F
i
l p 100 ( )
l |
0
100 ( )
-------------------------- =
|
0
% ( )
|
0
10
0.015 m 1.67 +
u
1
u
4
% for m 70 s ( )
4.17u
1
u
4
% for m 70 > ( )
=
m
u
1
u
1
10
d
t m
16 6.6t
------------------------
10
0.496 0.354t + ( )
( )
5
+
0.2
= u
1
1 s
t 1 e
4.12 10
4
d
l m
2.41
( )
=
d
tm
d
l m
u
4
10
0.935 0.0176 m + ( )Logu
1
% for m 70 s
10
0.3Logu
1
% for m 70 >
=
Currently, uses the total length of the path for both and .
4.2.3.3 Atmospheric Loss
Atmospheric loss, , is calculated as follows:
Where:
is the length of the link (km)
is a specific attenuation due to dry air
This formula is an approximate estimation of gaseous attenuation given by Rec ITU-R P.676-3 when , at sea
level at a temperature of 15C. In this formula, is in GHz.
is a specific attenuation due to vapour.
This formula is an approximate estimation of gaseous attenuation given by Rec ITU-R P.676-3 for , at sea
level at a temperature of 15C. In this formula, is in GHz.
is the water-vapour density set by the user in the geoclimatic properties of the link being analysed.
4.2.3.4 Tropospheric Scatter Loss
Five methods can be used to calculate tropospheric scatter loss ( ):
ITU-R P.617-1 (50%)
ITU-R P.617-1 (90%)
ITU-R P.617-1 (99.9%)
ITU-R P.452 (50%)
Simplified Method
4.2.3.4.1 ITU-R P.617-1
(dB) is calculated as follows:
Where
is a meteorologic parameter depending on climate
is the frequency (MHz)
is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver sites (Km)
is the path angular distance (mrad)
is a meteorologic parameter depending on climate
(Km)
(Km)
is the earth radius (6370 Km)
: the factor k (4/3)
is the decoupling loss (dB)
d
tm
d
l m
L
a
L
a

0

w
p ( ) + ( ) d =
d
0
7.27
f
2
0.351 +
-------------------------
7.5
f 57 ( )
2
2.44 +
---------------------------------------- + f
2 3
10 =
f 57GHz s
f
w
p f
2 4
10
3.27
2
10 1.67 +
3
10 p 7.7
4
10 f
0.5
3.79
f 22.235 ( )
2
9.81 +
--------------------------------------------------- + +
+
11.73
f 183.31 ( )
2
11.85 +
-------------------------------------------------------
4.01
f 325.153 ( )
2
10.44 +
---------------------------------------------------------- +
=
f 350GHz s
f
p g m
3
( )
L
bs
L
bs
L
bs
M 30 f ( ) 10 d ( ) 30 u ( ) L
N
L +
c
G
Tx
G
Rx
Y q ( ) + log + log + log + =
M
f
d
u
L
N
20 5 H + ( ) 4.34 h + log =
H
10
3
d u
4
--------------------------- =
h
10
6
k a u
2

8
------------------------------------- =
a
k
L
c
is the transmitter antenna gain (dB)
is the receiver antenna gain (dB)
is the conversion factor for non excess percents different from 50% (dB)
is the percentage of time for which particular values of tropospheric scatter loss are not exceeded.
Where ds is the effective distance in Km,
4.2.3.4.2 ITU-R P. 452
Where
is loss depending on the frequency:
is the frequency in Mhz
is the angular distance between the ray from the transmitter to its horizon and the ray from the receiver to its horizon
(mrad)
is the average refractivity extrapolated to sea level (N-Units)
Climate
M
(dB)

( )
Y(50) Y(90) Y(99.99)
0- Polar Dry 33.2 0.27 0
1- Polar Moderate 29.73 0.27 0
2- Cold Dry 33.2 0.27 0
3- Cold Moderate 29.73 0.27 0
4- Temperate Maritime 26 0.27 0
5- Temperate Continental Dry 33.2 0.27 0
6- Temperate Continental Moderate 33.2 0.27 0
7- Temperate Continental Wet 33.2 0.27 0 Graph 3
8- Subtropical Wet 19.3 0.32 0 Graph 2
9- Subtropical Arid 38.5 0.27 0 Graph 3
10- Tropical Moderate 19.3 0.32 0 Graph 2
11- Tropical 39.6 0.33 0 Graph 1
ds Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3
<100 0 0 0
100 -8 -11 -12.5
200 -7 -13 -10
300 -5.3 -11.5 -7.8
400 -4.5 -9 -6
500 -4 -8.7 -4.5
600 -3.9 -8.5 -4
700 -3.6 -8.5 -4
800 -3.5 -8.5 -4
>=900 -3.4 -8.5 -4
L
c
G
Tx
G
Rx
L
ant
+ =
G
Tx
G
Rx
Y q ( )
q
Km
1
2.2 8.1 2.3 10
4
f ( )e
0.137h
2.9 Y 90 ( )
2.2 8.1 2.3 10
4
f ( )e
0.137h
2.9 Y 90 ( )
2.2 8.1 2.3 10
4
f ( )e
0.137h
2.9 Y 90 ( )
2.2 8.1 2.3 10
4
f ( )e
0.137h
2.9 Y 90 ( )
9.5 3e
0.137h
2.9 Y 90 ( )
2.2 8.1 2.3 10
4
f ( )e
0.137h
2.9 Y 90 ( )
2.2 8.1 2.3 10
4
f ( )e
0.137h
2.9 Y 90 ( )
2.9 Y 90 ( )
2.9 Y 90 ( )
2.9 Y 90 ( )
2.9 Y 90 ( )
2.9 Y 90 ( )
ds
u a k
1000
------------------ =
L
bs
L
bs
190 L
f
20 d log 0.573u 0.15N
0
L
c
L
a
+ + + + + =
L
f
L
f
25 f log 2.5 f 2 log ( )
2
=
f
d
u
N
0
is the decoupling loss (dB)
is the transmitter antenna gain (dB)
is the receiver antenna gain (dB)
is the total attenuation (Tx and Rx) which takes into account the direction of the two antennas, the polarization of the
transmitter and the polarization of the receiver (dB).
is the gaseous absorption loss (dB)
For further information on calculating , see "Atmospheric Loss" on page 64.
4.2.3.4.3 Simplified Method
Where
is the frequency in Mhz
is the angular distance between the ray from the transmitter to its horizon and the ray from the receiver to its horizon
(radian).
If ,
If ,
If ,
is the average refractivity extrapolated to sea level (N-Units)
is the transmitter site height (Km)
is the receiver site height (Km)
4.3 Antenna Attenuation Calculation
The modelling method used to evaluate transmitter antenna attenuation, , is described below. Atoll calculates the
accurate azimuth and tilt angles and then, performs a 3-D interpolation of horizontal and vertical patterns to determine the
attenuation of antenna.
Furthermore, you will find explanations about the remote electrical downtilt modelling.
4.3.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles
From the direction of the transmitter antenna and the receiver position relative to the transmitter, Atoll determines the
receiver position relative to the direction of the transmitter antenna (i.e. the direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the
transmitter antenna coordinate system).
a
Tx
and e
Tx
are respectively the transmitter (Tx) antenna azimuth and tilt in the coordinate system .
a
Rx
and e
Rx
are respectively the azimuth and tilt of the receiver (Rx) in the coordinate system .
d is the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx).
L
c
L
c
G
Tx
G
Rx
L
ant
+ =
G
Tx
G
Rx
L
ant
L
a
L
a
L
bs
L
bs
30 f log 20 d log F u d N
s
. ( ) + =
f
d
F u d N
s
. ( ) F u d ( ) 0.1 N
s
301 ( ) e
ud
40
----------
=
u
0.01 u s d 10 < F u d ( ) 135.82 0.33u d 30 u d ( ) log + + =
10 u s d 70 < F u d ( ) 129.5 0.212u d 37.5 u d ( ) log + + =
70 u s d F u d ( ) 119.2 0.157u d 45 u d ( ) log + + =
N
s
1
2
--- N
0
e
0.1057h
T
e
0.1057h
R
+ ( ) =
N
0
h
T
h
R
L
antTx
S
0
x y z . . ( )
S
0
x y z . . ( )
In the coordinate system , the receiver coordinates are:
(1)
Let az and el respectively be the azimuth and tilt of the receiver in the transmitter antenna coordinate system
. These angles describe the direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate
system. Therefore, the receiver coordinates in are:
(2)
According to the figure above, we have the following relations:
(3)
and
(4)
Therefore, the relation between the system and the transmitter antenna system is:
(5)
We get,
(6)
Then, substituting the receiver coordinates in the system S
0
from Eq. (1) and the receiver coordinates in the system S
Tx
from Eq. (2) in Eq. (6) leads to a system where two solutions are possible:
1
st
solution: If , then and
Figure 4.11Azimuth and Tilt Computation
S
0
x y z . . ( )
x
Rx
y
Rx
z
Rx
e
Rx
( ) cos a
Rx
( ) sin d
e
Rx
( ) cos a
Rx
( ) cos d
e
Rx
( ) sin d
=
S
Tx
x'' y'' z'' . . ( )
S
Tx
x'' y'' z'' . . ( )
x''
Rx
y''
Rx
z''
Rx
el ( ) cos az ( ) sin d
el ( ) cos az ( ) cos d
el ( ) sin d
=
x'
y'
z'
a
Tx
( ) cos a
Tx
( ) sin 0
a
Tx
( ) sin a
Tx
( ) cos 0
0 0 1
x
y
z
- =
x''
y''
z''
1 0 0
0 e
Tx
( ) cos e
Tx
( ) sin
0 e
Tx
( ) sin e
Tx
( ) cos
x'
y'
z'
- =
S
0
x y z . . ( ) S
Tx
x'' y'' z'' . . ( )
x''
y''
z''
1 0 0
0 e
Tx
( ) cos e
Tx
( ) sin
0 e
Tx
( ) sin e
Tx
( ) cos
a
Tx
( ) cos a
Tx
( ) sin 0
a
Tx
( ) sin a
Tx
( ) cos 0
0 0 1
-
x
y
z
- =
x''
y''
z''
a
Tx
( ) cos a
Tx
( ) sin 0
e
Tx
( ) cos a
Tx
( ) sin e
Tx
( ) cos a
Tx
( ) cos e
Tx
( ) sin
e
Tx
( ) sin a
Tx
( ) sin e
Tx
( ) sin a
Tx
( ) cos e
Tx
( ) cos
x
y
z
- =
a
Rx
a
Tx
= az 0 = el e
Rx
e
Tx
=
2
nd
solution: If , then
and
If , then
4.3.2 Antenna Pattern 3-D Interpolation
The direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate system is given by angle values, az and
el. Atoll considers these values in order to determine transmitter antenna attenuations in the horizontal and vertical
patterns. It reads the attenuation H(az) in the horizontal pattern for the calculated azimuth angle az and the attenuation
V(el) in the vertical pattern for the calculated tilt angle el. Then, it calculates the antenna total attenuation, .
4.3.3 Additional Electrical Downtilt Modelling
The additional electrical downtilt, AEDT, also referred to as remote electrical downtilt or REDT, introduces a conical
transformation of the 3-D antenna pattern in the vertical axis. In order to take it into account, the vertical pattern is
transformed as follows:
when
when
Where, the angle values are in degrees.
The vertical pattern transformation is represented below. The left picture shows the initial vertical pattern when there is no
electrical downtilt and the right one shows the vertical pattern transformation due to an electrical downtilt of 10.
Then, Atoll proceeds as explained in the previous section. It determines the antenna attenuation in the transformed
vertical pattern for the calculated tilt angle (V(el)) and applies the 3-D interpolation formula in order to calculate the antenna
total attenuation, .
a
Rx
a
Tx
=
az
1
e
Tx
( ) cos
a
Rx
a
Tx
( ) tan
--------------------------------------
e
Tx
( ) sin e
Rx
( ) tan
a
Rx
a
Tx
( ) sin
-------------------------------------------------- +
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ atan =
el az ( ) sin
e
Tx
( ) sin
a
Rx
a
Tx
( ) tan
--------------------------------------
e
Tx
( ) cos e
Rx
( ) tan
a
Rx
a
Tx
( ) sin
---------------------------------------------------- +
)
`

atan =
az ( ) sin a
Rx
a
Tx
( ) sin 0 < az az 180 + =
Notes:
Atoll assumes that the horizontal and vertical patterns are two cross-sections of the 3-D
pattern. In other words, the description of the antenna pattern must satisfy the following:
H(0)=V(0) and H(180)=V(180)
In case of an electrical tilt, o, the horizontal pattern is a conical section with a o degrees
elevation off the horizontal plane. Here, horizontal and vertical patterns must satisfy the
following:
H(0)=V(o) and H(180)=V(180-o)
If the constraints listed above are satisfied, this implies that:
1. Interpolated horizontal and vertical patterns respectively fit in with the entered horizontal
and vertical patterns, even in case of electrical tilt,
2. The contribution of both the vertical pattern back and front parts are taken into account.
Otherwise, only the second point is guaranteed.
The above interpolation is performed in dBs.
Angle values in formulas are stated in degrees.
The above interpolation is not used in case the transmitter antenna has a 3-D antenna
pattern.
L
antTx
az el . ( )
L
antTx
az el . ( ) H az ( )
180 az
180
------------------------- H 0 ( ) V el ( ) ( )
az
180
---------- H 180 ( ) V 180 el ( ) ( ) + =
V x ( ) V x AEDT ( ) = x 90 90 [ , ] e
V x ( ) V x AEDT + ( ) = x 90 270 [ , ] e
L
antTx
az el . ( )
4.4 Antenna Diameter Calculation
automatically calculates the antenna diameter from the antenna gain and the average operating frequency. The antenna
diameter is calculated using the following equation for a radiation efficiency of 55 %:
, which gives:
Where,
is the antenna diameter (in m),
is the antenna gain (in dBi),
is the average frequency (in MHz). It is calculated as follows:
is the minimum frequency of the frequency band (in MHz),
is the maximum frequency of the frequency band (in MHz).

,
Figure 4.12Vertical Pattern Transformation due to Electrical Downtilt
G
ant
20 LogD
antenna
20 f 42.2 + =
D
antenna
10
G
ant
20
------------ 2.11 Logf +
\ .
| |
=
D
antenna
G
ant
f
f f
mi n
f
max
f
mi n
2
-------------------------- + =
f
mi n
f
max
Chapter 5
Microwave Radio Links Networks
Chapter 5: Microwave Radio Links Networks
5 Microwave Radio Links Networks
In Atoll, any link L
i
can be studied from either:
Site A to Site B
or
Site B to Site A
Each direction of link can have its own parameters.
5.1 Link Budget and Interference Analysis
5.1.1 Input
Name Value Unit Description
Equipment parameter dBm
Transmitter output power at the
transmitter antenna port on link L
i
Link parameter dB
Transmitter output power reduction
used to calculate the transmitter
nominal power on link L
i
Link parameter dB
Transmitter nominal power reduction
used to calculate the transmitter
coordinated power on link L
i
Receiver sensitivity level for a BER
(Bit Error Rate)
Receiver overflow level for a BER (Bit
Error Rate)
Antenna parameter dBi Transmitter antenna gain on link L
i
Antenna parameter dBi Receiver antenna gain on link L
i
Calculated dB Propagation loss on link L
i
Calculated dB
Receiver antenna discrimination loss
due to elevation and tilt misalignment
on link L
i
Equipment parameter dB Transmitter filter loss on link L
i
Equipment parameter dB Receiver filter loss on link L
i
Equipment parameter dB Transmitter circulator loss on link L
i
Equipment parameter dB Receiver circulator loss on link L
i
Link parameter dB Transmitter attenuator loss on link L
i
Link parameter dB Receiver attenuator loss on link L
i
Link parameter dB Transmitter connector loss on link L
i
Link parameter dB Receiver connector loss on link L
i
Link parameter dB Other transmitter losses on link L
i
Link parameter dB Other receiver losses on link L
i
Link parameter dB Transmitter shielding loss on link L
i
Link parameter dB Receiver shielding loss on link L
i
Link parameter dB
Transmitter feeder (cable or
waveguide) loss on link L
i
Link parameter dB
Receiver feeder (cable or
waveguide)loss on link L
i
Global parameter
km
2
Reference correlation area
Pmax L
i
( )
AP_Tuning L
i
( )
AP_Atpc L
i
( )
S L
i
BER , ( )
O L
i
BER , ( )
G
Tx
L
i
( )
G
Rx
L
i
( )
L_Model L
i
( )
L_Ant L
i
( )
L_Filter
Tx
L
i
( )
L_Filter
Rx
L
i
( )
L_Circulator
Tx
L
i
( )
L_Circulator
Rx
L
i
( )
L_Attenuator
Tx
L
i
( )
L_Attenuator
Rx
L
i
( )
L_Connector
Tx
L
i
( )
L_Connector
Rx
L
i
( )
L_Other
Tx
L
i
( )
L_Other
Rx
L
i
( )
L_Shielding
Tx
L
i
( )
L_Shielding
Rx
L
i
( )
L_Feeder
Tx
L
i
( )
L_Feeder
Rx
L
i
( )
.
5.1.2 Link Budget Calculation Details
This part comprises all the calculation results that could be found on the report tab of the Microwave Analysis tool.
5.1.2.1 Nominal Power
The power at which the transmitter is operating during normal propagation conditions on a link L
i
is expressed in dBm.
The nominal power is used for calculation when the option "Power control on the useful signal" is not checked
in the General tab of the Microwave Radio Links Properties.
5.1.2.2 Coordinated Power
The power at which the transmitter is operating when Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) is enabled on a link L
i
is
expressed in dBm.
The coordinated power is used for calculation when the option "Power control on the useful signal" is checked
in the General tab of the Microwave Radio Links Properties.
The coordinated power is also used for interference calculation when the option "Power control" is set to "Depends on
correlation" in the Interference tab of the Microwave Radio Links Properties. In that case, the value of will
depend on :
If then .
If then .
5.1.2.3 Transmission Attenuation
The loss due to the use of feeders and related equipment by the transmitter on a link L
i
is expressed in dB.
km
2
Correlation area between link L
i
and
link L
j
None
Correlation area ratio between link L
i

and link L
j
Calculated dB
Interference reduction factor on link L
i

from link L
j
joule/K Boltzmanns constant
Link parameter Celsius Operating temperature in link L
i
Link parameter Hz
Transmitter channel bandwidth on link
L
i
Equipment parameter dB Transmitter noise figure on link L
i
dBm/Hz Thermal noise power level on link L
i
Global parameter dB
Maximum acceptable threshold
degradation
. L
i
L
j
. ( )
k L
i
L
j
. ( )
. L
i
L
j
. ( )
.
--------------------
IRF L
i
L
j
. ( )
k
1.38 10
23
T L
i
( )
B
Tx
L
i
( )
NF
Tx
L
i
( )
N
0
L
i
( ) 10 Log k ( ) 10 Log 273 T L
i
( ) + ( ) 10 Log B s
i
( ) ( ) 30 + + +
TD
max
Pnom L
i
( ) Pmax L
i
( ) AP_Tuning L
i
( ) =
EIRP L
i
( )
Pcoord L
i
( ) Pnom L
i
( ) AP_Atpc L
i
( ) =
EIRP L
i
( )
AP
atpc
s
i
( )
k L
i
L
j
. ( )
k L
i
L
j
. ( ) 1 < AP_Atpc L
i
( ) 0 =
k L
i
L
j
. ( ) 1 > AP_Atpc L
i
( ) AP
atpc
s
i
( ) =
5.1.2.4 EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power)
The power actually radiated by the transmitters antenna on a link L
i
5.1.2.5 Reception Attenuation
The loss due to the use of feeders and related equipment by the receiver on a link L
i
is expressed in dB.
5.1.2.6 Received Signal Level
The signal strength at the receiver input on a link L
i
5.1.2.7 Thermal Fade Margin
The thermal fade margin used to compensate the fades, caused by the thermal noise, that results in an increase of the
BER on a link L
i
is expressed in dB.
5.1.2.8 Signal Enhancement Margin
The signal enhancement margin used to compensate the enhancements, caused by the reinforcement of multipath
signals, that results in an increase of the BER on a link L
i
is expressed in dB.
5.1.3 Interference Calculation Details
This part comprises all the calculation results that could be found while performing Interference analysis.
5.1.3.1 Single Interference Source
This part considers the interference received from a single link.
5.1.3.1.1 Interference Signal Level
The signal strength at the receiver input on a link L
i
from a link L
j
5.1.3.1.2 Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I)
The received signal level relative to an interference signal level from a link L
j
on a link L
i
is expressed in dB.
5.1.3.1.3 Threshold Degradation
The destructive interference effect on the receiver sensitivity on a link L
i
from a link L
j
is expressed in dB.
The interference signal level is considered to be disturbing the receiver and then unacceptable when .
L_Att
Tx
L
i
( ) L_Feeder
Tx
L
i
( ) L_Connector
Tx
L
i
( ) L_Filter
Tx
L
i
( ) L_Circulator
Tx
L
i
( ) L_Attenuator
Tx
L
i
( )
L_Shielding
Tx
L
i
( ) L_Other
Tx
L
i
( ) s
i
( )
+ + + +
+ +
=
EIRP L
i
( )
Pnom L
i
( )
or
Pcoord L
i
( )
\ .
|
| |
G
Tx
L
i
( ) L_Att
Tx
L
i
( ) + =
L_Att
Rx
L
i
( ) L_Feeder
Rx
L
i
( ) L_Connector
Rx
L
i
( ) L_Filter
Rx
L
i
( ) L_Circulator
Rx
L
i
( ) L_Attenuator
Rx
L
i
( )
L_Shielding
Rx
L
i
( ) L_Other
Rx
L
i
( ) s
i
( )
+ + + +
+ +
=
RSL L
i
( ) EIRP L
i
( ) L_Model L
i
( ) G
Tx
L
i
( ) G
Rx
L
i
( ) L_Att
Rx
L
i
( ) L_Ant L
i
( ) + + =
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) RSL L
i
( ) S L
i
BER , ( ) =
SEM L
i
BER , ( ) O L
i
BER , ( ) RSL L
i
BER , ( ) =
I L
i
L
j
, ( ) EIRP L
j
( ) L
model
L
j
( ) G
Tx
L
j
( ) G
Rx
L
i
( ) L_Att
Rx
L
i
( ) L_Ant L
i
( ) IRF L
i
L
j
. ( ) + + =
C
I
---- L
i
L
j
, ( ) RSL L
i
( ) 10 10
N
0
L
i
( )
10
-----------------
10
I L
i
L
j
, ( )
10
------------------
+
\ .
|
| |
log =
TD L
i
( ) 10
10
N
0
L
i
( )
10
-----------------
10
I L
i
L
j
, ( )
10
------------------
+
10
N
0
L
i
( )
10
-----------------
-----------------------------------------------
\ .
|
|
|
| |
log =
TD L
i
( ) TD >
max
5.1.3.1.4 Effective Thermal Fade Margin
The effective thermal fade margin on a link L
i
used to compensate the fades, caused by the thermal noise and the
interference signal level from a link L
j
, that result in an increase in the BER is expressed in dB.
5.1.3.2 Multiple Interference Sources
This part considers the interference received from many links.
5.1.3.2.1 Total Interference Signal Level in Clear Air Conditions
The total signal strength at the receiver input on a link L
i
from n different links L
j
5.1.3.2.2 Total Interference Signal Level in Rain Conditions
The total signal strength at the receiver input on a link L
i
from n different links L
j
5.1.3.2.3 Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Clear Air Conditions
The received signal level relative to an interference signal level from multiple links L
j
on a link L
i
is expressed in dB.
5.1.3.2.4 Total Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) in Rain Conditions
The received signal level relative to an interference signal level from multiple links L
j
on a link L
i
is expressed in dB.
5.1.3.2.5 Total Threshold Degradation in Clear Air Conditions
i
from multiple links L
j
is expressed in dB.
5.1.3.2.6 Total Threshold Degradation in Rain Conditions
i
from multiple link L
j
is expressed in dB.
5.1.3.2.7 Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Clear Air Conditions
i
interference signal level from multiple links L
j
, that results in an increase of the BER is expressed in dB.
e TFM ( ) L
i
BER . ( ) RSL L
i
( ) S L
i
BER , ( ) TD L
i
( ) =
I
CA
L
i
L
j
, ( )
tot
EIRP L
j
( )
j 1 =
n
L
model
L
j
( )
j 1 =
n
G L
j
( )
j 1 =
n
G L
i
( )
i 1 =
n
L_Att
Rx
L
i
( )
i 1 =
n
L_Ant L
i
( )
j 1 =
n
IRF L
i
L
j
. ( )
j 1 =
n
+ + =
I
R
L
i
L
j
, ( )
tot
EIRP L
j
( )
j 1 =
n
L
model
L
j
( )
j 1 =
n
G L
j
( )
j 1 =
n
G L
i
( )
i 1 =
n
L_Att
Rx
L
i
( )
i 1 =
n
L_Ant L
i
( )
j 1 =
n
IRF L
i
L
j
. ( )
10 k L
i
L
j
. ( )
j 1 =
n
\ .
|
|
| |
log +
j 1 =
n
+ + =
C
I
----
CA
L
i
( )
tot
RSL L
i
( ) 10 10
N
0
L
i
( )
10
-----------------
10
I
CA
L
i
L
j
, ( )
tot
10
--------------------------------
+
\ .
|
|
| |
log =
C
I
----
R
L
i
( )
tot
RSL L
i
( ) 10 10
N
0
L
i
( )
10
-----------------
10
I
R
L
i
L
j
, ( )
tot
10
----------------------------
+
\ .
|
|
| |
log =
TD
CA
L
i
( )
tot
10
10
N
0
L
i
( )
10
-----------------
10
I
CA
L
i
L
j
, ( )
tot
10
--------------------------------
+
10
N
0
L
i
( )
10
-----------------
---------------------------------------------------------
\ .
|
|
|
|
| |
log =
TD
R
L
i
( )
tot
10
10
N
0
L
i
( )
10
-----------------
10
I
R
L
i
L
j
, ( )
t ot
10
----------------------------
+
10
N
0
L
i
( )
10
-----------------
-------------------------------------------------------
\ .
|
|
|
|
| |
log =
eTFM
CA
L
i
BER , ( )
tot
RSL L
i
( ) S L
i
BER , ( ) TD
CA
L
i
( )
tot
=
5.1.3.2.8 Total Effective Thermal Fade Margin in Rain Conditions
i
interference signal level from multiple links L
j
, that results in an increase of the BER is expressed in dB.
5.2 Performance Analysis
5.2.1 Input
5.2.2 ITU-R P.530 Method
5.2.2.1 Total Outage Probability
5.2.2.1.1 Total Outage Probability in Rain Conditions
The following formula is used:
5.2.2.1.2 Total Outage Probability in Clear-Air Conditions
Without Diversity
With Diversity
5.2.2.1.3 Total Outage Probability due to Equipment Reliability
With Hot Stand-By
Without Hot Stand-By
eTFM
R
L
i
BER , ( )
tot
RSL L
i
( ) S L
i
BER , ( ) TD
R
L
i
( )
tot
=
Equipment parameter h
Transmitter mean time between
failures on link L
i
Equipment parameter h
Receiver mean time between failures
on link L
i
Equipment parameter ms
Transmitter hot stand-by commutaion
delay on link L
i
Equipment parameter ms
Receiver hot stand-by commutaion
delay on link L
i
Link parameter h Mean time to repair on link L
i
MTBF
Tx
L
i
( )
MTBF
Rx
L
i
( )
HSB
Tx
L
i
( )
HSB
Rx
L
i
( )
MTTR L
i
( )
P
t
Max P
Rai n
P
XPR
. ( ) =
P
t
P
s
P
ns
P
se
P
XP
+ + + =
P
t
P
ds
3
4
---
P
dns
3
4
---
+
\ .
|
| |
4
3
---
P
se
+ P
XP
+ =
P
Eq_fai l ure
1
MTBF
Tx
L
i
( )
MTBF
Tx
L
i
( ) HSB
Tx
L
i
( ) +
--------------------------------------------------------------------
MTBF
Rx
L
i
( )
MTBF
Rx
L
i
( ) HSB
Rx
L
i
( ) +
--------------------------------------------------------------------- =
P
Eq_fai l ure
1
MTBF
Tx
L
i
( ) MTBF
Rx
L
i
( ) +
2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
MTBF
Tx
L
i
( ) MTBF
Rx
L
i
( ) +
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------- MTTR L
i
( ) +
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
5.2.2.2 Quality Performance
Quality analysis is used to assess whether the total outage probability in clear-air conditions is greater than a required
outage probability or not. The required outage probability is derived from ITU-T G.821, ITU-T G.826 recommendations. It
can also be user-defined.
5.2.2.3 Availability Performance
Quality analysis is used to assess whether the total outage probability in rain conditions is greater than a required outage
probability or not. The required outage probability is derived from ITU-T G.821, ITU-T G.826 recommendations. It can also
be user-defined.
5.2.2.4 Global Annual Performance
The global annual performance annual is an aggregated indicator that takes into account the quality performance and the
availability performance of a link L
i
in both directions.
Quality performances for each direction are considered being independent to each other, so the corresponding outage
probabilities are added. Availability performance are considered being correlated, then the worst outage probability is
used. Finally, quality performance and availability are considered being independent to each other, so the corresponding
outage probabiilties are added.
5.3 Propagation in Rain Analysis
5.3.1 Input
5.3.2 ITU-R P.530-5
5.3.2.1 Rain Fade Margin
5.3.2.1.1 Rain Coefficients
and are extracted from the ITU-R P.838 recommendation using logarithmic and linear
regression. Atoll supports ITU-R P.838-1 and ITU-R P.838-3. The used method can be set in the Global parameters.
5.3.2.1.2 Rain Attenuation
The rain attenuation for a specific frequency, rainfall rate and polarisation on link L
i
is expressed in dB/km.
Link parameter mm/h
Rainfall rate exceeded for 0.01% of
the average year on link L
i
Calculated mm/h
Cranes rainfall rate exceeded for p%
of the average year on link L
i
. When
then a probability is
used instead of p to determine the
rainfall rate where
Calculated None
Rain attenuation coefficient based on
the used polarisation on link L
i
Calculated None
Rain attenuation coefficient based on
the used polarisation on link L
i
Calculated km Path length of link L
i
Equipment parameter dB
Transmitter carrier-to-interference
ratio for a reference BER on link L
i
Transmitter cross-polarisation
improvement factor on link L
i
Link parameter GHz Transmitter frequency on link L
i
R
0.01
L
i
( )
R
p
L
i
( )
d L
i
( ) 22.5 > ( ) p'
p' p
22.5
d L
i
( )
------------- =
k
Tx
L
i
pol , ( )
o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( )
d L
i
( )
C
I
----
\ .
| |
0_Tx
L
i
( )
XPIF
Tx
L
i
( )
f
Tx
L
i
( )
k
Tx
L
i
pol , ( ) o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( )
L
i
( ) k
Tx
L
i
pol , ( ) R
0.01
L
i
( )
o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( )
=
5.3.2.1.3 Effective Path Length
The effective path length that takes into account the nonuniformity of the rainfall along the path on link L
i
is expressed in
km.
with
5.3.2.1.4 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year
The rain attenuation, excceeded for 0.01% of the average year, for a transmitter on link L
i
5.3.2.1.5 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for p% of the Average Year
The rain attenuation, excceeded for p% of the average year, for a transmitter on link L
i
with
5.3.2.1.6 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for p
w
% of the Average Worst Month
When the Average Worst Month p
w
% is Known
It is necessary to convert p
w
% of the average worst month into p% of the average year because the rain attenuation
formula only provides the rain fading margin on an average year basis.
The corresponding average year statistics p for an average worst month statistics p
w
can be derived from the ITU-R P.841-
3 recommendation.
We have (%) where
Atoll uses and then we have: .
Finally the rain attenuation formula can be applied with the calculated average year probability p. The rain fade margin
exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the corresponding p
w
of the average worst month.
When the Average Year p% is Known
It is necessary to convert p% of the average year of into p
w
% of the the average worst month.
We have (%) where , where
Atoll uses and . The rain fade margin exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the
corresponding p
w
5.3.2.2 Total Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year
Where is the percentage of time for the average year where is exceeded found by solving the following
equation:
d
eff
L
i
( ) d L
i
( )
1
1
d L
i
( )
35 e
0.015 R
0.01
L
i
( ) ( )
-------------------------------------------------------- +
------------------------------------------------------------------ = R
0.01
L
i
( ) Mi n R
0.01
L
i
( ) 100 . ( ) =
RFM
0.01
L
i
( ) L
i
( ) d
eff
L
i
( ) =
RFM
p
L
i
( ) RFM
0.01
L
i
( ) 0.12 p
0.546 0.043 Log p ( ) + ( )
= 0.001 p 1 s s
p
p
w
Q p ( )
------------- = Q p ( ) Q
1
1
1 |
------------
p
w
|
1 |
------------
\ .
| |
=
| 0.13 = Q
1
2.85 = p 0.3 p
w
1.15
=
p
w
Q p ( ) p = Q p ( )
12 for p
Q
1
12
-------
\ .
| |
1
|
---
% <
Q
1
p
|
for
Q
1
12
-------
\ .
| |
1
|
---
p 3% < <
Q
1
3
|
for 3% p 30% < <
Q
1
3
|
p
30
------
\ .
| |
Log Q
1
3
|
( )
Log 0.3 ( )
---------------------------------------
for p 30% >
= 1 Q p ( ) < 12 <
| 0.13 = Q
1
2.85 =
P
Rai n
p
100
---------- =
p RFM
p
L
i
( )
RFM
p
L
i
( ) RFM
0.01
L
i
( ) 0.12 p
0.546 0.043 Log p ( ) + ( )
=
5.3.3 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11, and ITU-R
P.530-12
i
5.3.3.1.3 Effective Path Length
The effective path length that takes into account the nonuniformity of the rainfall along the path on link L
i
is expressed in
km.
where
5.3.3.1.4 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year
The rain attenuation, excceeded for 0.01% of the average year, for a transmitter on link L
i
i
For Links Located in Latitudes Equals to or Greater than 30(North or South)
with
For Links Located in Latitudes Below 30(North or South)
with
5.3.3.1.6 Rain Fade Margin Exceeded for p
w
% of the Average Worst Month
When the Average Worst Month p
w
% is Known
It is necessary to convert p
w
% of the average worst month into p% of the average year because the rain attenuation
formula only provide the rain fading margin on an average year basis.
The corresponding average year statistics p for an average worst month statistics p
w
can be derived from the ITU-R P.841-
3 recommendation.
The conversion formula is (%) where
Atoll uses and then we have: .
Finally the rain attenuation formula can be applied with the calculated average year probability p. The rain fade margin
exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the corresponding p
w
When the Average Year p% is Known
It is necessary to convert p% of the average year of into p
w
% of the the average worst month.
k
Tx
L
i
pol , ( ) o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( )
L
i
( ) k
Tx
L
i
pol , ( ) R
0.01
L
i
( )
o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( )
=
d
eff
L
i
( ) d L
i
( )
1
1
d L
i
( )
35 e
0.015 R
0.01
L
i
( ) ( )
-------------------------------------------------------- +
------------------------------------------------------------------ = R
0.01
L
i
( ) Mi n R
0.01
L
i
( ) 100 . ( ) =
RFM
0.01
L
i
( ) L
i
( ) d
eff
L
i
( ) =
RFM
p
L
i
( ) RFM
0.01
L
i
( ) 0.12 p
0.546 0.043 Log p ( ) + ( )
= 0.001 p 1 s s
RFM
p
L
i
( ) RFM
0.01
L
i
( ) 0.07 p
0.855 0.139 Log p ( ) + ( )
= 0.001 p 1 s s
p
p
w
Q p ( )
------------- = Q p ( ) Q
1
1
1 |
------------
p
w
|
1 |
------------
\ .
| |
=
| 0.13 = Q
1
2.85 = p 0.3 p
w
1.15
=
We have (%) where , where
Atoll uses and . The rain fade margin exceeded for p% of the average year will be exceeded for the
corresponding p
w
5.3.3.2 Outage Probability due to Rain for the Average Year
Where is the percentage of time for the average year when is exceeded found by solving the following
equation:
for links located in latitudes equals to or greater than 30(North
or South)
or
for links located in latitudes below 30(North or South)
5.3.3.3 Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Year
Where
Where
with ,
Where the equivalent path attenuation is expressed in dB:
Where
and
5.3.4 Crane
p
w
Q p ( ) p = Q p ( )
12 for p
Q
1
12
-------
\ .
| |
1
|
---
% <
Q
1
p
|
for
Q
1
12
-------
\ .
| |
1
|
---
p 3% < <
Q
1
3
|
for 3% p 30% < <
Q
1
3
|
p
30
------
\ .
| |
Log Q
1
3
|
( )
Log 0.3 ( )
---------------------------------------
for p 30% >
= 1 Q p ( ) < 12 <
| 0.13 = Q
1
2.85 =
P
Rai n
p
100
---------- =
p RFM
p
L
i
( )
RFM
p
L
i
( ) RFM
0.01
L
i
( ) 0.12 p
0.546 0.043 Log p ( ) + ( )
=
RFM
p
L
i
( ) RFM
0.01
L
i
( ) 0.07 p
0.855 0.139 Log p ( ) + ( )
=
P
XPR
10
n 2 ( )
=
n
12.7 161.23 4 m +
2
----------------------------------------------------------------- =
m 23.26 Log
A
p
0.12 RFM
0.01
L
i
( )
--------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
= m 40 s
A
p
A
p
10
U
C
I
----
\ .
| |
0_Tx
L
i
( ) XPIF
Tx
L
i
( ) +
V
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
with XPIC
10
U
C
I
----
\ .
| |
0_Tx
L
i
( )
V
------------------------------------------
without XPIC
=
U 15 30 Log f
Tx
L
i
( ) ( ) + = V
12.8 f
Tx
L
i
( )
0.19
for 8 f
Tx
L
i
( ) 20 s s
22.6 for 20 f
Tx
L
i
( ) < 35 s
=
k
Tx
L
i
pol , ( ) o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( )
i
i
Where
where
where
5.4 Propagation in Clear-Air Analysis
5.4.1 Input
L
i
( ) k
Tx
L
i
pol , ( ) R
p
L
i
( )
o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( )
=
RFM
p
s
i
( )
s
i
( )
e
y o R
p
L
i
( ) ( )
1
y
---------------------------------------
\ .
|
| |
for 0 d L
i
( ) o R
p
L
i
( ) ( ) < <
s
i
( )
e
y o R
p
L
i
( ) ( )
1
y
---------------------------------------
e
z d L
i
( )
e
z o R
p
L
i
( ) ( )
z
-------------------------------------------------------- e
o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( ) B R
p
L
i
( ) ( )
+
\ .
|
| |
for o R
p
L
i
( ) ( ) d L
i
( ) 22.5 < <
=
o R
p
L
i
( ) ( ) 3.8 0.6 Ln R
p
L
i
( ) ( ) =
B R
p
L
i
( ) ( ) 0.83 0.17 Ln R
p
L
i
( ) ( ) =
z o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( ) ( ) o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( ) c R
p
L
i
( ) ( ) = c R
p
L
i
( ) ( ) 0.026 0.03 Ln R
p
L
i
( ) ( ) =
y o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( ) ( ) o
Tx
L
i
pol , ( ) u R
p
L
i
( ) ( ) = u R
p
L
i
( ) ( )
B R
p
L
i
( ) ( )
o R
p
L
i
( ) ( )
-------------------------- c R
p
L
i
( ) ( ) + =
Link Parameter %
Percentage of time during which the
refractivity gradient in the lowest
100 m of the atmosphere is less than
or equal to -100 N-units/km on link L
i
Link Parameter m
The lowest antenna above the sea
level on link L
i
Calculated m Latitude of the mid-point on link L
i
Calculated m Longitude of the mid-point on link L
i
Calculated m Transmitter antenna height on link L
i
Calculated m Receiver antenna height on link L
i
Calculated m
Transmitter antenna height above the
average profile on link L
i
Calculated m
Receiver antenna height above the
average profile on link L
i
i
Link Parameter GHz Transmitter frequency on link L
i
Calculated N-unit/km
Point refractivity gradient in the lowest
65 m of the atmosphere not exceeded
for 1% of an average year on link L
i
Calculated m
Standard deviation of terrain heights
within a 110 km x 110 km area with a
30s resolution of link L
i
Link Parameter none Climate factor on link L
i
Link Parameter or Calculated none Terrain factor on link L
i
Calculated m Terrain roughness on link L
i
P
L
L
i
( )
H
mi n
L
i
( )
Lat L
i
( )
Lon L
i
( )
h
Tx
L
i
( )
h
Rx
L
i
( )
h
Tx_Avg
L
i
( )
h
Rx_Avg
L
i
( )
d L
i
( )
f
Tx
L
i
( )
dN
1
L
i
( )
S
a
L
i
( )
F
Cl i mate
L
i
( )
F
Terrai n
L
i
( )
R
g
L
i
( )
5.4.2 Frequency Non-Selective Fading
5.4.2.1 ITU-R P.530-5
5.4.2.1.1 Method for Initial Planning
Geoclimatic Parameters
Geoclimatic Factor
The geoclimatic factor is calculated base on the location of the studied link:
Microwave Radio Links Properties (Models tab) none Frequency exponent
Microwave Radio Links Properties (Models tab) none Distance exponent
Equipment parameter GHz
Transmitter signature width in
minimum-phase multipath case on link
L
i
Transmitter signature width in non-
L
i
Transmitter signature depth in
L
i
Transmitter signature depth in non-
L
i
Microwave Radio Links Properties (Models tab) ns
Reference delay used to obtain the
signature in minimum-phase multipath
case
Microwave Radio Links Properties (Models tab) ns
Reference delay used to obtain the
signature in non-minimum-phase
multipath case
Equipment parameter None
Transmitter normalized signature
parameter on link L
i
parameter on link L
i
parameter on link L
i
Equipment parameter None Transmitter capacity on link L
i
Transmitter modulation states on link
L
i
Equipment parameter bit/s Transmitter gross rate on link L
i
Equipment parameter bit/s Trasnmitter payload rate on link L
i
Calculated dB
Read from the antenna cross-polar
pattern at 0. The smallest values
between the transmitters one and the
receivers one is used.
Calculated dB
Transmitter carrier-to-interference
ratio for a reference BER on link L
i
Transmitter cross-polarisation
improvement factor on link L
i
Calculated m Transmitter wavelenghts on link L
i
Link Parameter m
Receiver vertical antenna separation
on link L
i
Link Parameter m
Transmitter frequency separation on
link L
i
Antenna parameter dBi Transmitter antenna gain on link L
i
Antenna parameter dBi Receiver antenna gain on link L
i
B
338
C
338
W
M_Tx
L
i
( )
W
NM_Tx
L
i
( )
B
M_Tx
L
i
( )
B
NM_Tx
L
i
( )
t
r_M
t
r_NM
K
n_Tx
L
i
( )
K
n_M_Tx
L
i
( )
K
n_NM_Tx
L
i
( )
Capaci ty
Tx
L
i
( )
M
Tx
L
i
( )
GRate
Tx
L
i
( )
PRate
Tx
L
i
( )
XPD
g
C
I
----
\ .
| |
0_Tx
L
i
( )
XPIF
Tx
L
i
( )
Tx
L
i
( )
Sep
Rx
L
i
( )
Sep_Freq
Tx
L
i
( )
G
Tx
L
i
( )
G
Rx
L
i
( )
Where
And
The month that has the highest value of should be chosen from the four seasonally representative months
of February, May, August and November from maps given in ITU-R P.453 recommendation. An exception to this
is that only maps for May and August should be used for latitudes greater than .
Path Inclination
The magnitude of the path inclination is expressed in milliradians:
Multipath Fading Occurrence Factor
The multipath fading occurrence factor for the average worst month is expressed in percentage of time:
Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of time and Method for Various
Percentage of Time
1. Calculate the Percentage of Time p
w_25dB
for the Average Worst Month where 25 dB Fading Depth is Exceeded
w_35dB
3. Calculate the Criterion for Selection of Percentage of Time p
w_25dB
Where
w_35dB
K
10
6.5 C
Lat
C
Lon
( )
P
L
L
i
( )
1.5
for overland links if H
mi n
L
i
( ) 700m <
10
7.1 C
Lat
C
Lon
( )
P
L
L
i
( )
1.5
mi n
L
i
( ) 700m >
10
5.9 C
Lat
C
Lon
( )
P
L
L
i
( )
1.5
for medium-sized over-water links if strait or gulf
10
5.5 C
Lat
C
Lon
( )
P
L
L
i
( )
1.5
for large over-water links if sea
=
C
Lat
0 for 53
o
S Lat L
i
( ) 53
o
N s >
5.3
Lat L
i
( )
10
------------------- + for 53
o
N or 53
o
S Lat L
i
( ) 60
o
N or 60
o
S < <
0.7 for Lat L
i
( ) 60
o
N or 60
o
S >
=
C
Lon
0.3 for 30
o
W Lon L
i
( ) 50
o
E < <
0.3 for 150
o
W Lon L
i
( ) 30
o
W < <
0 for others
=
P
L
L
i
( )
60
o
N or 60
o
S
c
p
h
Rx
L
i
( ) h
Tx
L
i
( )
d L
i
( )
----------------------------------------------- =
P
o
100 K d L
i
( )
3.6
f
Tx
L
i
( )
0.89
1 c
p
+ ( )
1.4
=
p
w_25dB
P
o
10
25
10
------
\ .
| |
=
p
w_35dB
P
o
10
35
10
------
\ .
| |
=
q
t_25dB
q
a_25dB
' 2
1 0.3 + 10
25
10
------
\ .
| |
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0.016 25 ( )
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.3 10
25
10
------
\ .
| |
25
800
---------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
a_25dB
'
20 Log Ln
100 p
w_25dB
100
------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
| |

25
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
Where
5. Then the following decision tree is used:
If then and 25 dB is the selection criterion.
If then Atoll uses the method for small percentage of time
If then Atoll uses the method for various percentage of time
or
Method for Small Percentage of Time
Following is the percentage of time p
w
for the average worst month where is exceeded:
Method for Various Percentage of Time
w
Where
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year Where is Exceeded
Where the geoclimatic conversion factor expressed in dB is:
With .
Outage Probability due to Frequency Non-Selective Fading for the Average Worst Month
q
t_35dB
q
a_35dB
' 2
1 0.3 + 10
35
10
------
\ .
| |
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0.016 35 ( )
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.3 10
35
10
------
\ .
| |
35
800
---------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
a_35dB
'
20 Log Ln
100 p
w_35dB
100
------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
| |

35
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
q
t_35dB
0 > q
t
q
t_25dB
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) 25 dB >
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) 25 dB <
q
t_35dB
0 < q
t
q
t_35dB
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) 35 dB >
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) 35 dB <
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
10
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
100 1 e
10
q
a
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
a
1 0.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0 016 TFM L
i
BER , ( ) .
q
t
4.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
800
-------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
10
AG
10
--------
\ .
| |
=
AG
10.3 5 Log 1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
P
ns
p
w
100
---------- =
5.4.2.1.2 Method for Detailed Planning
Geoclimatic Factor
Where
And
Path Inclination
Antenna Height Above the Average Terrain Profile
First the linear equation of the average profile is determined using the "method of least squares":

Where
and
With:
- which corresponds to the distance along the path. Expressed in meters.
- which corresponds to the terrain height on a pixel. Expressed in meters.
- which corresponds to the number of extracted pixels along the path.
Finally the transmitter and receiver antenna heights above the average terrain profile are calculated with the
following formulas:
and
Grazing Angle
K
10
5.4 C
Lat
C
Lon
( )
P
L
L
i
( )
1.5
mi n
L
i
( ) 700m <
10
6 C
Lat
C
Lon
( )
P
L
L
i
( )
1.5
mi n
L
i
( ) 700m >
10
4.8 C
Lat
C
Lon
( )
P
L
L
i
( )
1.5
for medium-sized over-water links if strait or gulf
10
4.4 C
Lat
C
Lon
( )
P
L
L
i
( )
1.5
for large over-water links if sea
=
C
Lat
0 for 53
o
S Lat L
i
( ) 53
o
N s >
5.3
Lat L
i
( )
10
------------------- + for 53
o
N or 53
o
S Lat L
i
( ) 60
o
N or 60
o
S < <
0.7 for Lat L
i
( ) 60
o
N or 60
o
S >
=
C
Lon
0.3 for 30
o
W Lon L
i
( ) 50
o
E < <
0.3 for 150
o
W Lon L
i
( ) 30
o
W < <
0 for others
=
P
L
L
i
( )
60
o
N or 60
o
S
c
p
h
Rx
L
i
( ) h
Tx
L
i
( )
d L
i
( )
----------------------------------------------- =
AverageProfi l e x ( ) a
0
x a
1
+ =
a
0
x
i
h
i
( )
i 1 =
N
x
i
i 1 =
N
h
i
i 1 =
N
N
----------------------------------
x
i
2
i 1 =
N
x
i
i 1 =
N
\ .
|
|
| |
2
N
----------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------- = a
1
h
i
i 1 =
N
a
0
x
i
i 1 =
N

N
---------------------------------------------- =
x
h
N
h
Tx_Avg
L
i
( ) h
Tx
L
i
( ) AverageProfi l e 0 ( ) = h
Rx_Avg
L
i
( ) h
Rx
L
i
( ) AverageProfi l e d L
i
( ) ( ) =
The grazing angle is expressed in milliradians:
Where
Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various
Percentage of Time
w_25dB
w_35dB
w_25dB
Where
w_35dB
Where
or
m
h
Tx_Avg
L
i
( ) h
Rx_Avg
L
i
( ) +
d L
i
( )
----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 m 1 b
2
+ ( ) ( ) =
b 2
m 1 +
3 m
-------------- Cos
t
3
---
1
3
--- ArcCos
3 c
2
------------
3 m
m 1 + ( )
3
----------------------
\ .
|
| |
+
\ .
|
| |
=
m
d L
i
( )
2
4 a
e
h
Tx_Avg
L
i
( ) h
Rx_Avg
L
i
( ) + ( )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
c
h
Tx_Avg
L
i
( ) h
Rx_Avg
L
i
( )
h
Tx_Avg
L
i
( ) h
Rx_Avg
L
i
( ) +
-------------------------------------------------------------------- =
with a
e
8500 =
P
o
100 K d L
i
( )
3.3
f
Tx
L
i
( )
0.93
1 c
p
+ ( )
1.1
m
1.2
=
p
w_25dB
P
o
10
25
10
------
\ .
| |
=
p
w_35dB
P
o
10
35
10
------
\ .
| |
=
q
t_25dB
q
a_25dB
' 2
1 0 3 10
25
10
------
\ .
| |
. +
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0.016 25 ( )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 3 10
25
10
------
\ .
| |
25
800
---------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
. =
q
a_25dB
'
20 Log Ln
100 p
w_25dB
100
------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
| |

25
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
q
t_35dB
q
a_35dB
' 2
1 0 3 10
35
10
------
\ .
| |
. +
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0.016 35 ( )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 3 10
35
10
------
\ .
| |
35
800
---------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
. =
q
a_35dB
'
20 Log Ln
100 p
w_35dB
100
------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
| |

35
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
q
t_35dB
0 > q
t
q
t_25dB
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) 25 dB >
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) 25 dB <
q
t_35dB
0 < q
t
q
t_35dB
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) 35 dB >
w
w
Where
With .
The following formaul is used:
5.4.2.2 ITU-R P.530-8
Geoclimatic Factor
for inland links.
for coastal links over/near large bodies of water.
for coastal links over/near medium bodies of water.
Where
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) 35 dB <
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
10
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
100 1 e
10
q
a
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
a
1 0.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0.016 TFM L
i
BER , ( ) ( )
q
t
4.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
800
-------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
10
AG
10
--------
\ .
| |
=
AG
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
P
ns
p
w
100
---------- =
K 5 10
7
10
0.1 C
0
C
Lat
C
Lon
( )
P
L
L
i
( )
1.5
=
K
10
1 r
c
( ) Log K
i
( ) r
c
Log K
cl
( ) +
if K
cl
K
i
>
K
i
if K
cl
K
i
<
=
K
10
1 r
c
( ) Log K
i
( ) r
c
Log K
cm
( ) +
if K
cm
K
i
>
K
i
if K
cm
K
i
<
=

Path Inclination
Percentage of Time
1. Calculate the transition fading value between deep fading and shallow fading expressed in dB:
w
w
Where
C
0
1.7 i f 0 H
mi n
L
i
( ) 400m s <
4.2 i f 400 H
mi n
L
i
( ) 700m s <
8 i f H
mi n
L
i
( ) 700m >
=
C
Lat
0 for 53
o
S Lat L
i
( ) 53
o
N s >
53 Lat L
i
( ) + for 53
o
N or 53
o
S Lat L
i
( ) 60
o
N or 60
o
S < <
7 for Lat L
i
( ) 60
o
N or 60
o
S >
=
C
Lon
3 for 30
o
W Lon L
i
( ) 50
o
E < <
3 for 150
o
W Lon L
i
( ) 30
o
W < <
0 for others
=
K
i
5 10
7
10
0.1 C
0
C
Lat
C
Lon
( )
P
L
L
i
( )
1.5
=
K
cl
2.3 10
4
10
0 1 . C
0
0.011 Lat L
i
( )
=
K
cm
10
0.5 Log K
i
( ) Log K
cl
( ) + ( )
=
P
L
L
i
( )
60
o
N or 60
o
S
c
p
h
Rx
L
i
( ) h
Tx
L
i
( )
d L
i
( )
----------------------------------------------- =
P
o
100 K d L
i
( )
3.6
f
Tx
L
i
( )
0.89
1 c
p
+ ( )
1.4
=
A
t
25 1.2 + Log P
o
( ) =
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) A
t
>
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) A
t
<
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
10
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
100 1 e
10
q
a
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
|
|
| |
=
Where
Where
Where
Percentage of Time p for the Average Year where is Exceeded
With .
5.4.2.3 ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12
Geoclimatic Factor
Path Inclination
q
a
2 1 0.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
+ 10
0.016 TFM L
i
BER , ( ) ( )
q
t
4.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
800
-------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
t
q
a
' 2
1 0.3 10
A
t
20
------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0.016 A
t
( )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.3 10
A
t
20
------
\ .
| |
A
t
800
---------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
a
'
20 Log Ln
100 p
t
100
--------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
| |

A
t
---------------------------------------------------------------------- =
p
t
P
o
10
A
t
10
------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
10
AG
10
--------
\ .
| |
=
AG
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
P
ns
p
w
100
---------- =
K 10
4.2 0.0029 dN
1
L
i
( )
=
c
p
h
Rx
L
i
( ) h
Tx
L
i
( )
d L
i
( )
----------------------------------------------- =
P
o
100 K d L
i
( )
3
1 c
p
+ ( )
1.2
10
0.033 f
Tx
L
i
( ) 0.001 H
mi n
L
i
( )
=
Percentage of Time
1. Calculate the transition fading value between deep fading and shallow fading expressed in dB:
w
for the average worst month where is exceeded
w
for the average worst month where is exceeded
Where
Where
Where
Where
With .
A
t
25 1.2 + Log P
o
( ) =
TFM s
i
BER , ( ) A
t
>
TFM s
i
BER , ( ) A
t
<
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
10
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
100 1 e
10
q
a
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
a
2 1 0.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
+ 10
0.016 TFM L
i
BER , ( ) ( )
q
t
4.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
800
-------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
t
q
a
' 2
1 0.3 10
A
t
20
------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0.016 A
t
( )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.3 10
A
t
20
------
\ .
| |
A
t
800
---------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
a
'
20 Log Ln
100 p
t
100
--------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
| |

A
t
---------------------------------------------------------------------- =
p
t
P
o
10
A
t
10
------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
10
AG
10
--------
\ .
| |
=
AG
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
P
ns
p
w
100
---------- =
Geoclimatic Factor
Path Inclination
Percentage of Time
1. Calculate the Transition Fading Depth Value between Deep Fading and Shallow Fading Expressed in dB:
w
w
Where
Where
Where
Where
K 10
3.9 0.003 dN
1
L
i
( )
S
a
L
i
( )
0.42
=
c
p
h
Rx
L
i
( ) h
Tx
L
i
( )
d L
i
( )
----------------------------------------------- =
P
o
100 K d L
i
( )
3.2
1 c
p
+ ( )
0.97
10
0.032 f
Tx
L
i
( ) 0.00085 H
mi n
L
i
( )
=
A
t
25 1.2 + Log P
o
( ) =
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) A
t
>
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) A
t
<
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
10
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
100 1 e
10
q
a
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
a
2 1 0.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
+ 10
0.016 TFM L
i
BER , ( ) ( )
q
t
4.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
800
-------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
t
q
a
' 2
1 0.3 10
A
t
20
------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0.016 A
t
( )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.3 10
A
t
20
------
\ .
| |
A
t
800
---------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
a
'
20 Log Ln
100 p
t
100
--------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
| |

A
t
---------------------------------------------------------------------- =
p
t
P
o
10
A
t
10
------
\ .
| |
=
With .
5.4.2.4 Vigants-Barnett
Climatic Parameters
Climatic Factor
The climatic factor can be user-defined or can depend on the climate where the studied link is located :
w

With the assumption that the worst month conditions occur during the three summer months (June, July and August).
Climatic Parameters
Climatic Factor
The climatic factor depends on a climate factor and a terrain factor where the studied link is located:
Where
- When terrain roughness is considered
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
10
AG
10
--------
\ .
| |
=
AG
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
P
ns
p
w
100
---------- =
C
4 for hot/humid climate
1 for temperate climate
0.25 for dry climate
=
P
o
100 6 10
7
C f
Tx
L
i
( ) d L
i
( )
3
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
10
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
3
12
------ =
C F
Cl i mate
L
i
( ) F
Terrai n
L
i
( ) =
And
where
- When terrain roughness is not considered
And
w
With the assumption that the worst month conditions occur during the three summer months (June, July and August).
5.4.2.5 CCIR Report 338 (KQ factor)
Climatic Parameters
Climatic Factor
The climatic factor, , is user-defined. It depends on the climate and the terrain where the studied link is located.
w

F
Cl i mate
L
i
( )
0.5 for dry climate
=
F
Cl i mate
L
i
( )
R
g
L
i
( )
15.2
----------------
\ .
| |
1.3
= 6 m R
g
L
i
( ) 42 m s s
F
Cl i mate
L
i
( )
0.5 for hot/humid climate
0.25 for temperate climate
=
F
Terrai n
L
i
( )
=
P
o
100 6 10
7
C f
Tx
L
i
( ) d L
i
( )
3
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
10
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
3
12
------ =
KQ
P
o
100 KQ f
Tx
L
i
( )
B
338
d L
i
( )
C
338
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
10
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
10
AG
10
--------
\ .
| |
=
With .
Recommended Values of Parameters , and
These empirical values are proposed by the CCIR 338 for six different locations:
For maritime temperate, Meditarranean, coastal or high humidity and temperate climatic regions
For maritime sub-tropical climatic regions
For continental temperate climates or mid-latitude inland climatic regions with average rolling terrain
For temperate climates, coastal regions with fairly flat terrain
For high dry mountainous climatic regions
AG
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
P
ns
p
w
100
---------- =
KQ B C
B
338
1.2 for Japan
1 for NW Europe, USA and Northern Europe
0.85 for UK
1.5 for ex-USSR
=
C
338
3.5 for Japan,NW Europe and UK
3 for USA and Northern Europe
2 for ex USSR
=
KQ
4 10
3
S
1
1.3
--------------------- for USA
2 10
3
for ex-USSR
=
KQ
3 10
3
S
1
1.3
--------------------- for USA
=
KQ
1 10
7
for Japan
1.4 10
6
for NW Europe
8.1 10
5
S
2
1.3
-------------------------- to
4 10
4
S
2
1.3
--------------------- for UK
2.1 10
3
S
1
1.3
-------------------------- for USA
4.1 10
4
for ex-USSR
2.3 10
3
S
1
1.3
-------------------------- for Northern Europe
=
KQ
9.9 10
6
h
1
h
2
+
-------------------------- for Japan
2.3 10
3
to 4.9 10
3
for ex-USSR
6.5 10
3
S
1
1.3
=
For temperate climates, inland regions with fairly flat terrain
Where and are the antenna heights expressed in meters. is the terrain roughness expressed in meters by the
standard deviation of terrain elevations at 1 km intervals, with . is the root mean square (r.m.s) value
of the slopes expressed in millirad (mrad) measured between points separated by 1 km along the path excluding the first
and the last complete interval, with .
5.4.3 Frequency Selective Fading
5.4.3.1.1 Method With the Equipment Signature
The outage probability due to frequency selective fading for the average worst month is:
Where is the multipath activity factor:
And is the mean time delay:
5.4.3.1.2 Method With the Normalized Equipment Signature
Where is the equipment baud period expressed in ns:
Where is the bit rate expressed in bits:

or
when is not available.
5.4.3.2 ITU-R P.530-12
5.4.3.2.1 Method With the Equipment Signature
KQ
3.9 10
8
for Japan
1 10
3
S
1
1.3
--------------------- for USA
1 10
6
for Northern Europe
=
KQ
7.6 10
3
to 2 10
3
for ex-USSR
3.3 10
3
S
1
1.3
=
h
1
h
2
S
1
6 m S
1
42 m < < S
2
1 S
2
80 < <
P
s
2.15 n W
M_Tx
L
i
( )
B
M_Tx
L
i
( )
20
---------------------------
10
t
m
2
t
r_M
------------- W
NM_Tx
L
i
( )
B
NM_Tx
L
i
( )
20
-------------------------------
10
t
m
2
t
r_NM
----------------- +
\ .
|
| |
=
n
n 1 e
0.2 P
0
0.75

=
t
m
t
m
0.7
d L
i
( )
50
-------------
\ .
| |
1.3
=
P
s
2.16 n K
n_Tx
L
i
( ) 2
t
m
T
s
------
\ .
| |
2
=
T
s
T
s
Log
2
M
Tx
L
i
( ) ( )
BRate
Tx
L
i
( )
--------------------------------------- =
BRate
Tx
L
i
( )
BRate
Tx
L
i
( ) Capaci ty
Tx
L
i
( ) PRate
Tx
L
i
( ) =
BRate
Tx
L
i
( ) Capaci ty
Tx
L
i
( ) GRate
Tx
L
i
( )
30
32
------ = PRate
Tx
L
i
( )
P
s
2.15 n W
M_Tx
L
i
( )
B
M_Tx
L
i
( )
20
---------------------------
10
t
m
2
t
r_M
------------- W
NM_Tx
L
i
( )
B
NM_Tx
L
i
( )
20
-------------------------------
10
t
m
2
t
r_NM
----------------- +
\ .
|
| |
=
And is the mean time delay:
5.4.3.2.2 Method With the Normalized Equipment Signature
Where is the equipment baud period expressed in ns:
Where is the bit rate expressed in bits:

or
when is not available.
5.4.4 Signal Enhancement
5.4.4.1 ITU-R P.530-5
5.4.4.1.1 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month
is found by solving the following equation:
Where
5.4.4.1.2 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year
n
n 1 e
0.2 P
0
0.75

=
t
m
t
m
0.7
d L
i
( )
50
-------------
\ .
| |
1.3
=
P
s
2.15 n K
n_M_Tx
L
i
( ) K
n_NM_Tx
L
i
( ) + ( )
t
m
T
s
------
\ .
| |
2
=
T
s
T
s
Log
2
M
Tx
L
i
( ) ( )
BRate
Tx
L
i
( )
--------------------------------------- =
BRate
Tx
L
i
( )
BRate
Tx
L
i
( ) Capaci ty
Tx
L
i
( ) PRate
Tx
L
i
( ) =
BRate
Tx
L
i
( ) Capaci ty
Tx
L
i
( ) GRate
Tx
L
i
( )
30
32
------ = PRate
Tx
L
i
( )
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
p
w
P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
10
-------------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
p
w
100 1 e
10
q
a
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
20
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\ .
|
| |
\ .
|
|
|
| |
=
q
a
1 0.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
20
-------------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0.016 TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
( )
q
t
4.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
20
-------------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
800
-----------------------------------------------------
+
\
.
|
|
|
+
\
.
|
|
|
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
0.01
10
AG
10
--------
---------------- P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
10
------------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
With .
Where
With .
5.4.4.1.3 Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various
Percentage of Time
The transition fading value between deep fading and shallow fading is expressed in dB:
Then the decison is made based on the following options:
5.4.4.1.4 Method for Small Percentage of Time
Percentage of Time p
w
for the Average Worst Month Where is Exceeded

Where

And the geoclimatic conversion factor expressed in dB is:
With .
AG
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
0.01
10
AG
10
--------
---------------- 100 1 e
10
q
a
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
20
----------------------------------------------------------------------
\ .
|
| |
\ .
|
|
|
| |
=
q
a
1 0.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
20
------------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0.016 TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
( )
q
t
4.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
20
------------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
800
----------------------------------------------------
+
\
.
|
|
|
+
\
.
|
|
|
=
AG
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
SEM s
i
BER , ( )' 10 =
SEM s
i
BER , ( ) SEM s
i
BER , ( )' >
SEM s
i
BER , ( ) SEM s
i
BER , ( )' s
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
100 10
1.7 0.2 TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
SEM L
i
BER , ( ) +
3.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
10
AG
10
--------
\ .
| |
=
p
w
100 10
1.7 0.2 TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
SEM L
i
BER , ( ) +
3.5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
AG
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
Outage Probability due to Signal Enhancement for the Average Worst Month
5.4.4.1.5 Method for Various Percentage of Time
w
Where
Where
Where
Where
Where
Where
Where
Where
Where
With .
P
se
p
w
100
---------- =
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
100 58.21 1 e
10
q
e
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
----------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
e
8 1 0.3 10
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
+ 10
0.7 S EM L
i
BER , ( )
20
-----------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
q
s
12 10
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------
\ .
| |
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
800
--------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
s
2.05 q
e
' 20.3 =
q
e
'
20
SEM s
i
BER , ( )'
---------------------------------------- Log Ln 1
100 p
w
'
58.21
------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
| |
\ .
| |
=
p
w
' 100 10
1.7 0.2 TFM s
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
SEM s
i
BER , ( )' +
3.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
10
AG
10
--------
\ .
| |
=
p
w
100 58.21 1 e
10
q
e
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
----------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
e
8 1 0.3 10
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
+ 10
0.7 S EM L
i
BER , ( )
20
-----------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
q
s
12 10
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------
\ .
| |
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
800
--------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
s
2.05 q
e
' 20.3 =
q
e
'
20
SEM L
i
BER , ( )'
----------------------------------------- Log Ln 1
100 p
w
'
58.21
------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
| |
\ .
| |
=
p
w
' 100 10
1.7 0.2 TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
SEM L
i
BER , ( )' +
3.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
AG
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.8 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.8 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
5.4.4.2 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12
5.4.4.2.1 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Worst Month
Where
5.4.4.2.2 Thermal Fade Margin Exceeded for 0.01% of the Average Year
With .
Where
P
se
p
w
100
---------- =
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
p
w
P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
10
--------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
p
w
100 1 e
10
q
a
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
a
1 0.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) ( )
20
----------------------------------------------
+
\ .
|
| |
10
0 016 TFM L
i
BER , ( ) .
q
t
4.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) ( )
20
----------------------------------------------
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
800
-------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
| |
+
\ .
|
| |
=
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
0.01
10
AG
10
--------
---------------- P
o
10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
10
------------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
=
AG
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
0.01
10
AG
10
--------
---------------- 100 1 e
10
q
a
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
20
----------------------------------------------------------------------
\ .
|
| |
\ .
|
|
|
| |
=
q
a
1 0.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
20
------------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
10
0.016 TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
( )
q
t
4.3 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
20
------------------------------------------------------
\ .
| |
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
800
----------------------------------------------------
+
\
.
|
|
|
+
\
.
|
|
|
=
With .
5.4.4.2.3 Selection Process Between Method for Small Percentage of Time and Method for Various
Percentage of Time
The transition fading value between deep fading and shallow fading is expressed in dB:
Then the decison is made based on the following options:
5.4.4.2.4 Method for Small Percentage of Time
w

Where

With
5.4.4.2.5 Method for Various Percentage of Time
w
Where
Where
AG
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
SEM s
i
BER , ( )' 10 =
SEM s
i
BER , ( ) SEM s
i
BER , ( )' >
SEM s
i
BER , ( ) SEM s
i
BER , ( )' s
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
100 10
1.7 0.2 TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
SEM L
i
BER , ( ) +
3.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
10
AG
10
--------
\ .
| |
=
p 100 10
1.7 0.2 TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
SEM L
i
BER , ( ) +
3.5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
AG
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
P
se
p
w
100
---------- =
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
p
w
100 58.21 1 e
10
q
e
SEM L
i
BER , ( ) ( )
20
------------------------------------------------------------
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
e
8 1 0.3 10
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
+ 10
0.7
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------
q
s
12 10
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------
\ .
| |
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
800
--------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
s
2.05 q
e
' 20.3 =
Where
Where
Where
Where
Where
Where
Where
With
5.4.5 XPD Reduction
5.4.5.1.1 Multipath Parameter
Multipath Activity Factor
The following formala is used:
q
e
'
20
SEM s
i
BER , ( )'
---------------------------------------- Log Ln 1
100 p
w
'
58.21
------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
| |
\ .
| |
=
p
w
' 100 10
1.7 0.2 TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_m
SEM L
i
BER , ( )' +
3.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
p p
w
10
AG
10
--------
\ .
| |
=
p
w
100 58.21 1 e
10
q
e
SEM L
i
BER , ( ) ( )
20
------------------------------------------------------------
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
e
8 1 0.3 10
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------
\ .
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
+ 10
0.7
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------
q
s
12 10
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
20
---------------------------------------
\ .
| |
SEM L
i
BER , ( )
800
--------------------------------------- +
\ .
|
|
| |
+
\ .
|
|
| |
=
q
s
2.05 q
e
' 20.3 =
q
e
'
20
SEM L
i
BER , ( )'
----------------------------------------- Log Ln 1
100 p
w
'
58.21
------------------------
\ .
| |
\ .
| |
\ .
| |
=
p
w
' 100 10
1.7 0.2 TFM L
i
BER , ( )
0.01_y
SEM L
i
BER , ( )' +
3.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
AG
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
+ ( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S s
10.5 5.6 Log 1.1 Cos 2 Lat L
i
( ) ( )
0 7 .
( ) 2.7 Log d L
i
( ) ( ) 1.7 Log 1 c
p
+ ( ) + for Lat L
i
( ) 45
o
N or 45
o
S >
=
AG 10.8 dB s
P
se
p
w
100
---------- =
n 1 e
0.2 P
0
0.75

=
5.4.5.1.2 Cross-Polarisation Parameters
Static XPD
The static XPD during unfaded conditions is expressed in dB:
XPD Improvement Factor
The improvement factor that shows strong dependence on the slope of the cross-polarized antenna patterns in the vertical
planeis expressed in dB:
Where for one transmit antenna
Static Improved XPD
The static improved XPD during unfaded conditions is expressed in dB:
5.4.5.1.3 Outage Probability due to XPD Reduction for the Average Worst Month
Where
5.4.6 Diversity
5.4.6.1 ITU-R P.530-8, ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12
5.4.6.1.1 Space Diversity
Optimum Antenna Separation
Non-Terrain Based Method
The optimum antenna separation on the receiver is expressed in meters:
Terrain Based Method
The optimum antenna separation on the transmitter is expressed in meters:
with being an even number (e.g. )
Where
The optimum antenna separation on the receiver is expressed in meters:
XPD
0
XPD
g
5 + for XPD
g
35 s
40 for XPD
g
35 >
=
Q 10 Log
k
XP
n
P
0
-------------------
\ .
| |
=
k
XP
0.7 =
C XPD
0
Q + =
P
XP
P
o
10
M
XPD
10
----------------
\ .
| |
=
M
XPD
C
C
I
----
\ .
| |
0_Tx
L
i
( ) with XPIC
C
C
I
----
\ .
| |
0_Tx
L
i
( ) XPIF
Tx
L
i
( ) + without XPIC
=
S
Rx
3
Tx
L
i
( ) d L
i
( )
8 h
Tx
L
i
( )
----------------------------------------------- =
S
Tx
m u
Tx
2
-------------------- = m m 1 3 5 7 9 ... . . . . . { } c
u
Tx
150 d L
i
( )
f
Tx
L
i
( ) h
Rx
d
Rx
2
12.74 k
------------------------
\ .
|
| |
-------------------------------------------------------------------- =
S
Rx
m u
Rx
2
-------------------- = m m 1 3 5 7 9 ... . . . . . { } c
Where
Space Diversity Improvement Factor
Outage Probability due to Frequency Selective Fading for the Average Worst Month
And
Where is the frequency selective correlation coefficient:
Where is the frequency non-selective correlation coefficient:
5.4.6.1.2 Frequency Diversity
Optimum Frequency Separation
Terrain Based Method
The optimum frequency separation on the transmitter is expressed in MHz:
Where
Frequency Diversity Improvement Factor
u
Rx
150 d L
i
( )
f
Tx
L
i
( ) h
Tx
d
Tx
2
12.74 k
------------------------
\ .
|
| |
-------------------------------------------------------------------- =
I
ns_s
1 e
0.04 Sep
Rx
L
i
( )
0.87
f
Tx
L
i
( )
0.12
d L
i
( )
0.48
P
o
1.04
\ .
|
| |
TFM s
i
BER , ( ) G
Tx
L
i
( ) G
Rx
L
i
( )
10
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 =
P
dns
P
ns
I
ns_s
------------ =
P
ds
P
ns
2
n 1 k
s_s
2
( )
---------------------------------- =
n
n 1 e
0.2 P
0
0.75

=
k
s_s
2
0.8238 for r
w
0.5 s
1 0.195 1 r
w
( )
0.109 0.13 Log 1 r
w
( )
for 0.5 r
w
< 0.9628 s
1 0.3957 1 r
w
( )
0.5136
for r
w
0.9628 >
=
r
w
r
w
1 0.9746 1 k
ns_s
2
( )
2.17
for k
ns_s
2
0.26 s
1 0.6921 1 k
ns_s
2
( )
1.034
for k
ns_s
2
0.26 >
=
k
ns_s
2
k
ns_s
2
1
I
ns_s
P
ns
n
--------------------------- =
S
Tx
m Af
Tx
= m m 1 3 5 7 9 ... . . . . . { } c
Af
Tx
7.5 10
4
d L
i
( )
h
Tx
d
Tx
2
12.74 k
------------------------
\ .
|
| |
h
Rx
d
Rx
2
12.74 k
------------------------
\ .
|
| |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ =
I
ns_f
80
f
Tx
L
i
( ) d L
i
( )
------------------------------------
Sep_Freq
Tx
L
i
( )
f
Tx
L
i
( )
------------------------------------------- 10
TFM L
i
BER , ( )
10
--------------------------------------
=
Where
And
5.4.6.1.3 Space and Frequency Diversity (Two Receivers)
Space and Frequency Diversity Improvement Factor
The space and frequency diversity improvement factor is the same as the space diversity improvement factor:
And
Sep_Freq
Tx
L
i
( ) Mi n Sep_Freq L
i
( )
Tx
0.5 . ( ) =
P
dns
P
ns
I
ns_f
----------- =
P
ds
P
ns
2
n 1 k
s_f
2
( )
--------------------------------- =
n
n 1 e
0.2 P
0
0.75

=
k
s_f
2
0.8238 for r
w
0.5 s
1 0.195 1 r
w
( )
0.109 0.13 Log 1 r
w
( )
for 0.5 r
w
< 0.9628 s
1 0.3957 1 r
w
( )
0.5136
for r
w
0.9628 >
=
r
w
r
w
1 0.9746 1 k
ns_f
2
( )
2.17
for k
ns_f
2
0.26 s
1 0.6921 1 k
ns_f
2
( )
1.034
for k
ns_f
2
0.26 >
=
k
ns_f
2
k
ns_f
2
1
I
ns_f
P
ns
n
-------------------------- =
I
ns_sf
1 e
0.04 Sep
Rx
L
i
( )
0.87
f
Tx
L
i
( )
0.12
d L
i
( )
0.48
P
o
1.04
\ .
|
| |
TFM L
i
BER , ( ) G
Tx
L
i
( ) G
Rx
L
i
( )
10
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 =
P
dns
P
ns
I
ns_sf
------------- =
P
ds
P
ns
2
n 1 k
s_sf
2
( )
----------------------------------- =
n
n 1 e
0.2 P
0
0.75

=
5.5 Surface Reflection Analysis
5.5.1 Input
5.5.2 ITU-R P.530-10, ITU-R P.530-11 and ITU-R P.530-12
5.5.2.1 Surface Reflection Point Location
The following calculations are conducted on the studied reflection area.
From the transmitter the location of the reflexion point is expressed in km:
k
s_sf
2
0.8238 for r
w
0.5 s
1 0.195 1 r
w
( )
0.109 0.13 Log 1 r
w
( )
for 0.5 r
w
< 0.9628 s
1 0.3957 1 r
w
( )
0.5136
for r
w
0.9628 >
=
r
w
r
w
1 0.9746 1 k
ns_sf
2
( )
2.17
for k
ns_sf
2
0.26 s
1 0.6921 1 k
ns_sf
2
( )
1.034
for k
ns_sf
2
0.26 >
=
k
ns_sf
2
k
ns_sf
2
k
ns_s
k
ns_f
( )
2
=
i
Calculated m Transmitter antenna height on link L
i
Calculated m Receiver antenna height on link L
i
Site parameter m
Receiver altitude of ground above sea
level
Site parameter m
Transmitter altitude of ground above
sea level
Calculated m
Altitude of mid-point of reflection area
above the sea level
Calculated km
Distance of mid-point of reflection
area from transmitter
Calculated m
Altitude of first point of reflection area
above the sea level
Calculated m
Altitude of last point of reflection area
above the sea level
Calculated km
Transmitter distance to the first point
of reflection area
Calculated km
Transmitter distance to the last point
of reflection area
Calculated none Median k factor
User defined none Maximum k factor
User defined none Minimum k factor
Calculated km Effective earth radius
Link Parameter GHz Transmitter frequency on link L
i
Link Parameter degrees
Transmitter antennas tilt angle on link
L
i
Link Parameter degrees Receiver antennas tilt angle on link L
i
d L
i
( )
h
Tx
L
i
( )
h
Rx
L
i
( )
y
Rx
y
Tx
y
0
x
0
y
a
y
b
x
a
x
b
k
Medi an
k
max
k
mi n
a
e
f
Tx
L
i
( )
o
t_Tx
o
t_Rx
From the receiver the location of the reflexion point is expressed in km:
Where
Where
with
Where
Where the antenna height of the transmitter above the reflection area is expressed in meters:
And the antenna height of the receiver above the reflection area is expressed in meters:
Where
5.5.2.2 Difference in Path Length Between Direct and Reflected Signals
The difference in path length between direct and reflected signals is expressen in wavelengths:
This difference is calculated for that would produce and for that would produce .
5.5.2.3 Surface Reflection Coefficient
Where is the grazing angle:
And is the complex permittivity of the surface:
Where is the relative permittivity and is the conductivity. Both are interpolated data from the ITU-R P.527
recommendations curves.
5.5.2.4 Effective Surface Reflection Coefficient
is the divergence factor of the surface:
d
Tx
d L
i
( ) 1 b + ( )
2
------------------------------------- =
d
Rx
d L
i
( ) 1 b ( )
2
------------------------------------- =
b 2
m 1 +
3 m
-------------- Cos
t
3
---
1
3
--- ArcCos
3 c
2
------------
3 m
m 1 + ( )
3
----------------------
\ .
|
| |
+
\ .
|
| |
=
m
d L
i
( )
2
4 a
e
h
Tx
h
Rx
+ ( )
--------------------------------------------------- 10
3
= a
e
6375 k
Medi an
=
c
h
Tx
h
Rx
h
Tx
h
Rx
+
------------------------ =
h
Tx
h
Tx
L
i
( ) y
Tx
y
0
x
0
10
3
Tan v ( ) + + =
h
Tx
h
Rx
L
i
( ) y
Rx
y
0
d L
i
( ) x
0
( ) 10
3
Tan v ( ) + + =
Tan v ( )
y
b
y
a
x
b
x
a
----------------- =
t
2 f
Tx
L
i
( )
0.3 d L
i
( )
--------------------------- h
Tx
d
Tx
2
12.74 k
Medi an
-----------------------------------------
\ .
|
| |
h
Rx
d
Rx
2
12.74 k
Medi an
-----------------------------------------
\ .
|
| |
10
3
=
k
mi n
t
mi n
k
max
t
max
p
Si n m ( ) n Cos
2
m ( )
Si n m ( ) n Cos
2
m ( ) +
--------------------------------------------------------------
for Horizontal polarisation
Si n m ( )
n Cos
2
m ( )
n
2
--------------------------------
Si n m ( )
n Cos
2
m ( )
n
2
-------------------------------- +
--------------------------------------------------------------
for Verti cal polarisation
=
m
m
h
Tx
h
Rx
+
d L
i
( )
------------------------ 1 m 1 b
2
+ ( ) ( ) =
n
n c
r
j 18 o
f
Tx
L
i
( )
------------------------ =
c
r
o
p
eff
p D R
s
R
r
=
D
is the divergence factor of the surface:
with
is the roughness factor of the surface:

Where
is the standard deviation of the surface height along the reflection area:
Where , , and
where is a sorted liste of .
is the linear equation of the average profile etermined using the "method of least squares":

Where
and
Where
which corresponds to the distance along the path. Expressed in meters.
which corresponds to the terrain height on a pixel. Expressed in meters.
which corresponds to the number of extracted pixels along the path.
5.5.2.5 Thermal Fade Margin Attenuation
The maximum possible thermal fade margin attenuation from interference between the direct and the reflected signals is
expresses in dB:
is the attenuation of reflected signals expressed in dB:
D
1 m 1 b
2
+ ( )
1 m 1 3 b
2
+ ( ) +
--------------------------------------------------- =
R
s
R
s
f
Tx
L
i
( ) h
Tx
h
Rx
+ ( ) A
x
2
10
2

3 h
Tx
h
Rx
d L
i
( )
3

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = A
x
Max
d L
i
( ) 1
4 f
Tx
L
i
( ) h
Tx
h
Rx
10
2

3 d L
i
( )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- +
1
f
Tx
L
i
( ) h
Tx
h
Rx
+ ( )
2
10
2

3 d L
i
( )
------------------------------------------------------------------------- +
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x
b
x
a
.
\ .
|
|
|
|
|
| |
=
R
r
R
r
1
g
2
2
------ +
1 2.35
g
2
2
------ 2 t
g
4
4
------ +
----------------------------------------------------------------- =
g
40 t f
Tx
L
i
( ) o
h
Si n m ( )
3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
o
h
o
h
1
N
---- Z
i
2
i 1 =
N
for Root Mean Square Method

1
N
---- Z
i
Z ( )
2
i 1 =
N
for Standard Deviation Method

RelativeHeight90 RelativeHeight10 for Interferdecile Range Method
=
Z
i
h
i
AverageProfi l e x
i
( ) = Z
1
N
---- Z
i
i 1 =
N
= RelativeHeight10 RelativeHeights(Int(0.1 N) ) =
RelativeHeight90 RelativeHeights(Int(0.9 N) ) = RelativeHeights Z
i
AverageProfi l e x ( )
AverageProfi l e x ( ) a
0
x a
1
+ =
a
0
x
i
h
i
( )
i 1 =
N
x
i
i 1 =
N
h
i
i 1 =
N
N
----------------------------------
x
i
2
i 1 =
N
x
i
i 1 =
N
\ .
|
|
| |
2
N
----------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------- = a
1
h
i
i 1 =
N
a
0
x
i
i 1 =
N

N
---------------------------------------------- =
x
h
N
A
max
20 Log 10
L
d
20
------
10
L
s
20
------
\ .
|
| |
=
L
s
Where
With the corresponding angle of arrival of the refelcted signal expressed in degrees:
and
is antenna attenuation for angle on transmitters antenna pattern.
is antenna attenuation for angle on receivers antenna pattern.
is the attenuation of the direct signal expressed in dB:
With the corresponding angle of arrival of the direct signal expressed in degrees:
5.5.2.6 Attenuation Graphs
The plotted parameter on the attenuation graphs is expressed in dB:
Three graphs can be plotted by varying:
The receivers antenna height
The transmitters frequency
The k factor
L
s
L
a
20 Log p
eff
( ) =
L
a
AntLoss
Tx
o
Tx
o
t_Tx
+ ( ) AntLoss
Rx
o
Rx
o
t_Rx
+ ( ) + =
o
Tx
180
t
----------
h
Tx
d
Tx
--------
h
Tx
h
Rx
d L
i
( )
------------------------
d
Rx
12.74 k
Medi an
-----------------------------------------
\ .
| |
3
10 = o
Tx
180
t
----------
h
Rx
d
Rx
---------
h
Rx
h
Tx
d L
i
( )
------------------------
d
Tx
12.74 k
Medi an
-----------------------------------------
\ .
| |
3
10 =
AntLoss
Tx
x ( )
AntLoss
Rx
x ( )
L
d
L
d
AntLoss
Tx
o
t_Tx
o
d
( ) AntLoss
Rx
o
t_Rx
o
d
( ) + =
o
d
0.0045 d L
i
( )
1
k
---
3
4
---
\ .
| |
=
A 10 Log 1 p
eff
2
2 p
eff
Cos 2 t t ( ) + ( ) =
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MW Technical
Reference
Guide
version 2.8.3
AT283_TRG_E2
December 2010

Atoll 2.8.3 MW Technical Reference Guide E2

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Atoll 2.8.3 MW Technical Reference Guide E2

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