Introduction Communication can best be summarized as the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver in an understandable manner.

The importance of effective communication is immeasurable in the world of business and in personal life. From a business perspective, effective communication is an absolute must, because it commonly accounts for the difference between success and failure or profit and loss. It has become clear that effective business communication is critical to the successful operation of modern enterprise. Every business person needs to understand the fundamentals of effective communication. Currently, companies in the United States and abroad are working toward the realization of total quality management. Effective communication is the most critical component of total quality management. The manner in which individuals perceive and talk to each other at work about different issues is a major determinant of the business success. It has proven been proven that poor communication reduces quality, weakens productivity, and eventually leads to anger and a lack of trust among individuals within the organization.[1.8]. The communication process is the guide toward realizing effective communication. It is through the communication process that the sharing of a common meaning between the sender and the receiver takes place. Individuals that follow the communication process will have the opportunity to become more productive in every aspect of their profession. Effective communication leads to understanding.The communication process is made up of four key components. Those components include encoding, medium of transmission, decoding, and feedback. There are also two other factors in the process, and those two factors are present in the form of the sender and the receiver. The communication process begins with the sender and ends with the receiver.[3,43]. The sender is an individual, group, or organization who initiates the communication. This source is initially responsible for the success of the message.
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The sender's experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skill, perceptions, and culture influence the message. "The written words, spoken words, and nonverbal language selected are paramount in ensuring the receiver interprets the message as intended by the sender" (Burnett & Dollar, 1989). All communication begins with the sender. The first step the sender is faced with involves the encoding process. In order to convey meaning, the sender must begin encoding, which means translating information into a message in the form of symbols that represent ideas or concepts. This process translates the ideas or concepts into the coded message that will be communicated. The symbols can take on numerous forms such as, languages, words, or gestures. These symbols are used to encode ideas into messages that others can understand.When encoding a message, the sender has to begin by deciding what he/she wants to transmit. This decision by the sender is based on what he/she believes about the receivers knowledge and assumptions, along with what additional information he/she wants the receiver to have. It is important for the sender to use symbols that are familiar to the intended receiver. A good way for the sender to improve encoding their message, is to mentally visualize the communication from the receiver's point of view.[1,5]. To begin transmitting the message, the sender uses some kind of channel (also called a medium). The channel is the means used to convey the message. Most channels are either oral or written, but currently visual channels are becoming more common as technology expands. Common channels include the telephone and a variety of written forms such as memos, letters, and reports. The effectiveness of the various channels fluctuates depending on the characteristics of the communication. For example, when immediate feedback is necessary, oral communication channels are more effective because any uncertainties can be cleared up on the spot. In a situation where the message must be delivered to more than a small group of people, written channels are often more effective. Although in many cases, both oral and written channels should be used because one
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supplements the other.If a sender relays a message through an inappropriate channel, its message may not reach the right receivers. That is why senders need to keep in mind that selecting the appropriate channel will greatly assist in the effectiveness of the receiver's understanding.[7.17]. The sender's decision to utilize either an oral or a written channel for communicating a message is influenced by several factors. The sender should ask him or herself different questions, so that they can select the appropriate channel. Is the message urgent? Is immediate feedback needed? Is documentation or a permanent record required? Is the content complicated, controversial, or private? Is the message going to someone inside or outside the organization? What oral and written communication skills does the receiver possess? Once the sender has answered all of these questions, they will be able to choose an effective channel. After the appropriate channel or channels are selected, the message enters the decoding stage of the communication process. Decoding is conducted by the receiver. Once the message is received and examined, the stimulus is sent to the brain for interpreting, in order to assign some type of meaning to it. It is this processing stage that constitutes decoding. The receiver begins to interpret the symbols sent by the sender, translating the message to their own set of experiences in order to make the symbols meaningful. Successful communication takes place when the receiver correctly interprets the sender's message. The receiver is the individual or individuals to whom the message is directed. The extent to which this person comprehends the message will depend on a number of factors, which include the following: how much the individual or individuals know about the topic, their receptivity to the message, and the relationship and trust that exists between sender and receiver. All interpretations by the receiver are influenced by their experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skills, perceptions, and culture. It is similar to the sender's relationship with encoding.

Feedback is the final link in the chain of the communication process. After receiving a message, the receiver responds in some way and signals that response to the sender. The signal may take the form of a spoken comment, a long sigh, a written message, a smile, or some other action. "Even a lack of response, is in a sense, a form of response" (Bovee & Thill, 1992). Without feedback, the sender cannot confirm that the receiver has interpreted the message correctly. Feedback is a key component in the communication process because it allows the sender to evaluate the effectiveness of the message. Feedback ultimately provides an opportunity for the sender to take corrective action to clarify a misunderstood message. "Feedback plays an important role by indicating significant communication barriers: differences in background, different interpretations of words, and differing emotional reactions" (Bovee & Thill, 1992).The communication process is the perfect guide toward achieving effective communication. When followed properly, the process can usually assure that the sender's message will be understood by the receiver. Although the communication process seems simple, it in essence is not. Certain barriers present themselves throughout the process. Those barriers are factors that have a negative impact on the communication process. Some common barriers include the use of an inappropriate medium , incorrect grammar, inflammatory words, words that conflict with body language, and technical jargon. Noise is also another common barrier. Noise can occur during any stage of the process. Noise essentially is anything that distorts a message by interfering with the communication process. Noise can take many forms, including a radio playing in the background, another person trying to enter your conversation, and any other distractions that prevent the receiver from paying attention.[1.10]. Successful and effective communication within an organization stems from the implementation of the communication process. All members within an organization will improve their communication skills if they follow the communication process, and stay away from the different barriers. It has been
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proven that individuals that understand the communication process will blossom into more effective communicators, and effective communicators have a greater opportunity for becoming a success. The ecological model of communication presented here cannot, by itself, remediate such differences, but it does reconsitute and extend these models in ways that make it useful, both pedogogically and theoretically, across the normal disciplinary boundaries of the field of communication. The author has made good use of the model in teaching a variety of courses within several communication disciplines, including on interpersonal communication, mass media criticism, organizational communication, communication ethics, communication in relationships and communities, and new communication technologies. In introductory Interpersonal Communication classes the model has shown considerable value in outlining and tying together such diverse topics as the social construction of the self, verbal and non-verbal languages, listening, relationship formation and development, miscommunication, perception, attribution, and the ways in which communication changes in different interpersonal media. In an Organizational Communication class the model has proved value in tying comtemporary Organizational models, including network analysis models, satisficing, and Weick's model to key organizational skills like effective presentation, listening, and matching the medium to the goal and the stakeholder. In a communication ethics class it has proved valuable in elaborating the range of participants in media who have ethical responsibilities and the scope of their responsibilities. In a mass media criticism class it has proved useful in showing how different critical methods relate to the process of communication and to each other. In each course the model has proved valuable, not only in giving students tools with which they can decompose communication, but which they can organize the course materials into a cohesive whole.

Negotiation Negotiations are a management in operation. The starting point of any administrative actions is a definition of the purpose. If the question is management of the organizations, we cannot be limited to a question: " that we want to reac ", but should put and such question: " In what the problem which should be solved will consist that the purposes of our organization could be achieved in the best way? " Thus it is impossible to be limited to superficial reflection and hope for memory. Here to not do without records. If above preparation for negotiations the group it is possible to write a key problem on a board that each employee constantly had her record before eyes works. The one who as the purpose of negotiations puts unconditional acceptance of the point of view is mistaken. He should remember, that his decision is only one of variants of achievement of the purpose, but not the purpose. Today it can be the unique and reasonable way to the purpose, all others can be unacceptable. Nevertheless it only the way, the purpose remains somewhere ahead.[8,65]. The second step of practical management is a planning. Simplifying, it would be possible to tell: there is a search of the best way and his detailed studying. Plans depend on the purpose and means. Thus means is not only financial funds or material auxiliary resources, but also - as though it grated on the ears - people which realize the accepted decisions, leaning on the creative potential and opportunities. A subject of studying should be and the circumstances accompanying the chosen variant of the decision. Whether there are no legal contra-indications. Whether there are precedents. What possible consequences. Whether we leave for frameworks of already available decisions.

Tactics

Control the Written Record: The theory behind this tactic is that, while you cant put words in the other players mouths, you can put words in their notes. Many negotiations require written notes or minutes. Team, project, or committee meetings often need someone to wrap things up by writing a summary of what was discussed and decided. Many people like to duck that assignment, since they dont see themselves as note takers or secretaries and dont want the extra work. But you should, because this gives you a wonderful opportunity to make sure the written report represents the results accurately and fairly. (And maybe even a little more fairly from your perspective than theirs, if it was a competitive negotiation.) Develop Alternatives: Its so easy to develop alternatives, but most negotiators never do. Which means you can gain a significant advantage by specializing in this simple tactic.[8].

. Help the Other Party Save Face: If the other party made a commitment that it now needs to abandon, it is usually an astute move on your part to help them save face. This is where you will need to be less competitive than you might expect. If you keep the pressure on them, they are likely to either lock in to their unreasonable position and refuse to budge, or they will feel so embarrassed that they may plot to get even with you later. [4,6]

Conclusion Communication begins with perception in opinion of the sender. This perception - stimulus for the message, for which sender chooses the channel who will transfer the message to the addressee. The purpose of this process - is a transfer of meaning. Because of complexity of process of communication, barriers to communication should be overcome, if the exact transfer of meaning should take place. Barriers can be caused by defective perception, semantic misunderstanding, or poor mechanics. The organizational purposes - are not the same as the purposes of connection. Communication - the tool, which management uses to define, explain, transfer, and to reach other purposes. Qualified communication has the certain advantage before, uncertain, or less competent colleague of low qualification. People admire and respect whom - the one who communicates easily and effectively , so in my work, I tried to find out ways for whom-, to begin those.

Recommendations 1. To carry out assemblies 2. It is correct to give the task 3. To carry out checks 4. To train the personnel new 5. To describe details 6. To ask questions 7. To follow the instruction 8. To be punctual 9. Questions to address to a management
10. Keep a calendar 11. Suggest alternatives 12. Use time expressions 13. Read a Timeline

Reference list

1. Burnett, M.J., & Dollar, A. (1989). Business Communication: Strategies for Success. Houston, Texas: Dane. 2. Ivancevich, J.M., Lorenzi, P., Skinner, S.J., & Crosby, P.B. (1994). Management: Quality and Competitiveness. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin. 3. Gibson, J.W., & Hodgetts, R.M. (1990). Business Communication: Skills and Strategies. NY, NY: Harper & Row. 4. Bovee, C.L., & Thill, J.V. (1992). Business Communication Today. NY, NY: McGraw-Hill. 5. Berko, R.M., Wolvin, A.D., & Curtis, R. (1986). This Business of Communicating. Dubuque, IO: WCB. 6. Wright, P.M., & Noe, R.A., (1995). Management of Organizations. Chicago, IL: Irwin.
7. Foulger, D. (2002a). Roles in Media. Presented at National Communication

Association Summer Conference, May, 2002. Retrieved from http://evolutonarymedia.com/papers/rolesInMedia.htm.

8. Foulger, D. (2002b). The Invention and Evolution of Media. Presented at

National Communication Assocation; November, 2002. Viewed at Retrieved from http://evolutonarymedia.com/papers/hammerAsMedium.htm.

9. Foulger, D. (In preparation). An Ecological Model of the Communication

Process. Retrieved from http://davis.foulger.info/papers/ecologicalModelOfCommunication.htm.

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