European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.23 No.4 (2008), pp.644-658 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008 http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.

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Detecting the Position of Winding Short Circuit Faults in Transformer Using High Frequency Analysis
M.R.Barzegaran Department of Electrical & computer Engineering, babol University of Technology, Babol, Iran E-mail: barzegaran@nit.ac.ir M.Mirzaie Department of Electrical & computer Engineering, babol University of Technology, Babol, Iran E-mail: mirzaie@nit.ac.ir Abstract In order to study the position of internal short-circuit in power transformers, the high frequency model for winding should be set up. In this paper a special methodology is used for establishing the high frequency model of transformer winding. This model topology is involved to reflect the internal electromagnetic behavior of such transformer. The proposed method is used in all part of transformer winding to completely represent the behavior of winding in different situation. The result predicts the position of short-circuit in each side of winding on different external condition. For better explanation several kind of curves are indicated which are drawn by MATLAB software. Keywords: Transformer, High frequency, fault, Short circuit

1. Introduction
Power transformer is a very critical and costly equipment in power systems. Therefore maintenance and protection of such important equipment have been absolutely indispensible. One of the major concerns for utilities and/or manufacturers is failure of transformers due to external or internal short-circuits. These faults are the turn to turn short-circuit and the turn to ground short-circuit and/or out of transformer (contacting in network).Investigation shows that about 70%80% of transformer failures are caused by internal winding short-circuit faults. One important reason for these faults is erosion of the winding and conductor insulation due to vibrations initiated by the electromechanical forces at service current and over currents. This problem leads to over-current in windings that result terrible damages such as severe hot-spots, oil heating, winding deformation, damage to the clamping structure, core damage, and even explosion of transformer. Also it causes many adversities in power system (voltage sag, interruption, etc). So the short-circuit consideration is one of the most important and challenging aspects of transformer design. There exist a number of ways such as magnetic balance test, Buchholtz relay operations, ratio-meter test to detect internal faults in transformers. The magnetic balance test [1] is carried out on three phase transformers by energizing only one of the phases with a lower than rated voltage and keeping all the other phases open-circuit (including

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the other winding(s) of the energized phase). A fault in the winding can be detected by the induced voltage variation in it compared to the healthy case. The faulted winding will not allow flux to flow in the magnetic path around which is wound, resulting in very low voltage being induced in defected winding. Also magnetizing currents are sometime useful in detecting turn-to-turn faults [2]. A Buchholz relays consist of two operated switches which is floated in an oil-filled chamber and they are normally immersed in oil [3], [4]. Fault makes gases due to increasing the heat of oil. The gases enter the chamber and push the oil level down and operate the float switches. In incipient faults only the top float switch operates to give an alarm, and in the severe faults condition, the lower float switch sends the trip signal. Later the gas sample can be collected and send for analysis which can give the useful information about internal faults. It has also been reported that no-load losses can detect and locate turn-to-turn short circuit faults. The no-load loss of a transformer is often measured after any high voltage dielectric tests once it is suspected that the winding of a transformer has failed. It has been shown that no-load losses rise with inter-turn faults [1]. However, in older transformer, core degradation and looseness in fixtures may also contribute to increased no-load losses [2]. Hence, measurement of no-load losses does not seem to be an absolute method for detecting turn-to turn faults. Another way of internal fault detection in transformer is measuring turn-ratio in open-circuit state. The turn-ratio of the faulted phase is different to the other phases [3]. Therefore Fault detection studies require a capable and accurate transformer model. Different transformer models for such purposes have been presented. In [2], A Finite Element based phase variable model of single-phase distribution transformers with internal short circuit faults has been presented. The flux linkages of windings are used as the phase variables this model was developed in light of a defined equivalent magnetizing current. The developed model is capable of providing suitable simulation of the short circuit fault conditions. In [3], current waveforms of the normal and fault conditions of the transformer obtained from simulation, applied to the proposed Neural Network systems and they show the characteristics of the problem. Also, turn-turn fault in a transformer has been detected using of frequency domain analysis [4]. This method has been proposed based on detecting odd triple harmonic line current of a faulty transformer. A distributed-parameter Laplacedomain model for frequency analysis of a two-winding single-phase transformer has been presented [5].It includes several important transformer parameters for obtaining an accurate frequency response. The frequency characteristics of the input impedance, under both open-circuit and short-circuit conditions, have been examined using plots of its real part, its imaginary part, and its phase versus frequency. Also several natural frequencies have been identified from the frequency plots. More investigation has been also doing to detect internal short-circuit in transformer [6] - [9]. In this paper the most common technique is used which splits the winding into a number of identical lumped sections and then formulate and solve the circuit governing set of voltage and current equations subject to the common boundary condition. One of these models is S-domain model. But the model used in this paper is a distributed parameter S-domain model of a two winding single-phase transformer include resistance, capacitive, and inductive parameters. In order to identify the location of short-circuit in each side of winding, primary and secondary windings are gradually shorted in turn to turn or turn to ground forms within different transformer working states such as external short circuit, open circuit and nominal load.

2. Principle of Model
As it mentioned before, proposed model is built in high frequency analysis. So the proposed model includes not only the winding resistance and self inductance but also has ground capacitance, mutual inductive and capacitive coupling between the two winding and the inter-turn capacitances within each winding. Before starting introducing model some assumption should be noted:

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Winding are assumed uniformly distributed and operation is assumed in the linear region of magnetization curve. The only mutual inductance considered, is between primary turn to the corresponding secondary turn. The models idea and basic computation of the model is taken from [5] and [10] but something should be changed which will be explained in the rest. Fig.1 shows two-winding transformer in infinitesimal section. Following notation of the elements is explained in Appendix A. Characteristics of a typical two-winding transformer is explained in Appendix B. Like other lumped section model by starting at location x and moving an infinitesimal distance x toward the lower end of the winding v is verified by following equation.
Vp ( x, s) Z p (s)x Zm (s)x I p ( x, s) V ( x, s) = Z (s)x Z (s)x s s m I s ( x, s)

(1)

Where I p ( x, s) and I s ( x, s ) are the current following in Z p and Z s respectively. By dividing

current by x and applying the limits x 0 we obtain dV p (x , s ) I (x , s ) dx = [Z ] P dV S (x , s ) I S (x , s ) dx Which [Z] is

2 Zm 1 Z1 + Z1Y2 Z 2 Z m Y2 2 H Zm Z 2 + Z 2Y1 Z1 Z m Y1 H ( s ) = 1 + Z1Y1 + Z 2Y2 + Z1 Z 2Y1Y2 Z m 2Y1Y2

(2)

(3)

Like above equations by writing current equation and dividing by x and applying the limits x 0 we obtain: dI p (x , s ) V (x , s ) (4) dx = [Y ] P dI S (x , s ) V S (x , s ) dx Ym ( s ) Ygp ( s ) + Ym ( s ) Y=c (5) Ym ( s ) Ygs ( s ) + Ym ( s )

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Figure 1: Infinitesimal section of a two-winding transformer

By combining (2) and (4) d 2V ( x, s ) = [ Z ( s ) ][Y ( s ) ][V ( x, s ) ] 2 dx

(6)

d 2 I ( x, s ) (7) = [Y ( s ) ][ Z ( s ) ][ I ( x, s ) ] 2 dx By using the theory of long line [11] the solution of above equation is achievable. In solving the equation by this theory at first the varieties should be changed to modal one then by diagonalizing and other process voltage versus current would be obtained. V phase = [TV ][Vmod ] (8)

are 2 2 matrices which diagonalize [ Z ][Y ] and [Y ][ Z ] respectively. is a 2 2 diagonal matrix which obtained by (10) [ ] = [ Z mod ][Ymod ] Where

[TI ]

(9) I phase = [TI ][ I mod ] The element of [Vmod ] , [ I mod ] are the comp-onents of the mode of propagation where [TV ] and

[ Zmod ] =[Tv ] [ Z][Ti ] = mod p 0

1

0 zmods

(11)

[Ymod ] = [Ti ] [Y][Tv ] =

1

ymod p 0 0 ymods

(12)

After some process [5] Vsp , Vss will be yielded i.e. voltage of top terminal in primary and secondary respectively.

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zc mod p sinh p cosh p VSp = [Tv ] V Ss 0 T I [Tv ] Sp I Ss Where:

zc mod s sinh s cosh s 0 (13)

zc mod =

zmod ymod

(14)

This can be written in more compact form as: VSp (s) M11 ( s) M12 (s) I Sp (s) V (s) = M ( s) M ( s) I (s) 22 Ss 21 Ss where M ij ( s ) can be gained from (13).

(15)

For achieving frequency characteristics of the transformer we set s= j in the related equations The input impedance can be given by V ( j ) (16) Z in ( j ) = Sp I Sp ( j ) By using (15) and (16) we obtain Zin ( j ) = M11 ( j ) (17) Also by having short-circuit in secondary terminal we obtain M ( j )M 21 ( j ) (18) Z in ( j ) = M 11 ( j ) 12 M 22 ( j ) By using above equations we estimate most kind of internal short-circuit in the next part.

3. Simulstion and Disscussion

The main part of the paper is to investigate different aspect of short-circuit. The first one is to consider condition of the output which can be short-circuit, open-circuit or in nominal load. In each kind of these states, frequency response of input impedance is different [5]. Second state is to assume that, winding become variably shorted (form 0% up to 100%).This state can be in primary or secondary that cause variation in input impedance. From 0% bypass between winding (healthy state) to 100% (complete short-circuit) in a typical transformer will be recognized in this part. The next state is to recognize the input impedance in a very critical frequency that shows position or percentage of short-circuit in windings. Therefore many kind of aspect are going to use to identify internal short circuit that is simulated by MATLAB software and the result will be represented by essential explanation. In order to perfectly analyze states, these states are categorized below. Categorization is in basis of output consideration. Each of different states is explained below in details. There are two type curves in all types. The first is by considering variation of short-circuit percentage of winding in (input reactancefrequency) curve. The second one is by considering a critical frequency in the curve of (input reactancepercentage of short circuit).

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3.1. Open Circuit Output Terminal

M.R.Barzegaran and M.Mirzaie

Type A: Assuming that external short-circuit is in secondary terminal, variation percentage of winding short circuit cause changes in secondary elements and mutual one so input reactance changes that is shown in Fig.2. In this figure by increasing percentage of short-circuit in secondary winding the curve shifts to right. As it is computed first resonance is between 20 and 40 KHz and the second one is between 70 and 80 KHz. In order to recognize the percentage of short-circuit, the amount of input impedance of first resonant is helpful although other resonant are helpful too but they are complex in some type of these six type.
Figure 2: Input reactance of transformer in primary versus frequency by increasing percentage of short-circuit in secondary winding from left to right

Reason of increase the input reactance in this type is that by increasing percentage of shortcircuit, [Y] increases and [Z] decreases but the rate of changes in [Y] is more than [Z] and the changes in sinh p and cosh p is approximately the same so M11 (13),(15)decreases therefore input impedance decreases by increasing the percentage of short-circuit in secondary. Justification of other five types is in the same way. As it is mentioned before another way of investigating the position or percentage of partial short-circuit in Type A is by considering a critical frequency like a frequency around first resonant frequency in the curve of (input reactance-percentage of short-circuit).we decided 25KHz and the figure is shown in Fig.3. As it is explained before by increasing percentage of internal short-circuit in secondary winding, input reactance decreases. To clarify the purpose we can see in Fig.3 that for example input reactance in 20% short-circuit of secondary is 0.75 104 and in 30% is 0.5104 . Type B: Second type of the first state investigates the internal short-circuit in primary winding which cause changes in primary elements and mutual one. So input reactance changes that are shown in Fig.4.

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Figure 3: Input reactance of transformer in primary versus percentage of short-circuit in secondary winding in 25 KHz.

Figure 4: Input reactance of transformer in primary versus frequency by increasing percentage of short-circuit in primary winding from left to right.

As it is shown in this type by increasing percentage of short-circuit in primary, input reactance increases in contrary with Type A but shifting to right is as the same by the first type. Analysis of second resonant frequency is useless in this type because it is too complicated. The second way of recognition is also used for investigating Type B similar with Type A. The figure is shown in Fig.5.

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Figure 5: Input reactance of transformer in primary versus percentage of short-circuit in primary winding in 25KHz.(in open-circuit output terminal)

As it seems this figure is the same as Type A but amount of input reactance is less in Type B.
3.2. Short-Circuit Output Terminal

Considering short-circuit output terminal is a verified event in power system so our investigation should be tested in this state. Type A: Like Type A in the first state we consider partial short-circuit in secondary winding but here in shorted output terminal. Fig.6 indicates movement of curve because of increasing percentage of short-circuit in secondary winding. The note of this type is that shifting the curve is in contrary with the first state and is from right to left. The increase of input reactance in this type is irregular in higher percentage of short-circuit. Second way of identification like other type is used here and indicated in Fig.7 which is more simple and clear than the first one in most situations. The frequency which is chosen here is 36 KHz. It is interesting to know that in 17% the input impedance is enormously high which is because of resonance in this percentage. As it is shown in Fig.6 and Fig.7 by increasing percentage of short-circuit the state of transformer incline to the output situation.

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Figure 6: Input reactance of primary versus frequency. By increasing percentage of short-circuit in secondary winding, curve shifts from right to left (compare with [5]).

Figure 7: Input reactance of transformer in primary versus percentage of short-circuit in secondary winding in 36KHz. (in short-circuit output terminal)

Type B: Partial short-circuit in primary winding in shorted output terminal is investigated in this type. Fig.8 represents result of this situation. By increasing percentage of short-circuit the input reactance decreases and the resonant would happen in farther frequency.100% short-circuit is a straight line. The second resonant frequency of two percentages (0%, 20% left to right respectively) of shortcircuit is for pattern indicated in this figure. For analyzing all percentages the second way (constant frequency) is preferable. Fig.9 shows percentage of partial internal short-circuit in primary winding.

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Figure 8: Input reactance of primary versus frequency. Increase percentage of short-circuit in primary winding cause the input reactance to decrease. Frequency varies from 30KHz up to 90KHz.

Figure 9: Input reactance of transformer in primary versus percentage of short-circuit in primary winding in 40KHz. (in short-circuit output terminal)

Present investigation is to some extent useless in this type that in some percentage there are the same input reactance like in 10% and 42% which the input reactance is 2208 and 2211 respectively. The reason is existence of second resonant frequency. The second resonant frequency of 10% is near to the first one of 42% so they overlap each other. Distinction between short-circuit in secondary and primary is obvious by comparison between Fig.7 and Fig.9. Diagnosis is very easy by having these two figures.
3. 3. Nominal Load Output Terminal

This state is the normal and common state of transformer so it should be analyzed more. For better illustration new type of curve is used although last type of curve could be useful too. Type A: Like 3-1 and 3-2 the secondary winding is partially shorted in Type A. By increasing percentage of short-circuit, changes of input reactance isnt regular and monotonous so it's useless.

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Therefore changes of the phase of input impedance versus frequency are used. The figure is indicated in Fig.10.
Figure 10: Phase of the input impedance versus frequency. By increasing percentage of short-circuit in secondary winding phase move down.

As it is shown by increasing percentage of short-circuit in secondary winding, phase of input impedance decreases around resonant frequency (45-55 KHz). Another change is spreading of resonant frequency in higher percentage of short-circuit. Similar figures are studied in [5] but they are in other state and also healthy state.For studying all percentage second way like other type is used which is shown in Fig.11.
Figure 11: Phase of input impedance of transformer in primary versus percentage of short-circuit in secondary winding in 42KHz. (in nominal output terminal).

The reason of decreasing the phase is falling of impedance which results improving power factor up to short-circuit 30% and after that goes to leading area. For better studying changes of input reactance versus resistance is shown in Fig.12.

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Figure 12: The input reactance versus input resistance.Blue curve is for 0% short-circuit in secondary winding red is for 20% and green is for 40%. The bigest curve is for the first resonant.

As it is shown in this figure by increasing percentage of short-circuit, reactance versus resistance decrease ( X ) so phase of impedance ( = arctan( X ) ) decreases too.
R

Type B: In this type considering partial short-circuit in primary winding is proposed which is indicated in Fig.13. Both Fig.13 and 14 show that by increasing percentage of short-circuit in primary phase of input impedance increases which is against Type A in this state (3-3). The reason is rising input reactance versus resistance by increasing percentage of short-circuit in primary.
Figure 13: Phase of the input impedance versus frequency. By increasing percentage of short-circuit in primary winding degree of the phase move up.

Figure 14: Phase of input impedance of transformer in primary versus percentage of short-circuit in primary winding in 42KHz. (in nominal output terminal).

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By considering Fig11 and 14, comparison between primary and secondary winding is easy because the changes of phase in these two types are against each other.

4. Conclusion
A distributed-parameter s-domain model for frequency analysis of a two-winding single phase transformer has been used for studying the behavior of internal short-circuit. By dividing states of output terminal into three states and types of internal short-circuit into six type (two type in each state) comparison between them has been recognized indeed. Conclusion of each state expressed completely in their part. Summary of this conclusion is expressed below. In open circuit output terminal, internal short-circuit in secondary and primary winding could be recognized in a critical frequency, in which input reactance in primary winding internal short-circuit is less than secondary winding internal short-circuit. In short-circuit output terminal, similar input reactance index is used which in secondary winding internal short-circuit, input reactance is negative in most percentages. In nominal output terminal, index of comparison between internal short circuit in secondary and primary is changed for better recognition. If internal short-circuit in secondary winding occurs, phase of input reactance will decrease by increasing percentage of short-circuit but if internal short-circuit in primary winding occurs, phase of input reactance will increase by increasing percentage of short-circuit. Although the investigation has been on two-winding single-phase transformer but this method is also useful for three-phase transformer and can be extended in this type of transformer.

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M.R.Barzegaran and M.Mirzaie S.V. Kulkarni and S.A. Kharpade, "Transformer Engineering Design and Practice", Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2004. S. Nandi D. Nandy, Deputy Chief Engineer, Substations Division, CESC Ltd., Kolkata,India. A.C. Franklin and D.P. Franklin, "The J&P Transformer Book," 13th edition, Butterworths, London, 2007. A.K. Sawhney, "A Course in Electrical Machine Design," 5th edition, Dhanpat Rai and co. New Delhi, 1984. A. S. AlFuhaid, Frequency Characteristics of Single-Phase Two-Winding Transformers Using Distributed-Parameter Modeling, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 16, No. 4, Oct. 2001, pp 637-642. K. G. N. B. Abeywickrama1, Alexander D. Podoltsev2, Yuriy V. Serdyuk1, Stanislaw M. Gubanski1 Computation of Parameters of Power Transformer Windings for Use in Frequency Response Analysis, IEEE Trans. Magnetics, Vol. 43, No. 5, May 2007. E.P. Dick, and C.C. Erven, Transformer Diagnostic Testing by Frequency Response Analysis, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, No. 6, Nov 1978 pp 2144-2153. C.Gonzlez, J.Pleite, J.Vzquez, Transformer Diagnosis Approach using Frequency Response Analysis Method, IEEE Industrial Electronics, IECON 2006 - 32nd Annual Conference on. Nov. 2006 pp. 2465-2470 A. Elhaffar, M. Lehtonen. High Frequency Current Transformer Modeling for Traveling Waves Detection, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Jun 2007 pp.1-6 IEEE. J. P. Bickford, N. Mullineus, and J. R. Reed, Computation of Power System Transients: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1976, pp. 4662. Jos Arrillaga,Bruce. C.Smith, Power system harmonic analysis, J.Wiely & Sons, 2001

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

Appendix A
List of symbols.
Vi ( x , s )

I i ( x, s ) Ri RCi Li Ci C gi Lm Cm x=l x=0 i = p, s

-The s-domain winding voltage at location x . -The s-domain winding current at location x . -The winding (copper) resistance per unit length. -The core (iron) equivalent resistance per unit length. -The leakage self inductance per unit length. -The winding self capacitance per unit length. -The winding capacitance to ground per unit length. -The mutual inductance between the primary and secondary windings per unit length. -The mutual capacitance between the primary and secondary windings per unit length. -The top end of the winding. -The lower end of the winding (ground terminal). -Subscripts denoting the two windings.

Detecting the Position of Winding Short Circuit Faults in Transformer Using High Frequency Analysis The parameters of Transformer are

658

Z i (s ) = R i + sL i Y p (s ) = 1 R cp + sC p
Y gi (s ) = sC si

Z m (s ) = sL m

Y m (s ) = sC m

Y s (s ) = sC s

Appendix B
Characteristics of a typical distribution two-winding single-phase transformer:
Parameter Amount 15MVA 34.5 kV 13.8 kV 50Hz Parameter Amount

S
Vsp Vss

R cp

130k
7.375mH 1.18mH 0.0352

f
Rp C gs Cs Cm

Lp Ls Rs
C gp Cp Lm

0.22 27nF 0.27nF 148pF

9nF 0.09nF 2.8mH