SUBJUNCTIVE

A. Forms and meanings The subjunctive is a special kind of present tense which has no s in the third person singular. It is sometime used in that-clouses in a formal style,especially in American English,after words which express the idea that something is important or desirable (e.g. suggest,recommend,ask,insist,vita,essential,important,advice). The same forms are used in both present and past sentences. Example : 1. We felt it was important that James write to Uncle Arthur as soon as possible. 2. Our advice is that the company invest in new equipment. 3. The judge recommended that simmons remain in prison for at least three years. Do is not used in negative subjunctives. Note the word order. Example : we considered it desirable that he not leave school before finishing his exams B. Be Be has special subjunctive forms : I be, you be etc. Example : 1. It is important that Helen be present when we sign the papers. 2. The Director asked that he be allowed to advertise for more staff. Swan Michael. 1995. C. Using the subjunctive in noun clouses A subjunctive verb uses the simple form of a verb. It does not have present ,past,or future forms; it is neither singular nor plural. Sentences with subjunctive verbs generall stress importance or urgency. A subjunctive verb is used in that-clouses that follow the verbs and expressions listed below. In (a): be is a subjunctive verb; its subject is we. In (b): pay(not pays,not paid)is a subjunctive verb; it is ist simple form,even though its subject (he) is singular.

Negative: not + simple form .as in (c). Passive: simple form of be + past participle,as in (d). Example: a. The teacher demands that we be on time. b. I instisted that he pay me the money. c. I recommended that she not go to the concert. d. It is important that they be told the truth. Azar.s.betty.1999.263 D. The Subjunctive Form  The present subjunctive has exactly the same form as the infinitive: Therefore the present subjunctive of to be is be for all person, and the present subjunctive of all other verb is the same as their present tense axpect that S is not added for the third person singular: The queen lives here. (simple present tense) Long live the queen! (subjunctive)  The past subjunctive has exactly the same form as the simple past Except that with the verb be the past subjunctive form is either I/he/she/it was or I/he/she/it were. In expressions of doubt or unreality were is more usual than was: He behaves as though he were the owner. (but he is not owner). E. Use Of The Present Subjunctive  The present subjunctive is used in certain exclamations to express a wish or hope,very often involving supernatural powers: (God) bless you! Heaven help us! God save the queen! Curse this fog!

Come what may, we ll stand by you! Notice also the phrase if need be, which means if it is necessary : If need be can always bring another car. Thomson A.J. and Martinet A.V.1986.253

F. The Subjunctive Is normally Used  The subjunctive is normally used.should is unusual after demand, insist etc: I demended that he apologize. We insisted that something be done about the problem. Murphy Raymond.1994.282 G. Subjunctive Usage Use subjunctive forms to express the following: 1. Condition contrary to fact. This idea may be a wish or a supposition. y y I wish that I were taller.(wish) If I were you. I would obey (supposition) I order that he leave at once. It is assential that you be here. It is best that he wait for you. I insist that someone help me. Kay moved that the rules he suspended. De Bear.J.John.1982.237

2. Command. 3. Necessesity. 4. Desirability. 5. Demand. 6. Formal motion.

H. Subjunctive Usage Use The Subjunctive Forms To Express The Following: 1. contrary to fact.this may be a wish or a supposition. y y If I were{not was] sixty.i would retire(supposition) I wish that jean were [not was] going. (wish)

2. Command. I order that the boat sail [not sails ] at midnight. 3. Demand. I demand that joe give [not gives] us an answer. 4. Desirability. It is better than he be [not is] told. 5. Formal motion. I move than the meeting be [not is] adjourned 6. Necessity it is essential that everyone be [ not is] there.

John Mellie and Yates.M.Paulene.1982.354

I.

Subjunctive The subjunctive in English is the simple form of the verb when used after certain verbs indicating that one person to do something.the word that must always appear in subjunctive sentences,if it is omitted most of the infinitive. y y We urge that he leave now. We urge him to leave now.

Study the following list of verbs. Advise Ask Command Decree demand insist move order prefer propose recommend request require stipulate suggest urge

Note: the verb want it self is not one of these verbs. In the following rule,verb indicate one of the above verbs. Subject + verb + that subject + [verb in simple form] Example : 1. The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately. 2. We proposed that he take a vacation. The simple form of verb is also used after impersonal expressions with the same meaning as the above verbs.the adjectives that fit into this formula include the following. Advised Important Necessary proposed required suggested

In the following rule,adjective indicates one of the above adjectives.

It + be + adjective + that + subject + [verb in simple form] Example : 1. It is necessary that he find the books. 2. It is important that you remember this question. Pyle.A. Michael.2002.183 J. Subjunctive Mood Most of the indicative verb form are used for the subjunctive mood,but the time that they express is not usually the same. The forms used in the subjunctive are : Tense Present (nautral time) Past (present time) Past perfect (past time) active voice offer offered had offered passive voice be offered were offered had been offered

Each or these tenses has only one form that person(I,You,He).the verb he has the invariable form be for the present subjunctive (we insisted that he be pusinished) and the invariable form were for the past subjunctive (if he we here he would help us). The subjunctive mood may express : 1. An unreal condition,with the conjunctions,if unless.etc y y If I were you. I would go to bed early.(present time) If I had been you.i would have gone to bed early(past time)

2. Some degree of urgency,after verbs of requesting.commanding,urging,recommending,and after adjectives like important,necessary,imperative. y y He insisted that his wife been time. It is necessary that he be on time.

Each or these uses of the subjunctive will be taken up in more detail under adverbial clauses and noun clouses. Frank Marcella.1972.59 K. Indicative and subjantive If we pass on to the indicative and the subjantive, the first remark that obtrudes it self is that the treatment of this subject has been needlessly complicated by those writers who speak of combinations. With auxiliary verbs, e.g.may he come / he may come / If he should come / he would come us if they were subjantive of the verb come or subjantive equivalents. Scholars would hardly have used these expression if they had had only the English language to deal with for it is nierely the fact both such combinations In some cases save to translate simple subjantive in german or latin that suggests the use of such terms. Exactly as people will call to the boy a dative case. It is equally wrong to speak or bless on god bless you as an optative, while the same form in the term optitave only as is the case In greek. But there of course, the optitave is not exclusively an in the sense just alluded to, I, E, A mood of wish , but has other meanings as well, a prease terminology is a condition sine qua non if one want to understand grammatical facts. Jespersen otto.1975.315

REFERENCES
1. Swan Michael. 1995 . Practical English Usage. Hong Kong : Oxford 2. Azar.s.betty.1999.Understanding And Using English Grammar.United States Of America.Longman 3. Thomson A.J. and Martinet A.V.1986. A Practical English Grammar. Hong Kong. Oxford University press 4. Murphy Raymond.1994.English Grammar In Use.United Kingdom.Cambridge university press. 5. De Bear.J.John.1982.Basic Language Massages and Meanings.Harper & Row. New York Philadelphia Cambridge San Francisco London.

6. John Mellie and Yates.M.Paulene.1982.Basic Language Messages and Meanings.HarpeR & Row.New York Philadelphia Cambridge san Francisco London. 7. Pyle.A. Michael.2002.toefel preparation guide test of English as a foreign language.USA 8. Frank Marcella.1972.modern English a practical reference guide.printed in the united states of America.Prectice Hall. 9. Jespersen otto.1975.The Philosophy of Grammar. London.george allen & unwin LTD.

REFERENCES OF SUBJUNCTIVE

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