Part I Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special

occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Cake decorating is one of the sugar arts requiring mathematics that uses icing or frosting and other edible decorative element to make otherwise plain cake more visually interesting. Alternatively, cakes can be moulded and sculpted to resemble three-dimensional person , places and things . Mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating. Especially in the following action : 1. Measurement of Ingredient 2. Calculation of Price and Estimated Cost 3. Estimation of Dimension 4. Calculation of Baking Times 5. Modification of Recipe according the scale To complete the those action stated , one should master some mathematics skills such as : Geometry To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced

Calculus (Differentiation) To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate min. or max. amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. size of cake produced.

Progressions To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration.

Part II 1. Volume of 5kg of cake, V = 5 x 3800 =19000 = 3.142 Height of cake, h = 7 cm

Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake

V = rh

19000 r=19000 (3.142)(7)

= (3.142) (r) (7)

=863.872

r = 29.392 Diameter, d = 2r d = 2 x 29.392 = 58.784 cm

2.Given the inner dimensions of oven: 80cm length, 60cm width, 45cm height A) Volume of 5kg of cake, V = 5 x 3800

=19000
Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake V = rh

Diameter, d = 2r V= (d/2)h = (3.142) (d/2)(h)

19000

(D/4)= 6047.104 h d = 24188.415 h d = 155.53

B)Based on the value in my table, i . h < 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive.

ii . The dimension that I think most suitable for the cake is when h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling.

Height, h ,cm 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

Diameter , d ,cm 155.53 109.98 89.80 77.77 68.56 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18

C)i.V = rh Diameter, d = 2r V= (d/2)h 19000 = (3.142) (d/2)(h)

(D/4)= 6047.104 H d = 24188.415 h d = 155.53 d =155.53 log d = log 155.53 log d =- log h + log 155.53 From the equation:

ii . (a) From the graph:

Log h Log d

0 2.19

1 1.69

2 1.19

3 0.69

4 0.19

h = 10.5cm, log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d = 47.86cm (b)From the graph: d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140, h = 13.80cm

3.A) The dimension that I suggest is when h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm Amount of fresh cream = Volume of fresh cream needed (area x height)

Amount of fresh cream = Vol. of cream at the top surface + Vol. of cream at the side surface

Vol. of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream = (3.142) ( = 2375 cm )x1

Vol. of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3.142) (54.99/2) (8) x 1 = 1382.23 cm

Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm

B) The cake must have the same height and volume as those suggested. Therefore, the volume of top surface is always the same for all shapessince height is same. Volume of cake, V =19000 Height of cake, h = 7 cm

Rectangle shaped base (cuboid)

19000 = base area x height base area = = 2375 cm

length x width = 2375 cm

By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50, width = 47.5, height = 8)
Therefore, volume of cream = 2(Area of left/right side surface) (Height of cream) + 2(Area of front/back side Surface) (Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = 2(8 x 50) (1) + 2(8 x 47.5) (1) + 2375 = 3935 cm

Triangle-shaped base (Triangle prism)

19000 = base area x height base area = = 2375 cm

Xlength x width = 2375 cm

length x width = 4750 By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50) Slant length of triangle = Therefore, amount of cream = Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangle left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface
 

= 98.23

= (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346.68 cm

Pentagon-shaped base (Pentagon prism)

19000 = base area x height base area = = 2375 cm= area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon
2375 = 5(length x width) 475 = length x width By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19)

Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface = 5(8 x 19) + 2375 = 3135 cm

C)Based on the values that I had found, pentagon shaped base which is the pentagon prism requires the least amount of freshcream. Since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used.

Part III Method 1: Differentiation To determine the dimension of a 5kg cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decrote , the formula for volume of cake and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake. 19000 = (3.142) rh (1) (2)

V = (3.142) r + 2(3.142) rh From (1): h = Sub. (3) into (2): V = (3.142) r + 2(3.142) r V = (3.142) r + V = (3.142) r + 38000r-1 = 2(3.142)r
  

(3)

>> minimum value, therefore

=0

= 2(3.142) r

=
6047.104 = r r = 18.22 Sub. r = 18.22 into (3): h= h = 18.22 : Therefore, h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44cm

Method 2: Quadratic Functions

Use the two same equations as in Method 1, but onlythe formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function. Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake:

19000 = (3.142) rh

(1) (2)

f(r) = (3.142) r + 2(3.142) hr From (2):

f(r) = (3.142) (r + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142) = (3.142) [(r + ) ( ) ] -->> completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h and c = 0

= (3.142)[ (r + h) h ] = (3.142)(r + h) (3.142)h (a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = (3.142)h, corresponding value of x = r = --h)

Sub. r = --h into (1): 19000 = (3.142)(--h)h h = 6047.104 h = 18.22

Sub. h = 18.22 into (1): 19000 = (3.142)r(18.22) r = 331.894 r = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm

I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily due to it small diameter.

FURTHER EXPLORATION
A )Given: height, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm radius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake

From question, the radius are 31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599

a = 31, r = V = (3.142)rh Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31)(6) = 18116.772 Radius of 2nd cake = 27.9, vol. of 2nd cake = 14674.585 Radius of 3rd cake = 25.11, vol. of 3rd cake = 11886.414 Radius of 4th cake = 22.599, vol. of 4th cake = 9627.995

Layer of cake

Radius of cake 31 27.9 25.11 22.599

Volume of cake 18116.772 14674.585 11886.414 9627.995

1st 2nd 3 rd 4 th

18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995, a = 18116.772, ratio, r = T 2/T1 = T3 /T2 = = 0.81

As a conclusion , it is a geometric progression GP with first term, a = 18116.772 and ratio, r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = = 0.81

B )Giventotal mass < 15 kg, change to volume: total volume < 57000 cm

Use Sn =

Sn = 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81 57000 =

   

1 0.81n = 0.59779

0.40221 = 0.81 n

log0.81 0.40221 = n

n=

 

n = 4.322

therefore, n 4

REFLECTION
After spending countless hours, days and nights to finish this project and also sacrificing my time for sleeping and movies , there are several things that I can say Additional Mathematics

I used to hate you , From the day , I heard your name From the day , I started learning you From the day , I try to solve you You always get me into stupidity I ever tried to love every part of you However Obstacles are always around... Do you think that it will make me give up you at ease? Never Throughout days and nights I sacrificed my precious time Sacrificing my play time Sacrificing my chat with beloved friends Sacrificing my Games Sacrificing my Internet Sacrificing my Anime Sacrificing my movies And from now , I m going to beat you off!

AinADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC !

INT O

TION

Fi tl I woul li

to wi

my beloved Additional Mat emati Teacher Wan

Norihan Wan Husin for all the assistance she has provided me during my job research . I

appreciate the information and advice she has given , as well as the corrections she have shared with me . Her expertise and help have been invaluable during this process. Furthermore , thanks to my mom and my dad for giving me fully support in completing this project work and permission to use their laptop for futher research in completing this project work . I sincerly appreciate their generoustly . I would like to give my special thank to my fellow friends especially my cousin who had given me extra information on the project work and study group that we had done . Thank you for spending time with me discuss the coursework . Last but not least , I would like o express my highest gratitude to all those who have gave me the possibility to complete this coursework . I really appreciate all your helps .Again , thank you so much .