QUALITY:

Quality is all about meeting the customer s requirements however It is defined as a product or service having features and characteristics and is made to meet the required need of the customers is called quality. However the main theme of definitions is based on fully satisfying the needs of the customers.

ORGANISATION EFFECTIVENESS:
Organization effectiveness is the ability of the organization to perform tasks which are needed by the organization by using minimum level of resources. This is the main step of an organization to become really effective i.e. making tasks simpler, avoiding mistakes, introducing quality system and training employees to perform tasks quicker.

RELATION BETWEEN QULAITY MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS:

Quality management and organizational effectiveness are both different thing but are strongly related to each other as quality is all about meeting the needs and satisfying the customers by providing them quality products while organizational effectiveness is the ability of an organization to perform tasks which are needed by the organization by using minimum level of resources so as we see both are interrelated with each other because as the effectiveness of the organization increases automatically quality increases within the organization.

WORK PRESENTED BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS ON QUALITY MANAGEMENT:

Some of the authors those who presented their work on quality management are as follow.  SHEWHART: He was one of the professional in western electric and phone laboratories of AT&T.He founded a theory known as control chart theory which comprises of different elements like assignable, control limits, rational subgroups and cause of variations. he was also an author of one of book named as Economic control of quality of manufactured products.he represented a model which is known as PDSA model which consisits of Plan, DO, STUDY, ACT.he represented some concepts about quality  For bringing quality with in the organization develop a plan  Execution of plan should first made on small scale then implemented on large scale to achieve quality.  In making plan feedback should also be taken from customers.if the customers need is change then this change is made in overall plan  A permanent plain should be made meeting all the requirements

 DEMING: His full name was W.Edwardes Deming he was one of the famous quality guru. He obeyed the teaching of his teacher W.A.Shewhart . At one occasion Deming said that the control chart is no substitute for the brain . however Deming encouraged Japanese to adopt a systematic approach which is known as plan-do-check-act (PDCA).one of the Deming s best contribution is that he gave in a message to Japanese is that customers are one of the most important part of production line and satisfying the needs of customer is the main goal of organization. one of his message to west was you do not have to do this. Survival is not compulsory he also said lines about organizational culture joy in work, innovation and cooperation.he also produced 14 pints for management for understanding and implementation of necessary transformation .  JURAN: Dr. Joseph Juran was also one of the famous guru of quality.he was professionally an engineer.he published his first book on quality contol In 1951 named as THE ECONOMICS OF QUALITY which contained his famous analogy there is gold in mine he developed an idea about quality which is known as Juran s trilogy.this trilogy consists three aspects  Quality planning  Quality improvement  Quality control Juran also focused on more on customers as compared to the product he focused on determining customers needs and fulfilling them with quality control is the main goal of the company. mission of all his teachings is as follow.  Create awareness regarding quality crises  Re design the existing processes to reduce deficiencies  Keep a quality control with in the organization in order to avoid further problems

 Philip Crosby: Crosby is known by his concept of do it right first time and zero defects. He also establishes his book in 1979 named as quality is free. His definition to quality is as quality is conformance to the requirement which the company itself has established for his product, based directly on its customers needs. He said that workers are not only responsible for making quality of products management is also responsible for quality. He also said that the ultimate goal is to train all the staff and give them tools for quality improvement, to apply basic precept of prevention management in every area he presented 4 absolutes of quality  Quality is defined as conformance to requirement, not as goodness or elegance  For bringing quality the tool is prevention not appraisal  For bringing performance the defect should be zero but not that close enough  For measurement quality the tool is price of nonconformance not indices.  KAORU ISHIKAWA:

Professor Ishikawa was born in 1915. He was graduated form the engeneering department of Tokyo university.his biggest contribution was about different techniques for quality control.he focused more on good collection of data ,use of pareto diagrame and cause effect diagram (ISHIKAWA diagram).Ishikawa is also associated with company wide quality control movement Japan (CWQC).Ishikawa said that implying quality does not means quality of product,but also after sales services, quality of management, the company itself and human life.some of the points mentioned by Ishikawa are as follow.  Improvement of quality and reduction of defects  Reduction of cost  Wasting of work and reworking should be reduced  Better relationships are developed between departments  Improvement in human relations  Carrying of discussion should be free  Meetings are operated more smoothly.

QUALITY SYSTEM:
Quality system consists of different tasks and standards which are to be followed by the organization in order to bring quality within the organizational system. These systems can be followed by different organizations to bring quality and standards in all the processes of the organization from raw material to finished goods and also fully satisfy their customers.

LIST OF FAMOUS QUALITY SYSTEMS:

Some of the famous quality systems are as follow.  ISO 9000  ISO 14000  Six Sigma

ISO 9000 AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR EFFECTIVE ORGANISATION:

ISO 9000 is a quality management system which consists different standards which can be followed by an organization to satisfy the needs of different stakeholders of the organization including the customers however the main purpose of this quality system is to provide standards which will boost the multinational exchange of products and services between different countries.

ISO 14000:
ISO 14000 is a management system which is strongly concerned with the environmental protection as this system consists of sets of different standards which can be followed by organization to protect the negative impact on environment because of pollution by taking into consideration the needs and requirements of the society. However organizations that follow these standards may have less

environmental problems and the wastage of waste will be reduced and the environment will be protected from the adverse effect of pollution.

SIX SIGMA POLICY

Six sigma policies is a management system that is focused on profitability of an organization by improvement in the quality and efficiency of an organization. However six sigma emphasizes more on customer s knowledge and its implementation within the organization for the improvement in the sales and revenue of the organization. This policy focuses the organizations to take the customers focus into consideration in order to improve the business processes so that the customer should get the same product what he wants.

MALCOLM BALDRIGE NATIONAL QUALITY AWARD:

Malcolm baldrige national quality award is based on improving all different processes of organization by giving value to their employees ensuring personal and organizational learning and obeying different social responsibilities. However this process is totally result oriented and also increases the value given to its customers and other stakeholders. This process improves the images of organizations with in the public and also increases customer s confidence.

Scenario 1:
The warning bell in the fire brigade station sounds and Jamil wakes up. Its 3:00 a.m. and a two alarm fire is burning out of control. The on duty fire crew slowly pull themselves from their warm cots and fumbles for their coats and boots. Where are my gloves? wonders Jamil as he moves towards engine no 1. Recently he noticed that the old fire engine had been giving starting problem because of battery. Should report that thought Jamil idly. Jamil gives a final try to secure a water hose on the truck. A loose nozzle falls from the attached hose and clatters to the floor. Should fix that he mutters, as climbs into the cab and yells for everyone to climb aboard. The crew grumbles as they climb on the tail board. Javed, the rookie is nowhere to be seen. After a while Javed appears sleepy and confused. I thought this was a false alarm says Javed. Get on, Javed, this is the real thing. Yells Jamil, slightly annoyed. Jamil slightly turns the key to start the engine and it grinds hesitantly, and then dies. Should get this fixed Pir growled. Okay every one battery trouble. Unload and reload on engine no 2 Engine no 2 swings slowly from the fire brigade station. Javed hangs precariously from the safety bar scratching his head I sure thought it was a false alarm

Responses:
Some of the responses related to the scenario are as follow.      There was no clear guidance for quality standards within the organization. They had the non scene of urgency They had unconcerned leadership They also had non preventive thinking They were also lazy and they were not as quick as they should be according to what a fire brigade service offers.

SIMILARITIES AND DISSIMILARITIES BETWEEN AUTHORS: Similarities:

The similarity that is present between all the teacings of authors are as follow  All the authors has focused their attention that quality will be achieved if the needs of customers are satisfied

Dissimilarities:
Dissimilarities in the teachings of different authors are as follow;  Ishikawa defines quality as implying quality does not means quality of product, but also after sales services, quality of management, the company itself and human life.  Philips Crosby defines quality as quality is conformance to the requirement which the company itself has established for his product, based directly on its customers needs  Juran also explained elements in his quality trilogy i.e. quality planning, quality improvement and quality control  Deming focused on cooperation between the upper management and the employees that quality will be achieved by mutual cooperation and he explained organizational culture in three words i.e. joy in work, innovation and cooperation.

AREAS WHICH WILL IMPROVE BY QUALITY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION:

Some of the areas which will be improved by implementation of quality management are as follow.

Effect of 5s implementation:
Japanese 5s implementation is very important for an effective organization because it will automatically effect our behavior and attitude some of the areas to which 5s will be effective are as follow.

     

This will be helpful to remove bad personal relations within the organization. Will improve people warn out behavior Will improve high absentees of employees Will make different employees responsible Quality control circle will be implemented for sake of quality. Implementation of 5s will also bring about safety, efficiency and quality with in the organization.

Practicing 5 s will improve the life of all the employees working with in the organization. It will also help to support QCC activities by providing a background for improvement.this will also help in implementation of ISO standards because the auditors will get a good image of the company because of the neat and clean work which will leave no doubt about effectiveness of organization.

BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING:

Business process reengineering will only be applicable if the organization completely changes their olds needs with the new one and completely reengineer their organization.business process reengineering is focused more on providing value to the customers i.e those people who pay money to our business and we continue our business so there needs and wants should be satisfied this process keep customers as its 1st priority. Some of the areas which will be improved by BPR implementation are as follow.       BPR will support re invention and research within the organization Quality control will be implemented by supporting engineering Time will be saved A change will be provided to the customers Efficiency of organization will be improved It will become a source of human resource development(HRD)

Total productive maintenance:

TPM is play a very essential role in improving the productivity of an organization while the goal of TPM is to maximize the output of plant by improving and maintening the quality level of equipments and reducing life cycle cost and make the organization cost effective some of the lossess which will be improved by TPM are as follow       Help in reducing yield Reduces defects involved in process Improve speed of process Improves minor stoppages Reduces the failing of equipment Reduces set-up and adjustments.

TQM/BE awards:
Some of the benefits which the organization will achieve by implementing TQM/BE awards are as follow.

Tangible benefits:
     market share of the organization will be increased production and sales volume will be increased helps in developing new products and markets helps to reduced development time , reduces defects and improve the quality of products processes in process cycle and industrial accidents are reduced.

Intangible benefits:
     management involvement is increased human resource and communication skills are improved which results in quality of work there is clear delegation of authorities and management skills are improved new product development is booseted and focus Is on achieveing the organizational goal quality control is improved.

TQMEX MATRIX:
TQMEX is model is a model which contain different steps which can be followed by the organization to achieve the goals of bringing quality with in the organization some of the steps that are included in this model are as follow.       Japanese 5-s practice(5-S) Business process Re-engineering(BPR) Quality control circles(QCCs) ISO 9001/9002 management system(ISO) Total productive maintenance(TPM) Business excellence(BE) These all steps are briefly explained as follow:

JAPANESE 5-S:
Japanese 5-s is a technique which serves to bring about quality environment within the organization. These 5-s comprises of the following things.      Seiri (organization) Seiton (neatness) Seiso (cleaning) Seiketsu(standardization) Shitsuke (decipline

These all elements when combined together will result in bringing about quality with in the organization.these elements are widely practiced by japans and they belive that these fectors does not only depent the physical but also help in improvingthe mental abilities but however this process is very limitidly applied in western world.

Business process Re-engineering (BPR):

BPR is a rethinking and redesigning of a business process for improvement in different areas like cost, quality ,service and speed.however this technique is used by many of the organizations for improving them selves in different areas i.e satisfaction of customers, reducing the cycle time of their products with in the market, increasing their productivity by reducing errors and for increasing the profit of organization.

QUALITY CONTROL CIRCLES: (QCCs)

QCCs is a group or team of people who work together for improvement in the organization they identify different problems related to work.japanese belive and they have also experienced that most of the problems with in the organization can be solved by using quality control tools (ishikawa 1986) i.e pareto diagram, cause and effect diagram, check sheets, histogram etc are the quality control tools.QCCs can use these tools for brain storming and can easily point out problems.

ISO 9001 QUALITY MANAGEMNT SYSTEM: (ISO)

ISO 9001 is a quality management system which is used by the organizations to bring about quality within the organization. However this is most effective quality system because most of the organization have applied 9001 ISO in their organizations. However this system is helpful in bringing quality in different sectors like development, design, production and service etc .but this quality system is aimed the most at achieving customer s satisfaction.

TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENECE (TPM):

This process was developed by Japanese they developed this process for maintaining different equipments and increasing the life of equipments that are used in an organization however it is defined

as system of maintenance covering the life of equipment in every division including planning ,manufacturing and maintenance (operation and quality management by Samuel K M Ho)

JURAN TRIOLOGY:
Joseph M.juran worked on quality process and gave idea about quality triology which is known as Juran s trilogy.some of the important elements of juran s trilogy are as follow  Quality planning  Quality improvement  Quality control These elements are future spitted into juran s quality planning road map.

ELEMENTS OF JURAN S TRIOLOGY:

Some of the elements of juran s trilogy are as follow:

Quality planning:
     Identifying who are your customers Determination of needs of identified customers Translation of those needs into our language Development of product for responding the identified needs of customers Optimize the features of the product in such a way that it could meet our and the needs of customers.

Quality improvement:
 Develop a process which is able to produce the product .  Optimize the process.

Quality control:
 Prove that the process can produce the product under operating conditions  Transfer the process to operation.

TOOLS USED TO BRING CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMEN IN ORGANISATION:

Some of the tools that can be used by organizations to bring continuous improvement in organization are identified and explained as follow.  Japanese 5-s Practice  Business processing Re-engineering

 Quality control circles(QCCs) and problem solving  Total productive maintenance

Japanese 5-s practice:

However organization can achieve success in improving the entire system of organization by following Japanese 5-S procedure this process is explained as follow.

1. Seiri (organization):
Organization means separation and organizing of all the things that are necessary for job purpose form those things that are unnecessary for job purpose and then keeping the necessary things on a very much convenient location. So it is very important for an organization to stop misusing of different nessesary thing and saving them for future use so an effective organization must know that what to save and how to save so that it can be used later on.

2. Seiton (neatness):
Neatness means study of efficiency. However neatness is all about how quickly you use those things that you have to use and how quickly you put them away. you have to understand that why taking things out and putting them away take so long time. However you have to make a system which a person who is using things quickly and a person using those things slowly could easily understand .however there are three steps for achieving neatness.     Analyze the status Decide where things belong to Decide how things should be put away Obey the put away rules.

3. Seiso (cleaning):
A famous quote said every one is a janitor .this qiote explains that with in the organization it is the responsibility of a whole organization to keep each and every thing clean from manager to clark.each and every person with in the organization should take part in cleaning.

4. Seiketsu (standardization)
Standardization means continuously and repeatedly meantaing the neatness and cleanleness of your organization.cleanliness include both environmental and personal cleanleness.

5. Shitsuke (discipline):
Discipline is all about the ability of a person to perform task in the same way they are supposed to perform.decipline emphasizes more on creating an environemt where good habits are tought and bad habits are transformed to good ones.so decipline is very important and is helpful in making lifes smooth.

Business processing Re-engineering:

Quality control circle and problem solving:

Some of the tools of og quality control circle and problem solving which will bring improvement with in the organization are as follow

 Process flow chart:

This is a type of chart which records different events ,activities ,stages and decisions in a form of chart which is quite easy to understand by every person and the messege can easily communicated by this chart.however by using this chart different problems with in the process can be pointed out.

 Checksheet:
Check sheet is also known as a tally chart.this chart records data inorder to control the production process how ever this sheet shows a very clear relation between the causes and effects. This sheets is used for identification of defects with in the products.however this sheet can be made manually by using pencils and papers.

 Graphs:
Graphs can be used for different purposes including representation of figures of work flow and productions .many businesses use graphs for the same purposes. However graphs can be used as a simple plotting of points to graphical representation of figures. Graphs are able to show the data of different analysis in an organized form. There are four types of graphs.     Histogram Line graph Radar chart Pie chart

 Pareto analysis:
Pareto chart is a type of chart which identifies different problems and their causes.this chart can be used in industrial processes and human activities.this graph shows he ratio between problems and causes this

is known as a 80-20 rule.which means that 80% of problems were caused by 20% of causes.this chart give an idea about import area to work on.

 Cause and effect diagram:

This diagram was invented by Kaoru Ishikawa and this diagram is also known as Ishikawa diagram. This diagram shows cause and effect analysis .this diagram is used for brain storming and expert use this diagram to extract the knowledge of group of people through brainstorming and present their ideas as cause on picture. This diagram is useful in pointing out the causes of dispersion and organizing mutual relationships.

 Scatter diagram:
This diagram shows a picture of realtion between paired data which consists of independent variables and dependent variable. i.e. a rubberband when stretched is dependent on an independent force however this diagrame also shows the correlation between two correalation coefficients .the value of coffecients R exists between -1 and 1.

 Control chart:
This graph shows a picture of variation over time.data is plotted against time on this graph at the point where the process is carried out .after plotting data the decision are made for actions on the process to know the capability of the process.this process is used to monitor and control quality as a traffic light this process can be used for all types of activities.

Total productive maintenance:

PROCESS MAP FOR ADMISSION IN DEPARTMENT OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES:

The process map for the admission purpose in department of professional studies in Edwardes college is as follow.

Issuing of admission form:

This is the first step of process map in which the admission forms will be issued to the candidates. The forms will be issued from the next day after the result of F.A and F.SC .The forms will be issued for 1 week after the result and the timings will be from 9 am to 2pm.

Collection of forms:
The forms will be collected on the same timings and dates on which the forms were issued but two three days may be extended for late submissions.

Screening of forms and displaying of merit list:

After the form are collected then the screening of forms will be done and the top and low merit will be selected along with that the candidates will be selected on merit this process will take 2days and then after 2 days the merit list will be displayed of the selected candidates.

Interview and selection of candidates:

After the merit list are displayed the next day admission process will be carried out this process will be include different senior teachers including the vice principal and other department teachers who will interview different selected candidates. The admission process will start from 9am to 4pm and this time may be extending if the process is not completed.

CHANGES TO ELIMINATE WASTEGE OF FORMS:

For eliminating the wastage of forms it is very important that whole process should be quality process and the whole system should be organized some of the steps that will be followed are as follow.  First step will be giving the duty of issuing and collecting the forms to such person who can perform it with an organized way  Second step will be following all the rules and regulation specially following the timings for each and every activity i.e. lunch time, college opening time, college closing time, namaz timings etc  Forms will be kept in organized way i.e. forms will be kept separate according to merit wise so that there should be no shuffle meant in the forms.  All the related system should be computerized manual work should be avoided.  Since at the admission time no such computerized system is present so computerized system should be used at the time of admission.

PERSONALS AND DEPATMENTS WHICH MIGHT SHOW RESISTANCE AT THE TIME OF IMPLEMENTATION OF CHANGE:
Some of the departments which may create hurdle in the implementation of the change mentioned above are as follow.The personals and departments are from low level to high level.     Different personnals and operators who would be responsible and are associated with this task Teachers who will be included for selection purposes may create hurdle After that the authority comes to the head of department he may create hurdle And at the top level the authority comes to the principle level he can also be a source of hurdle

REASONS: Personals and operators:

The task of operators and other personals here is screening of different forms submitted by candidates and recording the data onto computers

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