ANTHRO 192: ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORIES *July 26, 2010* CULTURE AND PERSONALITY GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY Psychological patterns Ruth

th Benedict concept of personality as a unifying theme SIGMUND FREUD Margaret Mead (1901 1978) Early childhood adult personality and behaviour 1856 1939 Psychoanalysis Unconscious psychological processes and psychological defense mechanisms Mind - mental organs : id, ego, superego Dreams (1900) Influences in Anthropology: Relationship between Culture and Individual Importance of childhood and significance of sexual symbolism Relationship between culture and individual personality Relationship between culture and human nature Edward Sapir, Abram Kardiner, Cora du Bois RUTH BENEDICT Anthropology and the Abnormal (1934) There are no higher and lower cultures, may difference lang sa lifestyle Patterns of Culture Each culture has a unique pattern (cultural configuration) Determines personality of its members Description of configuration based on dominant personality characteristics *cultural configuration determines personality based on cultural configuration *enculturation ituturo ang cultural configuration through this MARGARET MEAD Lover of Ruth Benedict

Sex and Temperament in three Primitive Societies Culture as primary determining factor in determining masculine and feminine social characteristics and behaviour Childrearing and personality development ABRAM KARDINER with du Bois, Sapir, Ralph Linton Neo Freudian The Future of an Illusion (Freud) Early childhood experiences determine religious beliefs All societies have basic personality structure Set in early childhood determines primary institutions basic personality Personality influenced culture through creation of secondary institutions (religion) WEAKNESS: Does not account for individual variation DU BOIS Notion of MODAL PERSONALITY in any given society WWII, COLD WAR National Character Studies BENEDICT The Chrysanthemum and the Sword Japanese childrearing practice is strict obedient GORER & RICKMAN The People of Great Russia: a Psychological study Child becomes manic depressive because of being swaddled Inaccurate Stereotypical *No room for heterogeneity ANTHRO 192: ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORIES *August 2, 2010* CULTURAL ECOLOGY EVOLUTIONISM & NEO-

 JULIAN STEWARD Focused on adaptation of individual cultures to specific environmental conditions CULTURAL CORE Cultural features most closely associated with subsistence practices Same culture type same core features Hierarchy arranged by complexity Family, multi-family, state-level Refined: band, tribe, chiefdom, state (by ELMAN SERVICE) MULTILINEAR: Follow any pattern depending on environmental circumstances LESLIE WHITE General evolutionary theory of culture control of energy Simple to complex, increasing specialization of parts Key factor control of energy Higher concentration of energy more complex, specialized Efficiency with which energy is utilized technology evolution of culture Technology: most important Sociological Ideological Affect evolutionary change *This is the equivalent of Marxs Base and Superstructure GEORGE PETER MURDOCK Comparative method large-scale crosscultural analysis HRAF Human Relations Area Files NEO-MATERIALISM ECOLOGICAL MATERIALIST General systems theory & the science of ecology ASSUMPTION Societies homeostatic

Cultural institutions feedback mechanism: balances energy production and expenditure and the productive capacity of envt Ex. RAY RAPPAPORT Tsembaga pig rituals/festival (KAIKO pig festival) Culture-equilibrium model Trace energy flow within an ecosystem TWO BRANCHES OF ECOLOGICAL MATERIALISM 1. NEOEVOLUTIONISM Morton Fried, Elman Service Egalitarian Rank social stratification control and Stratified distribution of resources State 2. NEO-FUNCTIONALISTS Social organization and culture as functional adaptations which permitted populations to exploit their environs without exceeding its carrying capacity Cultural materialism (MARVIN HARRIS) ROY RAPPAPORT

*CULTURAL ECOLOGISTS gave birth to ECOLOGICAL MATERIALISM and branched out into NEOEVOLUTIONISM and NEOFUNCTIONALIST SUMMARY: CULTURAL ECOLOGY Ecological Anthropology Cultural Materialism NEOMATERIALISM Ecological Materialism Neo-Marxism