1. PRESENT PERFECT Duration Form (I have + past part.

. + for/since) l'azione inizia nel passato --------------------------------------------------> continua nel presente

conosco David da una settimana I've known David for a week

Conosco David da marted I've known David since Tuesday

For da quanto tempo a week a month a year a long time

Since da quando Tuesday 5 o'clock 2004 I was born

2. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Periodo Ipotetico) TYPE 1 quando arriverai a casa, chiamami! When you get home, call me! quando arriver a casa, far la doccia. When I get home, I'll have a shower. When + presente As soon as + presente If + presente

3. USED TO + VERB = per indicare uno stato che esisteva nel passato o un'azione che si ripeteva nel passato ma non pi. David used to play football in the school team. There used to be just countryside here before these houses were built.

4. PAST CONTINUOUS or PAST SIMPLE I was putting on my shoes When you phoned, I was putting on my shoes. When the rain stopped, we went out into the garden. 5. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS I have been sitting here for 2 hours since 4 o'clock

I have been studying English for 11 years since the primary school

6. WILL per le decisioni spontanee (prese nel momento in cui si parla) I'll call you later!

I'll answer the phone!

I'll help you!

7. PRESENT CONTINUOUS per esprimere il futuro Si usa per cose gia programmate (exams, marriage, parties, football match, etc.) Salvatore is getting married, in August.

I'm having a party, on Saturday. I'm going to Rome, tomorrow

8. NEITHER (do/am/can etc.) I. = Nemmeno io

Neither

am was have do did will can could should would

1. I'm not Spanish. 2. I wasn't at Corso Mazzini, last night. 3. I haven't got a Ferrari. 4. I don't like arrogance. 5. I didn't study Latin in primary school. TERZA PERSONA SINGOLARE

6. I won't be in Cosenza in August. 7. I can't play the piano. 8. I couldn't speak Italian 20 years ago. 9. I shouldn't get angry. 10. I wouldn't spend all the lottery money.

Neither

is was has does did will can could should would

he she it David Caroline

11. I'm not Spanish. 12. I wasn't at Corso Mazzini, last night. 13. I haven't got a Ferrari. 14. I don't like arrogance. 15. I didn't study Latin in primary school.

16. I won't be in Cosenza in August. 17. I can't play the piano. 18. I couldn't speak Italian 20 years ago. 19. I shouldn't get angry. 20. I wouldn't spend all the lottery money.

SO DO I / SO AM I / SO CAN I ecc. = anch'io

So

am, is, are was, were have, has do, does did will can could should would

I you he she it we they David Caroline

21. I'm European. 22. I was at Corso Mazzini, last night. 23. I have got a computer. 24. I like pizza. (do / does) 25. I studied Maths in primary school. (did) 9. MODAL VERBS Can / = can't (cannot) Could couldn't =

26. I will be in at the seaside in August. 27. I can speak Italian. 28. I could swim at the age of 10. 29. I should study more. 30. I would put the money in the bank.

sapere, potere, riuscire

passato / condizionale di CAN

Should = shouldn't (ought to / ought not to)

dovrei, dovresti, ecc

(consigli o doveri morali)

Would = wouldn't

condizionale

may may not

probabilit presente o futura / richieste formali Mum may be in the kitchen It may rain on Sunday May I go to the bathroom, please?

Might might not must mustn't

probabilit (vedi may)

dovere (imposto da chi parla) You must be home by midnight! (un forte desiderio) I must see that film! (un forte consiglio) You must see that film, it's fantastic! Have to = dovere (obbligo) You have to study Latin at school.

don't/doesn't have to = non obbligato / non necessario You don't have to wear a uniform at school in Italy You don't need to wear a uniform at school in Italy will won't = FUTURO semplice Spain will win the world cup (previsione) I will always love you! (promessa) I'll answer the phone! (decisione spontanea) (rispondo io!) If it is sunny tomorrow, we'll go to Sila shall shan't = FUTURO semplice (I / we) - Offrirsi di fare qlcs. I shall be at home at 9 o'clock Shall I help help you? Shall we dance?

10. QUESTIONS

QUESTION WORD Where What What time Which football team Why When when Why Where What

AUXILLARY did Did do does do are is was were have has

SUBJECT you you you your brother you you your birthday? The French Revolution? you you he

VERB (o altro) buy buy study get up? Support? crying?

Etc. this jacket? a jacket? at school?

angry? been? done?

SUBJECT Who What Who

VERB gave happened? came to your party? you that T-shirt?

11. Com'......? Come sono....? Com' stato....? ecc. WHAT auxillary subject LIKE?

What

is are was were

Emanuele Arabs the party the exams

like?

12. YOU'D BETTER / I'D BETTER - Faresti meglio / sarebbe meglio (fare) I'd better go. It's late. You'd better run. = = Sarebbe meglio che me ne vada. E' tardi. Faresti meglio a correre.

13. AVRESTI DOVUTO (FARE) you should (do) you should have (done) = = dovresti (fare) avresti dovuto (fare)

Tu You I He

dovresti aver should have should have should have

fatto DONE gone been

Il test the test to London more careful

14. POSSESSIVI AGGETTIVI & PRONOMI ADJECTIVES my book your book his book This is her book its book our book your book their book This book is PRONOUNS mine yours his hers ours yours theirs

15. REFLEXIVE VERBS I You He She It We You They enjoyed enjoyed hurt cut corrects enjoyed enjoyed enjoyed myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

1. PRONOMI COMPLEMENTO OGGETTO me you him for with from her (Send her an email) it us you them Ignore them! Take Follow it! us! Listen to I'll give it to Look at Send an email to her me! you him!

16. PASSIVE

is paid has been paid The bill was paid will be paid is going to be paid A bridge is being built

by

my parents

17. FAR FARE = TO HAVE (SOMETHING) DONE my computer my hair I fixed cut repaired painted arrested

had

my car the house him