CitizenoftheUnitedStatesdomiciledinaState, beforetheFourteenthAmendment, actualresidentinaState, aftertheFourteenthAmendment

2011DanGoodman IntheUnitedStates,beforetheFourteenthAmendment,acitizenoftheUnited StateswasacitizenofaStatebybeingdomiciledinaparticularState: ...Acitizenlivinginastate,withalltheprivilegesandimmunitiesofa citizenofthatstate,oughttoshareitsburdensalso,andwillbeconsidered,toevery purpose,asacitizen.Accordingly,theuniversalunderstandingandpracticeof Americais,thatacitizenoftheUnitedStates,residingpermanentlyinanystate, isacitizenofthatstate.Otherwise,acitizenbystatutecouldneverbelongtoany state,andcouldnevermaintainasuitinthecourtsoftheUnitedStates.Inthesense oftheconstitutionandofthejudicialact,hewhoisincorporatedintothebodyofthe state,bypermanentresidencetherein,soastobecomeamemberofit,mustbea citizenofthatstate,althoughborninanother.Or,tousethephrasemorefamiliarin thebooks,acitizenoftheUnitedStatesmustbeacitizenofthatstate,inwhich hisdomicilisplaced.Prentissv.Barton:19Fed.Cas.(No.11,384)1276,1276thru 1277(1819).[Footnote1]
http://books.google.com/books?id=pfQ6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1276#v=onepage&q&f=false

Inthiscasethecourtisoftheopinionthatthejurisdictioncanbesustained. ThedefendantinerrorisallegedintheproceedingstobeacitizenoftheUnited States,naturalizedinLouisiana,andresidingthere.Thisisequivalenttoan avermentthatheisacitizenofthatstate.AcitizenoftheUnitedStates,residingin anystateoftheunion,isacitizenofthatstate.Gassiesv.Ballon:31U.S.(Peters 6)761,at762(1832).[Footnote2]

http://books.google.com/books?id=ES43AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA762#v=onepage&q&f=false

Residinginthiscasemeansafixedandpermanentdomicile: ...AcitizenoftheUnitedStatesmaybecomeacitizenofthatstatein whichhehasafixedandpermanentdomicile.Brownv.Keene:33U.S.(Peters8) 112,at115(1834).[Footnote2]

http://books.google.com/books?id=DUUFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false

ThisisshowninthePoliticalCodeoftheStateofNewYorkfortheyears1859and 1860: Thecitizensofthestateare: 1. Allpersonsborninthisstateanddomiciledwithinit,exceptthechildrenof transientaliensandofalienpublicministersandconsuls; 2. AllpersonsbornoutofthisstatewhoarecitizensoftheUnitedStatesand domiciledwithinthisstate.Section5ofthePoliticalCodeoftheStateofNew York,1859.

http://books.google.com/books?id=93s4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false

Thecitizensofthestateare: 1. Allpersonsborninthisstateanddomiciledwithinit,exceptthechildrenof transientaliensandofalienpublicministersandconsuls; 2. AllpersonsbornoutofthisstatewhoarecitizensoftheUnitedStatesand domiciledwithinthisstate.Section5ofthePoliticalCodeoftheStateofNew York,1860.

http://books.google.com/books?id=l3w4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false

Section1,Clause1oftheFourteenthAmendmentprovidesthat: AllpersonsbornornaturalizedintheUnitedStates,andsubjecttothe jurisdictionthereof,arecitizensoftheUnitedStatesandoftheStatewhereinthey reside.

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_1127.html

AcitizenoftheUnitedStates,undertheFourteenthAmendment,canbecomealso acitizenofaStatebyresidinginaparticularState: NotonlymayamanbeacitizenoftheUnitedStateswithoutbeingacitizenofa State,butanimportantelementisnecessarytoconverttheformerintothelatter. HemustresidewithintheStatetomakehimacitizenofit.SlaughterhouseCases: 83U.S.(16Wall.)36,at74(1873).

http://books.google.com/books?id=DkgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false

However,resides,asusedintheSection1,Clause1oftheFourteenth 2

Amendment,meansbonafideresidence: Oneoftheseprivilegesisconferredbytheveryarticle(Fourteenth Amendment)underconsideration.ItisthatacitizenoftheUnitedStatescan,ofhis ownvolition,becomeacitizenofanyStateoftheUnionbyabonafideresidence therein,withthesamerightsasothercitizensofthatState.SlaughterhouseCases: 83U.S.(16Wall.)36,at80(1873).

http://books.google.com/books?id=DkgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false

Bonafideresidencedoesnotmeandomicile: ...Theverymeaningofdomicilisthetechnicallypreeminentheadquarters thateverypersoniscompelledtohaveinorderthatcertainrightsanddutiesthat havebeenattachedtoitbythelawmaybedetermined.Bergner&EngelBrewingCo. v.Dreyfus,172Massachusetts,154,157.Initsnatureitisone,andifanycasetwo arerecognizedfordifferentpurposesitisadoubtfulanomaly.Dicey,Conflictof Laws,2ded.98.Williamsonv.Osenton:232U.S.619,at625(1914).

http://books.google.com/books?id=2u4GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA625#v=onepage&q&f=false

Apersonmaymaintainmorethanoneresidenceandthefactthatoneis maintainedforpoliticalpurposesdoesnotitselfpreventtheresidencefrombeing actualandbonafide.Intenttomaintainaresidenceisanimportantfactor,butintent alonedoesnotestablishabonafideresidence.Theremustbeactual,physicaluseor occupationofquartersforlivingpurposesbeforeresidenceisestablished.Williamson v.VillageofBaskin:339So.2d474(1976).

http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13547316696383020452

Ourstatute65.02,FloridaStatutes1941,F.S.A.reads,Inordertoobtaina divorcethecomplainantmusthaveresided(emphasisnotmine)ninetydaysinthe StateofFloridabeforethefilingofthebillofcomplaint.Itisobviousthattheword resided(emphasisnotmine)couldnotproperlybeconstruedtoencompass citizenshipinalegalsense[domicile]becauseonemaycometothisState,establish abonafideresidenceofninetydays,thereafterinstituteadivorceactionandhave itheardandconclusivelyadjudicatedonitsmeritsbeforehecouldunderthelaw becomeacitizenandenjoyalltheprivilegesofcitizenship.Ontheotherhand,a personmightresideinFloridamanyyearsandneverbecomeacitizenofthisState orrenouncehiscitizenshipinaforeignjurisdiction.Indeed,failuretorenouncepre existingcitizenshipisnothingmorethanacircumstancetobeconsideredin connectionwiththequestionofthebonafides(emphasisnotmine)oftheplaintiffs residencewhichistherealtestunderourstatutorylaw.Itisnecessary,asprovided in98.01,FloridaStates1941,F.S.A.,thataperson...shallhaveresided(emphasis notmine)ANDhadhishabitation,domicile,home,andplaceofpermanentabode 3

inFloridaforoneyear,andinthecountyforsixmonths,...inordertoqualify asavoterandforfullfledgedcitizenship.Citizenshipisnotastatutory jurisdictionalprerequisitefordivorceandneitherofthewordscitizenand citizenshipcanbereadintoourstatute.Pawleyv.Pawley:46So.2d464,at471 (1950).

http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15312812472711174511

Thedurationalresidencyrequirementunderattackinthiscaseisapartof Iowascomprehensivestatutoryregulationofdomesticrelations,anareathathas longbeenregardedasavirtuallyexclusiveprovinceoftheStates.Casesdecidedby thisCourtoveraperiodofmorethanacenturybearwitnesstothishistoricalfact. InBarberv.Barber,21How.582,584(1859),theCourtsaid:Wedisclaim altogetheranyjurisdictioninthecourtsoftheUnitedStatesuponthesubjectof divorce....InPennoyerv.Neff,95U.S.714,734735(1878),theCourtsaid:The State...hasabsoluterighttoprescribetheconditionsuponwhichthemarriage relationbetweenitsowncitizensshallbecreated,andthecausesforwhichitmay bedissolved,andthesameviewwasreaffirmedinSimmsv.Simms,175U.S.162, 167(1899).... Theimpositionofadurationalresidencyrequirementfordivorceisscarcely uniquetoIowa,since48Statesimposesucharequirementasaconditionfor maintaininganactionofdivorce.Asmightbeexpected,theperiodsvaryamong Statesandrangefromsixweekstotwoyears.TheoneyearperiodselectedbyIowa isthemostcommonlengthoftimeprescribed. AppellantcontendsthattheIowarequirementofoneyearsresidenceis unconstitutionalfortwoseparatereasons:...and,second,becauseitdeniesa litiganttheopportunitytomakeanindividualizedshowingofbonafideresidence andthereforedeniessuchresidentsaccesstotheonlymethodoflegallydissolving theirmarriage.Vlandisv.Kline,412U.S.441(1973);Boddiev.Connecticut,401U.S. 371(1971)..... Wethereforeholdthatthestateinterestinrequiringthatthosewhoseeka divorcefromitscourtsbegenuinelyattachedtotheState.... Norareweoftheviewthatthefailuretoprovideanindividualized determinationofresidencyviolatestheDueProcessClauseoftheFourteenth Amendment.Vlandisv.Kline,412U.S.441(1973),relieduponbyappellant,held thatConnecticutmightnotarbitrarilyinvokeapermanentandirrebuttable presumptionofnonresidenceagainststudentswhosoughttoobtaininstatetuition rateswhenthatpresumptionwasnotnecessarilyoruniversallytrueinfact.Butin VlandistheCourtwarnedthatitsdecisionshouldnotbeconstruedtodenyaState therighttoimposeonastudent,asoneelementindemonstratingbonafide residence,areasonabledurationalresidencyrequirement.Id.,at452.SeeStamsv. 4

 Malkerson,326F.Supp.234(Minn.1970),affd,401U.S.985(1971).An individualizeddeterminationofphysicalpresenceplustheintenttoremain,which appellantapparentlyseeks,wouldnotentitlehertoadivorceevenifshecouldhave madesuchashowing.ForIowarequiresnotmerelydomicileinthatsense,but (actual)residenceintheStateforayearinorderforitscourtstoexercisetheir divorcejurisdiction.Sosnav.StateofIowa:419U.S.393,at404,405,409thru 410.

http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4796843726517835120

Therefore,acitizenoftheUnitedStates,beforetheFourteenthAmendment,was alsoacitizenofaState,insuchStatewhereheorshewasdomiciled;whereasafter theFourteenthAmendment,acitizenoftheUnitedStates,canbecomealsoacitizen ofaState,insuchStatewhereheorsheisabonafide(actual)resident. Inaddition,acitizenoftheUnitedStates,beforetheadoptionoftheFourteenth Amendment,wasoneofthePeopleoftheUnitedStates;whereasaftertheadoption oftheFourteenthAmendment,acitizenoftheUnitedStatesisnotoneofthePeople oftheUnitedStates.InsteadacitizenoftheseveralStatesisoneofthePeopleofthe UnitedStates: Todetermine,then,whowerecitizensoftheUnitedStatesbeforetheadoptionof the[14th]amendmentitisnecessarytoascertainwhatpersonsoriginallyassociated themselvestogethertoformthenation,andwhatwereafterwardsadmittedto membership. LookingattheConstitutionitselfwefindthatitwasordainedandestablishedby'the peopleoftheUnitedStates,'andthengoingfurtherback,wefindthatthesewerethe peopleoftheseveralStatesthathadbeforedissolvedthepoliticalbandswhichconnected themwithGreatBritain,andassumedaseparateandequalstationamongthepowersof theearth,andthathadbyArticlesofConfederationandPerpetualUnion,inwhichthey tookthenameof'theUnitedStatesofAmerica,'enteredintoafirmleagueoffriendship witheachotherfortheircommondefence,thesecurityoftheirlibertiesandtheirmutual andgeneralwelfare,bindingthemselvestoassisteachotheragainstallforceofferedtoor attackmadeuponthem,oranyofthem,onaccountofreligion,sovereignty,trade,orany otherpretencewhatever. Whoever,then,wasoneofthepeopleofeitheroftheseStateswhentheConstitutionof theUnitedStateswasadopted,becameipsofactoacitizenamemberofthenation createdbyitsadoption.Hewasonethepersonsassociatingtogethertoformthenation, andwas,consequently,oneofitsoriginalcitizens.Astothistherehasneverbeenadoubt. 5

Disputeshavearisenastowhetherornotcertainpersonsorcertainclassesofpersons werepartofthepeopleatthetime,butneverastotheircitizenshipiftheywere.Minorv. Happersett:88U.S.(Wall.21)162,166thru167(1874).

http://books.google.com/books?id=IEsGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false

"Beyondquestion,aStatemaythroughjudicialproceedingstakepossessionofthe assetsofaninsolventforeigncorporationwithinitslimits,anddistributesuchassetsor theirproceedsamongcreditorsaccordingtotheirrespectiverights.Butmayitexclude citizensofotherStatesfromsuchdistributionuntiltheclaimsofitsowncitizensshallhave beenfirstsatisfied?Intheadministrationofthepropertyofaninsolventforeign corporationbythecourtsoftheStateinwhichitisdoingbusiness,willtheConstitutionof theUnitedStatespermitdiscriminationagainstindividualcreditorsofsuchcorporations becauseoftheirbeingcitizensofotherStates,andnotcitizensoftheStateinwhichsuch administrationoccurs?.... WeholdsuchdiscriminationagainstcitizensofotherStatestoberepugnanttothe secondsectionoftheFourthArticleoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,although, generallyspeaking,theStatehasthepowertoprescribetheconditionsuponwhichforeign corporationsmayenteritsterritoryforpurposesofbusiness.Suchapowercannotbe exertedwiththeeffectofdefeatingorimpairingrightssecuredtocitizensoftheseveral Statesbythesupremelawoftheland.Indeed,allthepowerspossessedbyaStatemustbe exercisedconsistentlywiththeprivilegesandimmunitiesgrantedorprotectedbythe ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates..... WemustnotbeunderstoodassayingthatacitizenofoneStateisentitledto enjoyinanotherStateeveryprivilegethatmaybegiveninthelattertoitsown citizens.ThereareprivilegesthatmaybeaccordedbyaStatetoitsownpeoplein whichcitizensofotherStatesmaynotparticipateexceptinconformitytosuch reasonableregulationsasmaybeestablishedbytheState.Forinstance,aState cannotforbidcitizensofotherStatesfromsuinginitscourts,thatrightbeing enjoyedbyitsownpeople;butitmayrequireanonresident,althoughacitizenof anotherState,togivebondforcosts,althoughsuchbondbenotrequiredofa resident.SucharegulationoftheinternalaffairsofaStatecannotreasonablybe characterizedashostiletothefundamentalrightsofcitizensofotherStates.So,a Statemay,byruleuniforminitsoperationastocitizensoftheseveralStates, requireresidencewithinitslimitsforagiventimebeforeacitizenofanotherstate whobecomesaresidentthereofshallexercisetherightofsuffrageorbecome eligibletooffice.Ithasneverbeensupposedthatregulationsofthatcharacter materiallyinterferedwiththeenjoymentbycitizensofeachStateoftheprivileges andimmunitiessecuredbytheConstitutiontocitizensoftheseveralStates.The ConstitutionforbidsonlysuchlegislationaffectingcitizensoftherespectiveStates aswillsubstantiallyorpracticallyputacitizenofoneStateinaconditionofalienage whenheiswithinorwhenheremovestoanotherState,orwhenassertingin 6

anotherStatetherightsthatcommonlyappertaintothosewhoarepartofthe politicalcommunityknownasthePeopleoftheUnitedStates,byandforwhomthe GovernmentoftheUnionwasordainedandestablished.Blakev.McClung:172US. 239,247248,254255,256257(1898).

http://books.google.com/books?id=G2oUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA247#v=onepage&q&f=false

____________ Footnotes: 1.ThisopinionwasdeliveredbyChiefJusticeJohnMarshall,ridingcircuit. 2.ThisopinionwasdeliveredbyChiefJusticeJohnMarshall. ******* 7