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Example If subnet mask is 255.255.240.0 And an IP address for a computer is given as 142.16.52.4 142.16.0.0 is network address 0.0.48.0 is the subnet address 0.0.4.4 is the host address of the computer 10001110.00010000.00110100.00000100 is ANDed with 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 and output is 10001110.00010000.00110000.00000000 here first two octets represents Network address and third octet represents subnet address. It can be compared with a postal address as there is only one ZIP code (Network address), different streets (Subnet address), and different house number (Host address).

Some terminologies those are used with Networking models:

Collision Domain- It is the group of PCs in which collision will occur when two PC will transmit data simultaneously. Broadcast Domain- It is the group of PCs those will receive same broadcast message. CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection)- In this

protocol when a PC wants to transmit any packet it sense the carrier i.e the path ,if no other PC is using the carrier then only it sends. If two PCs starts sending data simultaneously collision will occur. Both PCs will wait for some random time and then initiate the same process.

MAC(Media Access Control) . The IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and 802.5 (Token Ring) are the MAC sub layers of these two LAN datalink protocols. Burned-in address: The 6-byte address assigned by the vendor making the card. It is usually burned in to a ROM or EEPROM on the LAN card and begins with a 3byte organizationally unique identifier (OUI) assigned by
Summer Training Report On Computer Networking

the IEEE. Locally administered address: Through configuration, an address that is used instead of the burned-in address. Unicast address: Fancy term for a MAC that represents a single LAN interface.

PASSIVE COMPONENTS

Passive components are those devices which are used to provide connectivity between different networking devices. It includes

Cables

Patch Panel

Patch Cord

I/O box

Racks

RJ-45 Connectors

CABLES
There are different Cabling options depending on the access method : Twisted pair
The wires are twisted around each other to minimize interference from other twisted pairs in the cable. Twisted pair cables are available unshielded (UTP) or shielded (STP). UTP is the most common type and uses a RJ-45 Connector. Typical lengths are up to 100m. Twisted pair network uses a star topology.
Summer Training Report On Computer Networking

Coaxial
Coaxial cable uses BNC connectors. The maximum cable lengths are around 500m. Coaxial networks use a single bus topology

Fiber Optic
UTP and Co-axial cables are not capable for driving the data signals for long distance i.e. UTP is capable of transmitting up to a distance 100 meters only By using the Fiber cables it is possible to send the data about 10 kilometers. Fiber optic cable uses SC, ST, LC connectors (most common in use is SC connector) In fiber cables the data is converted to light signals and the signal is made to propagate through the fiber cable. There are two types of Fibre optic cable available. 1. Single mode: In this mode typical length is up to 12km and data rate is 1000Mbps. The core diameter is about 9.25 nm cable is known as 1000 base LX cable. 2. Multi mode: This mode is further categorised in two: 1) SX: Typical length is up to 500m and data rate is 1000Mbps. 2) FX: Typical length is up to 220m and data rate is 100Mbps. Summer Training Report On Computer Networking

PATCH PANEL
A patch panel provides a convenient place to terminate (connect) all of the cable coming from different locations into the wiring closet. We connect the cables

coming from various locations willing to connect to switch through the patch panel. NEED OF PATCH PANEL We can label the patch panel so we know that which wire belongs to which location. Without a patch panel, it is chaotic. If we want to disconnect a station from the switch, it's a lot easier if there's a label. Most cabling is wired "straight-through" from end to end. But sometimes we need to cross-wire some of the pairs between switch and station, like with a cable modem, or cross-wire to connect two switches. With a patch panel, all of this cross-wiring is done in the patch cable. If you have to make any changes, like moving a station or switch, you just move the patch cable with it, instead of having to reterminate the cable run.
Summer Training Report On Computer Networking

PATCH CORD RACK

We have to mount the patch panel somehow. The best way is to buy a rack. Basically, a rack is a pair of vertical rails with holes drilled in them so that we can mount patch panels, hubs, and other network equipment.

This made it easy to

access the back of the patch panel and other networking components. Cabling Guidelines

The RJ-45 ports on the switch support automatic MDI/MDI-X operation, so wecan use standard straight-through twisted-pair cables to connect to any other network device (PCs, servers, switches, routers, or hubs). We use only twisted-pair cables with RJ-45 connectors that conform to FCC standards. Connecting to PCs, Servers, Hubs and Switches 1. Attach one end of a twisted-pair cable segment to the devices RJ-45 connector. Making Twisted-Pair Connections 2. The port where we are connecting the RJ-45 is a network card, attach the other end of the cable segment to a modular wall outlet that is connected Summer Training Report On Computer Networking

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