Rockets and Satellites

A Power Point Presentation About Rockets and Satellites By: A.Sujatha

Rockets
A rocket moves forward when gases expelled from the rear of the rocket push it in the opposite direction. Hot gases are propelled out of the back of a rocket engine. The force of the gas in one direction (action) produces an opposing force (reaction) that propels the rocket forward.

Space Shuttles
The Saturn V rockets that carried astronauts to the moon in the 1960s and 1970s were very expensive. In addition, they could not be reused because each stage burned up and fell back through earths atmosphere. In the late 1970s, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) developed the reusable space shuttles. They are called shuttles because they can go back and forth, or shuttle, between the earth and space. Since the first shuttle was launched in 1981, space shuttles have been the main way that the United States launches astronauts and equipment into space. NASA is studying several ideas for building better and less expensive ways of launching people and cargo into space. The ideal vehicle would be an aerospace plane that could take off from a runway, travel into space, and landing again on the runway.

Space Stations
A space station is a large satellite in which people can live for long periods. The first space station, the Soviet Unions Salyut, was launched in 1971. In 1973, the United States launched Skylab, which carried a series of telescopes and medical, geological, and astronomical experiments.

Satellites
Satellites are used for communications, navigation, collecting weather data, and research, In addition, two-dozen Global Positioning Satellites give off signals that can be picked up by small receivers on earth. The receiver can then tell you where you are on earths surface.

The Rocket Stages

1. Heavy first stage provides thrust for launch. 2. First stage separates and falls to earth. 3. Second stage ignites and continues with third stage. 4. Second stage separates and falls to earth. 5. Third Stage ignites. 6. Third stage is discarded. 7. Lunar vehicle proceeds to lunar orbit.

The Different Satellites

Artificial Satellites- Artificial Satellites are used to relay telephone calls, to measure the earths atmosphere, and photograph weather systems, crops, troops, and ships. Global Positioning Satellites- Global Positioning Satellites give off small signals that can be picked up by small receivers on earth. The receiver can then tell you where you are on the earths surface. Geosynchronous Satellites- Geosynchronous Satellites are used to relay television signals and to map weather patterns.

PHYSICAL LAWS
Keplers 1st Law: Law of Ellipses

The orbits of the planets are ellipses with the sun at one focus. Or, the orbits of satellites around the earth are ellipses with the earth at one focus..

PHYSICAL LAWS
Keplers 2nd Law: Law of Equal Areas
t2 t1 Area 2 Area 1 t0 t3

t1-t0 = t3-t2 Area 1 = Area 2

Satellites travel at varying speeds!!

Keplers 3rd Law

a3= / n2 Where, n = Mean motion of the satellite in rad/sec. = Earths geocentric gravitational constant. With the n in radians per sec. the orbital period in second is given by, P = 2 / n

ORBITAL ELEMENTS
True Anomaly
True Anomaly is a measurement from a fixed point in space to the actual satellite location in the orbit It is measured in degrees
True Anomaly: Is this angle, measured in degrees Direction of satellite motion

You will be able to much easily see what True Anomaly is when using STK!!

Fixed point in space

ORBITAL ELEMENTS
Inclination
Prograde: 0 i < 90

Equatorial: i = 0 or 180

Polar: i = 90

Retrograde: 90 i 180

 Right Ascension is the tilt, as measured from a fixed point in space, called the First Point of Aries

ORBITAL ELEMENTS Right Ascension

First Point of Aries ()

Right Ascension of the Ascending Node

ARGUMENT OF PERIGEE

Low Earth Orbit Concepts

Descending node
Ascending node Ground track Orbit Inclination angle Perigee

Equator

Orbit

South Pole

Apogee

ORBITAL ELEMENTS
True Anomaly
True Anomaly is a measurement from a fixed point in space to the actual satellite location in the orbit It is measured in degrees
True Anomaly: Is this angle, measured in degrees Direction of satellite motion

You will be able to much easily see what True Anomaly is when using STK!!

Fixed point in space

Questions From Sheet

What is a geosynchronous orbit? The Orbit of a satellite that revolves around earth at the same rate the earth rotates.

How Do Rockets move in Space? A Rocket moves forward when gases are expelled from the rear of the rocket, pushing it in the opposite direction. Hot gases are propelled out of the back of a rocket engine. The force of the gas in one direction (action) produces an opposing force (reaction) that propels the rocket forward.

Which stage of a multistage rocket reaches the final destination? Multistage rockets have three stages, or sections. Each of the first two stages burns all of its fuel and then drops off. The next stage then takes over. Only part of the third stage reaches the rockets destination.

Reference
Science Text Book Pictures Found Off Google