CELL the functional basic unit of life It was discovered by Robert Hooke and is the functional unit of all

known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life. Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are unicellular. Humans have about 100 trillion or 1014 cells; a typical cell size is 10 m and a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram. The longest cells are about 135 m in the anterior horn in the spinal cord while granule cells in the cerebellum, the smallest, can be some 4 m and the longest cell can reach from the toe to the lower brain stem (Pseudounipolar cells).

2 TYPES OF CELL 1. Prokaryotic cells - is simpler, and therefore smaller, than a eukaryote cell, lacking a nucleus and most of the other organelles of eukaryotes. - Nuclear material of prokaryotic cell consist of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with cytoplasm 3 ARCHITECTURAL REGION A. Flagella and pili- project from the cell's surface -these are structures made of proteins that facilitate movement and communication between cells B. Cell envelope generally consisting of a cell wall covering a plasma membrane though some bacteria also have a further covering layer called a capsule -The envelope gives rigidity to the cell and separates the interior of the cell from its environment, serving as a protective filter. C. Cytoplasmic region- contains the cell genome (DNA) and ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions. 2. Eukaryotic cells - are about 15 times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as 1000 times greater in volume. - contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELL The plasma membrane resembles that of prokaryotes in function, with minor differences in the setup. Cell walls may or may not be present. 2. The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules, called chromosomes, which are associated with histone proteins. All chromosomal DNA is stored in the cell nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. Some eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria also contain some DNA. 3. Many eukaryotic cells are ciliated with primary cilia. Primary cilia play important roles in chemosensation, mechanosensation, and thermosensation.
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Cilia- sensory cellular antennae that coordinate a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation. 4. Eukaryotes can move using motile cilia or flagella. The flagella are more complex than those of prokaryotes.

The Headquarters: NUCLEUS - The control center of a cell - This part of a cell contains the genetic material called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which is encloses all data of instruction for building a person s protein and cell production.

PARTS OF A NUCLEUS 1. Nuclear Membrane (nuclear envelope) a double membrane barrier that binds the nucleus. It has a selective permeability. 2. Nucleoplasm a jelly-like fluid that is enclosed by the nuclear membrane. It is in this part where the nuclear components are floating. 3. Nucleoli small, dark-staining round bodies. It is in this area where ribosomes are brought together. Ribosomes are the actual site of protein synthesis. 4. Chromatin loose network of bumpy threads that is dispersed throughout the nucleus. When cell division occurs, the chromatin forms the chromosomes.

The Factory Area: CYTOPLSM - is the area where cellular activities take place. It is located outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. Major elements of a cytoplasm 1. Cytosol suspends the other elements in cytoplasm. 2. Organelles the metabolic machinery of a cell. 3. Inclusions stored nutrients or stored cell products. Cytoplasmic Organelles
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Mitochondria referred as the powerhouse of the cell as it supplies ATP. It is a sausage-shaped organelle that is composed of a double membrane situated in each side. 2. Ribosomes actual site of protein synthesis. 3. Endoplasmic Reticulum it carries substances (mostly protein) from one part of the cell to another. A. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum an organelle that builds materials of cellular membranes. This structure is also referred as the cell s membrane factory and it is studded with ribosomes. B. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum basically functions in lipid metabolism and the clearing of drugs and pesticides. It is essential in cholesterol and fat synthesis and breakdown. Liver cells contain a large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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Golgi apparatus situated close to the nucleus. It is involved in the modification and packaging of the proteins from the rough ER through the transport vehicles. 5. Lysosomes contains digestive enzymes. These enzymes are formed by the ribosomes and packaged by the Golgi apparatus.

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Peroxisomes contains oxidase enzymes that utilize molecular oxygen to cleanse harmful and poisonous substances (e.g. alcohol and formaldehyde). More importantly, it is responsible for converting free radicals to hydrogen peroxide then to water with the presence of the enzyme catalase. 7. Cytoskeleton determines the shape of the cell and provides support to other organelles. 8. Centrioles direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division. 9. Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane- separates the cells from the surrounding and contains all the cellular components or materials. Its structure consists of the following: a. Phospolipids b. Cholesterol c. Polar heads of phospholipid molecules d. Bimolecular lipid containing proteins the proteins are responsible for the specialized function of the cell membrane. Proteins in plasma membrane could be: 1. Enzymes 2. Glycoprotein or sugar-proteins = determines blood type, serves as receptors of certain bacteria, viruses and toxins. It also plays a role in cellto-cell communication or interaction.  Most proteins that are found on the area of plasma membrane have to do with transport functions. Water or small water-soluble molecules or ions can move through cells as proteins gather together to form tiny pores from protein channels. Other proteins are responsible for attaching to a substance and transport it towards the cell through the membrane.

2 COMMON SPECIALIZATION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE: 1.Microvilli- are the minute finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that is responsible for increasing the cell s surface area for absorption making the process occurring more quickly. The membrane junctions, on the other hand, vary structurally depending on their roles: 2. Membrane junctions- vary depending on their roles ROLES: a. Tight junctions these are resistant junctions that fuse cells together into impermeable structure that will prevent the substances from passing through the extracellular space between the cells.

b. Desmosomes prevent cells from mechanical stress. For instance, skin cells are prevented from being pulled apart (mechanical stress) because of the presence of desmosomes. c. Gap junctions allow communication between cells. Neighboring cells are connected to each other by the presence of CONNEXONS.

TYPES OF CELL ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OR ROLE: Cells that connect body parts: 1. Fibroblasts elongated cells that contain a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and large Golgi apparatus, to make and secrete the protein building blocks of these fibers. 2. Erythrocytes also called red blood cells (RBCs). It is a concave disk shaped cell which is responsible for carrying oxygen in the bloodstream. The shape of this cell is helpful in providing an extra surface area for oxygen uptake. Cells that coats and lines the body organs y Epithelial Cells a hexagonal shape cell. The shape of this cell allows these fibers to pack together in sheets and covers a body organ. Cells that mover organs and body parts 1. Skeletal muscle cells 2. Smooth muscle cells Cells that stores nutrients y Fat cells Cells that fight disease y Phagocytic cell (macrophage) Cells that gather information and controls body functions y Nerve cells (neurons) Cells involve in reproduction 1. Oocyte 2. Sperm cell Physiology of a Cell The cell s internal structure performs various functions such as:

4. Metabolism (using nutrients to build new cell material, break down substances and make ATP) 5. Digestion 6. Excretion (dispose wastes) 7. Reproduction 8. Growth 9. Movement 10. Irritability (response to a stimulus) Two major period of cell cycle: 1.Interphase or Metabolic phase 2.Cell division Cell Division Functions of cell division: 1. Promote growth by producing more cells. 2. Repair processes y Before cell division takes place the genetic materials are duplicated precisely. DNA replication occurs towards the end of interphase period. The following processes take place chronologically: y DNA helix uncoils and slowly divides its nucleotide chains. Individual nucleotide contains a set of instruction or serves as template for building another nucleotide strand. *Nucleotides unites in complementary ways such as the following: 1. Adenine (A) ALWAYS bonds to thymine (T) 2. Guanine (G) ALWAYS bonds to cytosine (C) * Identical DNA molecules are formed from the original DNA helix. * Each DNA consists one old and one newly constructed nucleotide strand. Events of Cell Division: 1. Mitosis: division of the nucleus - this event occurs after DNA replication takes place. When the nucleus divides, the daughter cells contain the same genetic information as the original mother cell. 2. Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm - The division of the cytoplasm begins during the late anaphase period and ends or is already completed during the telophase stage. STAGES OF DURING MITOSIS 1. Prophase stage where nuclear envelope and nucleoli have broken down and disappeared. Chromosomes in during this time have joined the spindle fibers through the centromeres. During this period, the chromosomes appear due to the coiling and shortening of the chromatin threads. Each chromosome is made up of a pair of chromatid which is held together by a centromere (small button like body). Mitotic spindle is brought together by separation and moving of the centrioles to the opposite side of the cell. 2. Metaphase chromosomes have gathered together during this period and are lined up at the center of the spindle midway between the centrioles (metaphase plate).

3. Anaphase chromatids that are held together split (now called chromosome again) and begins to move gradually apart from each other to the opposite ends of the cells. This phase ends when the chromosome movement ends. 4. Telophase the reverse of prophase.