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The magnetic field of saddle-shaped coils. I. Symmetry of the magnetic field around the coil centre

This article has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text article. 1984 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 17 1 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0022-3727/17/1/006) View the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for more

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J . Phys. D: Appl. Phys.. 17 (1984) 1-18. Printed in Great Britain

The magnetic field of saddle-shapedcoils: I. Symmetry of the magnetic field around the coil centre
H Hanssum
Institut fur Biophysikalische Chemie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitiit Frankfurt, Haus 75A. Univ.-Klinikum. Theodor-Stern-Kai7 , D-6000 Frankfurt a. M. Federal 70. Republic of Germany

Received 11 May 1983

Abstract. The cylindrical saddle-shapedcoil system hasoften beenused togenerate magnetic fields perpendicular to the symmetry axis of probes with cylindrical symmetry. The application of thesecoils is hampered by the low symmetry of the magnetic fields and the correspondingly complex theory involved. Moreover, since the size and the shape of the saddle-shaped coil is described by three independent coil parameters. the variety of the magnetic fields depending on the coil parameters is large. In order to make the magnetic fields of these coils accessible a classification with respecttheir propertiesat the magnetic to to centre, the exact expressions describing the magnetic derived previously are expanded field in a trigonometric series. The magnetic field in the vicinity of the magnetic centre can thus be represented by a quadratic form with respect to Cartesian coordinates. Analysis of the quadratic form shows that the magnetic around thecoil centre is constant on hyperbolic field curves. The resulting surface of constant magnetic field deviation with reference to the magnetic field at the coil centre, A B . is in general a hyperboloid. The orientation of the hyperboloid depends on the coil geometry parameters. The manifold coil parameters and the related coil types have been classified using the local symmetryof the magnetic field at the coil centre.

1. Introduction

In order to generate static or alternating magnetic a numberof coil configurations fields. have been developed. The solenoid, the Helmholtz and the saddle-shaped used coil are for experiments requiring homogeneous magnetic fields (Sauzade and Kan1973. Hoult 1978, Williams et all981).The properties the various coil configurations, in particular of the occurrenceof transverse magnetic field components at points outside the magnetic centre, and the symmetry the magneticfield are important factors that determine the of application of a certaincoil configuration (Bhadra 1968, Blicharski 1981, Blicharski and Sobol 1 8 ) Circular Helmholtz coils (see figure la) have the following advantages: 92. () easy construction. good accessibility to the centre, relatively large region of uniform field strength (Garett 1951, Kaminishi and Nawata 1 8 ) The construction of square 91. Helmholtz coils seems to be even more simple, while the accessibility and the ease of computation is at least retained if not improved (Firester 1966.Rudd and Craig 1968. Cacak and Craig 1969,Blicharski 1 8 ) Despite these advantages of circular, square 91. and polygonal Helmholtz coil systems, many other similar coil configurations consisting of two or four coils have been generally accepted optical pumping, acceleratorswith in

0022-3727/84/010001+ $02.25 01984The Institute of Physics 18


Dl

H Hanssum

magnetic field perpendicular to the particle velocity vector, mass spectroscopy and in various fields of NMR spectroscopy (Grant and Strandberg 1965. Sampson and Kruger 1965, Jaeckle eta1 1971, Baileyet ai 1981). If the space available for the system is limited and of cylindrical symmetry, and coil if a magnetic field perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the cylinder is desired, a saddle-shaped coil may be preferable (figures l(b. c)). Such coils have been used in high-resolution NMR (Ginsberg and Melchner 1970, Sauzade and Kan 1973, Hoult 1978) with and N M R imaging (Lauterbur 1977). NMR tomography is a potential diagnostic tool applications in medicine. In this case the shapethe coil used depends on the geometry of of the object to be irradiated. Unfortunately, the great homogeneity the magnetic of field particular to optimised circular Helmholtz coil systems decreased in the saddleis shaped coil. Inaddition, the rotational invariance of circular Helmholtz coils with respect of to thex axis (figure l(a)) is lost. The symmetry the magneticfield of a saddle-shaped coil is therefore considerably lower than that of a circular Helmholtz coil. The mathematical description of such coils is correspondingly more complex.

IaI

1b1

111

Figure 1. Geometry of saddle-shaped coils and relationshipto the Helmholtz coil.

The magnetic field of a saddle-shaped coil has previously been calculated at the magnetic centre of the coil system (figure l(c)) with second-order correction terms which take points in the vicinity of the coil centre into account (Ginsberg and Melchner 1970, Hoult and Richards 1976). Hoult (1978) has evaluated the magnetic field at points in the vicinity of the magnetic centre in terms of an infinite series of harmonics. In a previous paper (Hanssum 1983) closed expressions for the magnetic field components in vacuum were derived which are valid for the whole region outside the conductors. These expressions are exact in the sense that no higher-order terms are neglected. of Unfortunately, it turned out that the optimisation the coil geometry using these exact relations is a complex problem leading into the field of elliptic integrals. In order to optimise the coil configuration with respect to a desired property the magnetic field, of power series expansions of B could prove useful. In the present paper, polynomial expressions for B,, B,, and B , are derived from the exact expressions for the ideal saddle-shaped coil (zero diameter conductors). Itbe shown that use of a quadratic will the form as an approximation of B leads to lucid mathematical equations for the coil geometry parameters,so that the homogeneity of B in a small volume at the magnetic centre of the coil may easilybe maximised.

Saddle-shaped coils

The large number of possible coil geometries,described by the coil geometry of parameters Ro, = Z o / R o ,and @a, result in an equallycomprehensivevariety magnetic fields. The magnetic field is a function of x , y and z for a given set of coil geometry parameters. A change of coil parameters can result in a slightly different field symmetry, depending dependency of B on x , y , z or in a completely new magnetic on the magnitudeof the change.Using the concept of local magnetic field symmetry, it is shown that the variety magnetic field dependencies may be subdivided into several of classes. The corresponding classes of saddle-shaped coils are represented by various regions in the &,@o plane. Curves separate these regions of magnetic field symmetry. These curves are described by analytical expressions of the form 0 0 = f ( CO). The magnetic field variation is small for moderately increasing distances from coil centre, the i.e. 0.1< R/Ro < 0.5. Therefore, theclassification of the magnetic field with respect to its local symmetry not only simplifies the qualitative description of the magnetic field considerably, but may also be used for planning coil geometries even if large volumes are considered. Using the exact expressions forB, the results of the present paper act as a starting can point for the further optimisation of a coil. In a second paper, the homogeneity of IB 1 will be evaluated and optimised with respect to a given criterion? which describes the homogeneity of lB1 in a relatively large volume. In a third paper, the transverse components of the magnetic field and the properties of band-shaped conductors are to be evaluated. 2. Expansion of the exact expressions in power series

In Hanssum (1983) the expressions for the magnetic field were calculated as functions of Cartesian orcylindrical coordinates, i.e.X , Y , Z o r R , Q;,and 2 .In the following, the relative coordinates x = X/Ro. y = Y/Ro, z = Z/Ro, and r = R/Ro are used. Let us first consider the field components B,, B,, B, as functions of the normalised cylindrical coordinates r . z , and

+ [ k i ( r + 1) - 2 r ] ( k i - l ) " ( E l j k

- kiSijC,Dl;k')}.

(3)

The currentI is given in CGS units. The following abbreviations were used in equations (1-3): S , = sin xi, (4a)

cij = cos xi,

(4b)

H Hanssum

Ck xij

= (-l)k&l = [F

(jb)

+ (-1)'CDo + ( i - l)n]/2.

(5c)

Expansions of the elliptic integrals Filk = F ( x l j ,kk) and are given below. R o ,i.e. the radius of the support cylinder,is the only absolute length in the expressions (1-3). The half-height of the cylinder, which defines the coil geometry, has also been normalised, 1.e.
CO =

-G/Ro

(6)

so that it can be interpreted as dimensionless shape parameter. a The componentsof B are defined in figure 2. B,(r, q, z ) is the component parallel to the radius vector the polar coordinate system. the component ofB perpendicular in B,is to B, in the x-y plane, andB, is perpendicular to B, and B,. B,. B,. B,, and B, obey the following relations:

B, = B, cos v, - B, sin
B,sinv,+ B,= B,cosv,.

(7a) (7b)

In the following, the technique of expanding equations (1-3) in a power series is discussed in more detail. In a first step the termsDiik.DAk, ( k i +l)". etc are expanded

Figure 2. Definition of coil geometry parameters Ro. DO. components of B are repThe resented with respect to cylindrical coordinatesr . rp, z): B, is parallel to the radius vector of ( the field point and perpendicular the z axis. B,is perpendicular to B , and B ; . to

Saddle-shaped coils

in power series of k . In a second step their various contributions to the power series, including the termsof the trigonometric series the elliptic integrals, are summed. of of For small values k k and xtjthe following trigonometric series the elliptic integral of of the first kind may be used (Gradshteyn and Ryzhik 1965, Milne-Thomson 1965):
F(X,,,k k ) = 2X-K(kk)Xi,- Sinxi, COSXi,(Uo -F
$U1

Sin2Xt,

+ ( 2 .4)/(3 . 5 ) a z sin3xij+ , . .).


In analogy theelliptic integral of the secondkind may be writtenas
( x i , , k k = 2.YE(kk)Xii + sinxi, cosxi,(bo )

+ j b , Sin2Xii
(9)

+ (2 .4)/(3 .5)b2 sin4xx,.


x

+ . . .).

defined by the following relations (Gradshteyn and Ryzhik The coefficients a, and b, are 1965):

a,

=
,=m-l

cik? c f k p ( 2 n - l)-.

b, =

,=m-l

The c, are numerical factors:


c,
=

( h - l)!! 2% !

where (2n - l)!!= 1 . 3 e 5


S . .

. * ( 2 n- 1).

(13)

In these expressions the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds, i.e. K ( k k )and E ( k k ) ,have been used.Since summation of the termsx,gives zero, thefirst terms of the series equations(8, 9) can be neglectedin the following. 2.1. Summation of the contributions of the arcs In order to derive polynomial expressions from equations (l-3), the summation in i. j . k of the terms F i j k 3 Eyk. G,, etc have to be carried out. The summation may be carried out before or after the expansion the termsf. The of summation is simplified if after the c expansion procedure the series rewritten in a form where the termsk are separated. is For example. equation may be writtenin the following form: (1)
2

B, = A

i.].k=l

(-l)i*k(Z
Ck.

ck)(Dli,f ZckDzi,)

(14)

with D1 and D2 independent of

Since the functions Dl and do not depend on the D2

+ The elliptic integrals obey a number of symmetryrelationswhichmightbeuseful in the summation procedure. A number of partial summations of the terms E . F, D ,G. etc have been found. Since the various terms obey different symmetry relations,no real simplification of the summation of the closed expressions was obtained. Therefore, I propose to firstly expand the equations (1-3) and secondly sum the terms of the polynomial.

H Hanssum

index of summation k , equation (14) reduces to B, = A (-1);-j2<o(-Dlj, + z2Dzi,)


l.,

=1

The functionsDl;, DZi, and have thefollowing form:


Dzlj = do(r. Z )

+ dl(r, Z ) sin2xlj+ d*(r, z ) sin2xi,cos 2x, + + d,,-,,, sin L, 2x, + . . cos


, ,

The coefficients d, do not depend on i, j , 9 , (Do. The summation of the first term gives zero, the second term yields:

l.j= l

(-l)idl sin2xij

-4dl cos qsin (Do

etc. In general, the products the trigonometric functions of

may be representedby the binomial

x (cos q9)m-u+ U (sin O ~ ) + ~ ( C O S Oo)n-m--p

The functions Tm,n zero for the are following combinations of n and m: ( a ) n = 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , . . andm = 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 . . . ; (b)n=l,3,5,7. . .andm=1,3,5,7 . . . . The functions are non-zero for: ( c ) n = 0 : 2 , 4 , 6 . . . a n d m = 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 . . . a n d v + , u = 1 , 3 , 5 . . .n + m : ( d ) n = l . 3 , 5 , 7 . . . a n d m = 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 . . .a n d v + , u = 1 , 3 , 5. . .n + m . Equation (17) considerably simplifies the procedure, since odd products of sin 2x,, cosrn2xi, may be dropped at an early stage of the expansion. 2.2. Calculation of B , and B , Using the equations (8-12), expansion of equation (1)in powers of Y and z and summation of the contributionsof the straight conductors and yields arcs Br(r, q9, z ) = AA0 cos q[Ab + z2aZz r2(a2, + apDl +

sin F)].

(18)

The factors A have been chosenso that A is dependent on the absolute size parameter of the coil,Ro. Ao is dependent only on the coil geometry parameters CO, Oo:
A
=

8IRi

U9a)

A = cob1/2 sin
Ah=l+b

(19b) (19c)

Saddle-shaped coils with


b = R i / ( R i + Zi) = (1 +

c;)-
+ 3a2Q1 + a2Q2 sinq)].
(20)

Expansion of equation ( 2 ) gives

Bq(r, rp, z ) = -AA0 sin rp[AC,+ z2a2z+ r(a2,

The coefficients of the power series are given by

a2z = -6b2

+ 15(ib3/2
-

a2, = -1 - b / 2
a2

3b2/2 + 5b3

+ 2b + 3b2/2 + 5b3/2 aze = -3(1 + b / 2 + b 2 / 2 ) .


=4

The coefficients a, are not independent. The following relations caneasily be verified:
a2
~2~

+ 3a2, + 4a2, = 0
- 2a2, -

(22a) (22b)

3a2, = 0.

The functionsQ, are given by


0 1

cos2Qo

(P2

= sin

a0- 3cos2 a0

Q3 =

sin G o - cos Q ~ .

2.3. Calculation of B,
The Cartesian components B may be derived from the exact expressions for and of B, B, given by Hanssum (1983) or by using the relations (7a, b ) . The x component of B is given by:

B,

= AA{A;I

+ z2a2z + r2[a?,+ Q l a 2 + sin2rp(-a2, + a 2 Q 3 ) ] }


=

(24)

where
a2,

+ b + 5b3.

(250)

The coefficient u2 can be expressed by the othercoefficients, e.g.

a2) = aZz+ 2a2, + a2 azY =


-2a2, - 2a2,.

Pc)

The relations (22) and (25) reveal some properties of the magnetic field that are independent of the choiceof particular values for the geometry parameters. coil
3. Optimisation of the coil with respect to the local uniformity of B

The lowest-order terms of the transverse components order. Calculation of


IBl = ( B ;

B, and B , are also of second

+ B ; + B:)*

(26)

H Hanssum

by using the quadratic formsBi and subsequent expansionin a Taylor series shows that
I B l = Bx

(27)

if third- and higher-order terms areconsistently neglected. Therefore, equation (24) is the appropriate quadratic form foranalysis of the field strength of the magneticfield the in the space around the magnetic centre of the coil. The lowest-order terms in the expansions (18), (20) and (24) are quadratic terms. First- and third-order terms do not exist. There are no terms products of r and z . with The dependence of the magnetic field on thecoil parameters CO and Q. is contained in the coefficients a, and Q,, respectively. Consequently, the optimisation of the coil with respect to a given criterion for B requires the investigation of the coefficients as a function of and Qo. A well-knowncondition of maximising the uniformity of the magnetic field is to search for coil parameters, where the derivatives of B with respect to the coordinates vanish to the highest possible order (local uniformity condition). With respect to B,, this is the case for

A , = (a?, Q laz)/A;i = 0 i A",, = ( - ~ z , ,


azz = 0.

(28a)
(28b)

+ azQ3)/AA= 0

(28c)

is The dependence ofA,r COand Q O shown in figure 3. A , monotonically decreases for on 0 < Q. < 90". dA./dQo = 0 for Q. = 0 and 90". The coefficient azz as a function of (0 has only one neutral point. Starting from azZ(0)= -6, it increases monotonically and intersects the abscissa at CO = 2.00. Therefore, al, is positive for &, > 2. After passing a maximum, it approaches the abscissa for
(0

=.

20

40
@Q

60

80

Figure 3. Coefficient A , as a function of

CJ" for various values of

c{).

Saddle-shaped coils
Equations (28a, b) may be solved for 00: @o(A, = 0 = C O S - ~ ( - U ~ , / U ~ ) ) @o(A, = A , , ) = Icos-'(-u~,/u~). From equation (28c) it follows that

(29a) (29b)

go = 2.

(29c)

The IB 1 field is uniform on the x axis up to the third order, equation (29a) is met. The if second-order contribution to the variation IB 1 on the circles ( m = (0, 0 , z ) , r > 0) is of zero, i.e. IBI is invariant with respect to rotations around the z axis. if condition (29b) is valid. Plots of the functions (29) are discussed below. The system of equations (28) can be solved analytically. There is one solution with @O = 60" and equation (29c). Ginsberg and Melchner(1970) and Hoult and Richards (1976) found the same result.

4. Local symmetry of IB I at r = 0

The quadratic form(24) is transformed to

1 ~ =1 AA,,{A; + xz(azr+ a z o l >+ y 2 [ a z r and is rewritten in the following form:


AB
= A,x'

az,, + a 2 ( Q 1 +

@3)]

+ z2azzl

(30)

A B is the relative of the approximations(27): AB


=

+ AJ'. deviationof IB 1 at r with respect


A,,y'

(31)
to the magnetic centre the frame in

(iM-1l

- iP(0)

I > / l ~ ( o >l

(32a) (326)

with

lB(0)1

=AAdh.

The main axis coefficients A , are uniquely determinedby


+

50and Q,,:
(32c)
(324 (32e)

A 1=

Q@
~2~

) / A6

A) AI

= =

[azr-

+ ~ 2 ( @ 1 + @3)]/Ab

a2,/A 6.

A geometric interpretation of equation (31) is useful. B ( r ) or, equivalently, A B may now be taken as a constant. fixed values ofAj and A B , and takingx,y , z as variables. For the quadratic form equation defines a more or symmetric surfacein the vicinity (31) less ofthe origin. The typesurface, e.g. ellipsoid, hyperboloid, etc, uniquely determined of is by the main axis coefficientSA,. Since they functionsof 5 0 and @p~,the typeof surface are is determined by the coil geometry. For fixed coil geometry, the set of surfaces is physical quantity A B characterised by the real parameter A B . On the other hand, the and, in view of equation (32a), the magneticfield strength, is constant on the surface. It should be emphasised that the following results are valid in the frame of the second-order approximation. Depending on the values the fourth-order coefficients of

10

H Hanssum

A 4 j ( < ~ , the relation @o) A494 <A?,? must be valid-the indexj denoting the Cartesian components.

4.1. Rotational hyperboloids Let us first consider those quadratic forms where symmetry relations are valid. , = If A A,, the intersections of the surface with the x-y plane z = 0 are circles. The formal solution is given by equation (29b).For the relations A,=A,>O and A B
A,<O

(330)

0 the normal formof the quadratic form is


X'/.?

+ y'/a,2

-2/a: =1

where
a: = a;

which is the equation of a one-shell hyperboloid (see figure 4 ( a ) ) with rotational symmetry around the axis. If A B = 0, the hyperboloid is degenerated to a cone: z
X'/.;

+ y2/a,;

- zya:

=0

(33c)

Figure 4. Regions of constant deviation of the magnetic field. ( a ) AE = +0.01; ( b ) A E = -0.001. The coil parameters 50 = 0.4 and = 67,9695" give A , = A ) = 0.99. and A , = -1.98, yielding a setof one-shell rotational hyperboloids > 0, see equation( 3 3 b ) )and (AE two-shell rotational hyperboloids (AB < 0, see equation ( 3 3 4 ) . The figures consist of a stacked plot of intersections of the quadraticform equation (31) with planes parallel to the x-y plane. ( a ) The intersections at z = 0, t0.02, , , , kO.1. +0.12 yield circles with the z of specified radii. For clarity, the axis was expanded by a factor 2. ( b )Two-shell hyperboloid rotational symmetric aroundz described by a set of circles in the x-y planes at z = 50.03. 20.04, . . . k0.08. A projection of this hyperboloid into they-z plane (dotted line) shown is in figure 5 .

Saddle-shaped coils

11

i.e., in the vicinity of r = 0 the magnetic field strength is constant on a cone with rotational z symmetry around the axis. If A B < 0, the normal equation given by is
X'/.:

+ y2/a;

- .'/a:

-1

(334

which is the expression for a two-shell rotational hyperboloid. As an example, the surface of A B = -0.001 is shown in figure 4 ( 6 ) . A plot of various values A B in the z-x plane is shown in figure . The direction coefficient of the asymptotesis invariant in the 5 set of curves andis given by

t k = a,/a,

[(Q, a 2 @ 1 ) / ~ 2l'*. ] + ~

(33e)

Figure 5. Relative deviations of the magnetic field in the x-z plane in the vicinity of the magnetic centreof the coil. The different curves are characterised by the relative deviations in figure 4. Plots of the surfaces of the magnetic field A B . The coil parameters are the same as AB = 0.01)( and A B = -0.001 (-C-C-O-) shown in figures4(a) and ( b ) are respectively. The curves for various values are intersections one-shell hyperboloids. of A B of x-z double cone and two-shell hyperboloids with the plane.

The angle of the coneis

S,,

= 2 tan"[n2,/(a2,

(33f 1 (34)

The quadratic form associated the coefficients with A , A,>O >0 A,>O

does not exist. The relations lead toellipsoids including rotationally invariant (34) forms and spheres. However, the coefficients of the series expansion for B at r = 0 of a saddle-shaped coil are such as to exclude this kind of quadratic form. The same true is for negativeA,, j = 1 , 2 , 3 . The relations
A,=A,<O,A,>O

(35a)

are valid on a certain branch the curveof equation (296).For the conditions of (3.52)and

12

H Hanssum

A B > 0. the normal formof equation ( 3 1 ) is given by x-la;


7 ,

>

t!-la;

? , 7

- z-/a: =

-1.

This form is again a two-shell rotational hyperboloid. Such a case has been discussed above forA B < 0and conditions(33a).In caseof (35a) and A B = 0the normal equation is given by an equationof the formof equation (33c). If A B < 0. the normal equation is given by equation ( 3 3 b ) . Case (35a) can thus be reduced to the discussion case (33a) of by reversing the signof A B . The quadratic forms are invariant with respect to rotations around theaxis if we y Put A , = A:. (360) In this case. the condition for is @(I
Q,, = cos-'[ (a?, - a:,)/a:] '.

(36b)

For A , = A , < O> 0 AB


A, >0

(36c)

the resulting normal equations are assigned to a set of two-shell hyperboloids with rotational symmetr)' around the axis. The intersections with planes parallel to the x2 plane. i.e. = *!'(). are circles,if ! >AB/.4,. )' ; For A B < 0. have a set one-shell hyperboloids. The limiting surface for the set we of of hyperboloids is the cone A B = 0. The angle of the coneis given by

6,:
The relation
A,

2 tan-]{[a:, -

+ a:(@, - @?)]/a-.:}".

(36d)

= AI

(37a)

leads to

0 = sin"[(a:, 0
The conditions
A,>O

t 02, -

a2,)/a?]".

(37b)

A , =A,<O

(37c)

and

A,>O

A , =A,<O

lead to rotational hyperboloids with thex axis as symmetry axis. The angle the cone of A B = 0 is given by

6,: = 2 tan-]{(a2, + a : @ l ) / [ ~ l- a:,, r

+ a:(@] t @ 3 ) ] > " .

(37e)

Further details may be derived from the above discussion by interchanging the variables. It should be mentioned that the quadratic forms with negative coefficients do not exist. and In summary. the classof quadratic formsof equations (33a). (350). (36a) (37a) may be interpreted as follows: the forms are rotationally invariant with respect to one of is subdivided by of the main axes the coordinate system. The space around the origin a double cone which rotationally symmetric to one the main axes with the of the is of top

Saddle-shaped

13

cones at the origin. The space inside the two cones is densely filled with two-shell hyperboloids. The surfaces outside the cones are one-shell hyperboloids. Starting at the origin, the magneticfield strength is constant when we move on the of surface of the cone. The subspaces inside and outside the cones are the regions increasing or decreasing magnetic field strength, depending on the relative signs of the if A B is a small coefficients A,. If ha defines a small translation from the origin, and increment of the relative magneticfield strength (positive or negative), the translation - A r will result in the same increment A B . However, if Ar leads to the interior of the A cone, there is always a translation Ar' to a point outside the cone where B ( A r ' ) < 0, if A B ( A r ) > 0. This saddlepoint behaviour may be visualised as intersections of the surfaces with any plane containing the symmetry axis. which yields as a contour plot of A B a set of conjugate hyperbolic curves.
4.2. Hyperbolic cylinders

In this section, will show that the antisymmetric caseSA, - A k , j # k , can be reduced I = to A , = 0. I # j . I # k . The condition A,r = -A, is valid for

C" = 2.0.
This is equivalent to A:
=

0.

Analogous results are found with respect the other main axes. The relation to A, = -A, leads to
@(l = COS-l[(-u?r - a?L)/a?]12

Using equation (25b) it can be shown that equation is equivalent to (39a) A , = 0. The relation A, leads to
= =

-Az

sin"[ ( -azz

+ az, - a z r ) / a 2 ]

which is equivalent to A,
=

0.

The relation (256) was used. Consequently, the normal equations have the form of y ? / a ; - z'/aS
=

AB
=

(41a)
(41b)

-v'/a;. ,

+ .'/a:

AB.

14

H Hanssum

Figure 6. Region of constant deviation AB


@o

-0.001 of a coil withthe parameters o = 2.0. ' ,

80".

Equations (41n, b ) define conjugate hyperbolic cylinders parallel to the x axis. The asymptotic form ( A B = 0) are two planes intersecting each other in the x axis with an angle of 90" (because of equation (40a)). The relative deviationof the magneticfield for to= 2.0 and Oo= 80" is shown in figures 6 and 7 . If A, = 0 o r A L= 0 the quadratic forms z are a set hyperbolic cylinders parallelto they or axis, respectively. of
5. Classification of thelocal symmetry of the magnetic field

The possible forms of the magnetic field in dependence on the coil parameters toand Q0 are summarised in figures 8. 9 and table 1. The (0 - Ooplane is subdivided by the

-dos

- 0 OL
-x-

0OL

G 08
= 2.0, @" =

Figure 7. Contour plot of AB in the x-y plane of a coil with the parameters 80". The coefficients of the quadratic form are: , = - A , = 0.82. A , = 0. A

Saddle-shaped coils
901

15

A, + O -

"_
60(+

"Sl

1 A. :Az

l- + -1

[-

+ +I

+ -1

""_

" "
/

/ A,
Q0

(+"l

/
A, -0 l+")

30-

/
/

+
l+-+)

/
0

2-

Figure 8. Description of the magnetic field at r = 0 by a quadratic form (equation (31)) in dependence on the coil parameters & and @o. The uniformity of l B / in the x , y , and z directions is maximal for <o/@o values on the curves A , = 0, A , = 0 , A , = 0, respectively (heavy lines). In the neighbourhoodof these curves, the coefficients of the quadratic form are positive or negative, as indicated the signs. The dashed lines represent co/@ovalues, by (-). The type of quadratic form for which A , = A , ( - - - ) , A , = A , ( - ~ - ) , A , = A , for arbitrary coil parametersis characterised by the signsof the coefficientsof the quadratic form, e.g.( f + -) is equivalent to A , > 0, A , > 0 , A , < 0.

curves of A , = 0 (see figure 8, heavy curves). Each curve Ai = 0 subdivides the - ( D O plane into two regions where A , is either positive or negative. Theregions where A , is greater or smaller than zero are marked by the signs, + and -. Between the curves A , = 0 and A , = 0 there is the region where A , > 0 and A , > 0. Consequently, the curve of equation (33,) ( A , = A , > 0) is found in this region (dashed curve). The regions in which A , > 0 and A , < 0 are separated by the straight line CO = 2. In consequence, the curve A , = A , is between the curves A , = 0 and A , = 0. Since A , > 0 for CO> 2, the relation A , = A , > 0 is valid.
"

++l

10

20

5.-

30

Figure 9. Description of the magnetic field at r = 0. The region in the vicinity of f o Q 0 = 60" is shown on an expanded scale (see figure 8).

2.0.

16

H Hanssum

The curves of the limiting functions cDo ( A = 0) and cDO(A= A k ) converge to the value of CO = 2.0, cD0 = 60". The behaviour of these functions in the neighbourhood of (2.0/60") is shown on an enlarged scalein figure 9. The limiting functions intersect and are continuous at (2.0/60"). The rotational as as the antisymmetric forms change well sign at (2.0/60"), for example, if A , = A,. > 0 for CO < 2, then A , = A,, < 0 for > 2. After passing their respective extrema near CO = 2.57, thelimiting functions approach the 60" axis for + x . The geometry of the saddle-shaped coil CO = 2.0, cDo = 60" is obviously the optimal geometry with respect to the local uniformity of the B field at the coil centre. At this point, the classification obtained above is not valid, since the second-ordercoefficients of (31). the do not dominate the behaviour B at the origin. Instead the quadratic form of fourth-order and, eventually, higher-order terms have to be analysed. In the region between the limiting curves in figures 8 and 9 the behaviour of the magnetic field is described by general hyperbolic surfaces. They mayeasily be derived

Table 1. Quadratic forms describing the magnetic of saddle-shaped coils in the vicinity fields of the coil centre.
Main axis coefficients Parameter Equation AB>O AB<O AB = O AB>O AB<O AB=O A,=A,<O.Ai<O A,=A,<O.A?>O AB>O One-shellrotationalhyperboloid.rotationalsymmetry around the z axis Two-shell rotational hyperboloid Cone. rotational symmetry around thez axis Two-shell rotational hyperboloid One-shell rotational hyperboloid Cone. rotational symmetry around thez axis Does not exist Two-shellrotationalhyperboloid,rotationalsymmetry around theyaxis One-shell rotational hyperboloid Cone. rotational symmetry around they axis Does not exist One-shell rotational hyperboloid Two-shell rotational hyperboloid Cone. rotational symmetry round they axis One-shellrotationalhyperboloid.rotationalsymmetry around thex axis Two-shell rotational hyperboloid x Cone. rotational symmetry around the axis Two-shellrotationalhyperboloid.rotationalsymx metry around the axis One-shell rotational hyperboloid x Cone, rotational symmetry around the axis z Hyperbolic cylinder parallel to the axis Hyperbolic cylinder parallel to thez axis z Pair of planes intersecting each other in the axis Hyperbolic cylinder parallel tothey axis Hyperbolic cylinder parallel to the axis y they axis. Pair of planes intersecting each other in x Hyperbolic cylinder parallel to the axis x Hyperbolic cylinder parallel to the axis Pair of planes intersecting each otherin the x axis

AB<O AB=O
A,=A,>O.A,>O A,=Az>O.A,<O

A,

= A> O.A, < 0 ,

AB>O AB<O AB=O AB>O


AB<O AB = 0 AB>O
AB<O AB=O AB10

A;=O,A,= - A ,

A,=O.A,=-A,

A,=O.A,=-A,

AB<O AB=O AB>O AB<O AB=O AB>O


AB<O AB= 0

Saddle-shaped coils

17

from the rotational forms appropriate transformationof the circular forms leading to by hyperboloids with elliptical cross-sections. The type of saddle-shaped coil may be characterised by the set of signs of the coefficients A i . For example, the local magnetic field of the coil with the parameters f o = 1.5, 00 60" is described by the quadratic form where the relations , > 0, A , > = A 0, A , < 0 are valid (see figure 9). The corresponding region in the f o - 00 plane is characterised by ( + + -). From figure 9 it is derived that A , > A y . Consequently. the curves of constant field in the planes parallel to the plane are ellipses. The x-y limiting surface ( A B = 0) is a cone with elliptical cross-sections. Similar general properties of the magnetic field can be derived for anycoil geometry using figures 8 and 9. The large number of geometries possible for the ideal saddle-shaped coil and the corresponding magnetic fields may be more easily graspedusing the conceptof the local magnetic field symmetry introduced here. The theory pertaining to saddle-shaped with conductors of finite diameters will coils be treated in a forthcomingpaper. The present results. which are valid for zero diameter conductors, may easily be modified summing up or integrating over the variables by R,,. 00. and ZO -D < R0 < R0 + D and Z O-D < ZO< ZOt D) in order to consider (R" relatively small cross-sections of the conductors (DG R o , Zoj. After normalisation of the current density to unit current in the conductor, the contributions of positive and negative D cancel partially if D < Ro. Zo. However, the magneticfield in the vicinity of the conductors deviates considerably from the results described the exact relations. by The exact relations (see equations (1-3) and Hanssum 1983) have to be modified even for small valuesof D if field points near the conductors are considered.
Acknowledgment

I would liketo express gratitude to Rumana Desai-Hahn for her in translation my MS help of this work. I would also like to thank Mr Rolf Esche for suggestions pertaining to various applications of the theory.

References
Bailey J T. Rosanske R C and Levy G C 1981 Sci. Instrum. 52 548-52 Rev. Bhadra D 1968 Reu. Sci. Instrum. 39 1536-46 Blicharski J S 1981 J . Magn. Reson. 43 449-55 Blicharski J S and Sobol W T 19821. Magn. Reson. 46 1-8 Cacak R K and CraigJ R 1969 Reu. Sci. Insrrum. 40 1468-70 Firester A H 1966 Reu. Sci. Instrum. 37 1264-5 Garett M W 1951 J . A p p l . Phys. 22 1091-8 Ginsberg D M and Melchner M J 1970 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41 122-3 Gradshteyn I S and Ryzhik i M 1965 Table of Integrals, Series, and Products ed. A Jeffrey (New York: Academic Press) pp 90.19 Grant W JC and Strandberg M W P 1965 Rev. Sci. Insrrum. 36 343-6 Hanssum H 1983 1.Phys. A : 'Math. Gen. 16 3385-92 Hoult D I 1978 Progress in N M R Spectroscopy v01 12 (Oxford: Pergamon) pp41-77 Hoult D I and Richards R E 19761. Magn. Reson. 24 71-85 Jaeckle H. Haeberlen U and Schweitzer D 1971 J . Magn. Reson. 4 198-207 Kaminishi K and Nawata S 1981 Rev. Sci. Insrrum. 52 447-53 Lauterbur P C 1977 N M R in Biology ed. RA D n e k . I D Campbell,R E Richards andR J P Williams (London: Academic Press) pp 323-35

18

H Hanssum

Milne-Thomson L M 1965 Handbook of Mathematical Funcfions ed. M Abramowitz and I A Stegun (New York: Dover) pp587-607 Rudd M E and Craig J R 1968 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39 1372-4 Sampson W B and Kruger P G 1965 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 36 1081-3 Sauzade M D and Kan S K 1973Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics (New York: Academic Press) pp 1-93 Williams J E C, NeuringerL J , Bobrov E, Weggel R, RubenD J and Harrison WG 1981 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 52 649-56

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