Inquiry Questions None for this chapter. Self Test 1).

Which of the following experiments suggested that the nucleus is the repository for genetic information? a). Hammerling's experiment using Acetabularia b). Griffith's experiment using S. pneumoniae and mice c). the Hershey and Chase experiment using bacteriophages d). Franklin's X-ray diffraction Answer: a 2). When Hershey and Chase differentially tagged the DNA and proteins of bacteriophages and allowed them to infect bacteria, what did the viruses transfer to the bacteria? a). radioactive phosphorus and sulfur b). radioactive sulfur c). DNA d). Both b and c are correct. Answer: c 3). If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence ATTGCAT, its complementary strand will have the sequence a). ATTGCAT b). TAACGTA c). GCCATGC d). CGGTACG Answer: b 4). DNA is made up of building blocks called a). proteins. b). bases. c). nucleotides. d). deoxyribose. Answer: c 5). X-ray diffraction experiments conducted by _____________ led to the determination of the structure of DNA. a). Francis Crick b). James Watson c). Erwin Chargaff d). Rosalind Franklin Answer: d 6). Meselson and Stahl proved that a). DNA is the genetic material. b). DNA is made from nucleotides. c). DNA replicates in a semiconservative manner. d). DNA is a double helix held together with base-pairing. Answer: c 7). DNA polymerase III can only add nucleotides to an existing chain, so _________________ is required. a). an RNA primer b). DNA polymerase I c). helicase d). a DNA primer Answer: a

8). Okazaki fragments are a). synthesized in the 3' to 5' direction. b). found on the lagging strand. c). found on the leading strand. d). assembled as continuous replication. Answer: b 9). Beadle and Tatum's experiment showed that each enzyme is specified by a single a). chromosome. b). gene. c). nucleotide. d). mutation. Answer: b 10). What was significant about Ingram's work on sickle cell anemia? a). The gene for hemoglobin was missing. b). Proteins consisted of sequences of amino acids. c). A change in one amino acid can affect a protein's structure. d). One gene encodes one protein. Answer: c

1.

After a tautomeric shift in adenine A) adenine bonds with thymine B) adenine bonds with urasil C) adenine bonds with cytosine D) adenine is unable to bond with any molecule

2.

A mutation that causes a change in a single nucleotide in DNA A) will have no effect on the resulting protein changes the corresponding nucleotide in mRNA, resulting in a B) different codon C) causes the codon to be correct, but the anticodon to be incorrect

D) causes protein synthesis to stop

3.

In a tautomeric shift A) it is always adenine that is changed B) final bonding of nucleotides remains unchanged C) adenine is changed so it can no longer form base pairs D) hydrogen atoms move to form a base with altered hydrogen properties E) carbon atoms move to form a base with altered properties

4.

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide can result in a different amino acid being added into a protein. A) True B) False

5.

DNA mutations are passed on to a cells progeny. A) True B) False

1 CORRECT

After a tautomeric shift in adenine A) adenine bonds with thymine B) adenine bonds with urasil C) adenine bonds with cytosine D) adenine is unable to bond with any molecule Feedback: Correct: After a tautomeric shift in adenine, adenine can bond with cytosine.

2 CORRECT

A mutation that causes a change in a single nucleotide in DNA A) will have no effect on the resulting protein changes the corresponding nucleotide in mRNA, resulting in a B) different codon causes the codon to be correct, but the anticodon to be C) incorrect D) causes protein synthesis to stop Feedback: Correct: A change in a single nucleotide in DNA changes the corresponding nucleotide in mRNA, resulting in a different codon that codes for a different amino acid.

3 CORRECT

In a tautomeric shift A) it is always adenine that is changed B) final bonding of nucleotides remains unchanged C) adenine is changed so it can no longer form base pairs hydrogen atoms move to form a base with altered hydrogen D) properties E) carbon atoms move to form a base with altered properties Feedback: Correct: When a tautomeric shift occurs, hydrogen atoms move to form a base with altered properties, and incorrect base pair bonding occurs.

4 CORRECT

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide can result in a different amino acid being added into a protein. A) True B) False Feedback: Correct: A change in one nucleotide in DNA gives a corresponding change in mRNA which will then code for an incorrect amino acid.

5 CORRECT

DNA mutations are passed on to a cells progeny. A) True B) False Feedback: Correct: Changes in DNA are passed on in all subsequent replications and thus affect progeny.

1 CORRECT

DNA is unwound by A) DNA polymerase III B) RNA primase C) DNA polymerase I D) helicase E) DNA ligase Feedback: Correct: DNA is unwound by helicase.

2 CORRECT

DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to A) a free 3' OH end of a growing DNA chain B) a free 5' OH end of a growing DNA chain C) either a 3' or a 5' end of a DNA chain D) a 5' end of an RNA primer E) all of the above Feedback: Correct: Nucleotides can only be added to the free 3' end of DNA

3 CORRECT

The leading strand of DNA is synthesized A) discontinuously in a 5' to 3' direction B) continuously in a 5' to 3' direction C) discontinuously in a 3' to 5' direction D) continuously in a 3' to 5' direction E) in both directions Feedback: Correct: The leading strand of DNA is synthesized continuously in a 5' to 3' direction.

4 CORRECT

The lagging strand of DNA is synthesized continuously. A) True B) False Feedback: Correct: The lagging strand of DNA is synthesized discontinuously.

5 CORRECT

DNA ligase forms a bond between the 3'OH of the growing strand and the 5' phosphate in front of it, joining the DNA fragments together. A) True B)

Bacterial Genetics
Which property(ies) or structure(s) is (are) shared by all extrachromosomal plasmids in bacteria? a) b) c) d) e) Self-transmissibility from one bacterial cell to another Genes that impart resistance to antibiotics Genes that allow utilization of organic compounds An origin for autonomous replication Genes that produce toxins

Assume that the resistance to antibiotics is caused by increased synthesis of the wildtype enzyme that synthesizes the mycolic acid wall of M. tuberculosis. Which genetic process could lead to increased expression of this enzyme? a) An up mutation that increases the promoter strength of the gene encoding this enzyme. b) A mutation that increases the stability of the mRNA for the enzyme, so that more enzyme can be translated from each mRNA molecular. c) A mutation that increases the efficiency of the ribosome binding site on the mRNA of the enzyme, so that each mRNA is translated more. d) A mutation in the enzyme that increases the stability of the enzyme to proteolytic degradation. e) All of the above.

Which of the following processes contribute to the appearance of mutations in genes? a) b) c) d) e) Chemicals that damage bases. Mistakes made by the DNA polymerase during replication. Movement of transposons around the genome. Formation of deletions in directly repeated DNA sequences. All of the above.

The process by which bacteriophage P1 packages random phage-genome-sized pieces into phage heads and thereby allows transfer of pieces of the bacterial chromosomal DNA between bacteria is called: a) b) c) d) e) generalized transduction. non-general transposition. specialized transduction. high-frequency recombination. reverse conjugation.

Which of the following are causes of inheritable mutations in bacteria? a) b) c) d) e) Mistakes during translation of mRNA. Mistakes during DNA replication. Mistakes during transcription of mRNA. All of the above. None of the above.

Transformation is important in bacterial pathogenicity because:

a) it allows uptake of DNA that can homologously recombine into the bacterial chromosome and change virulence characteristics. b) it kills recipient cells and prevents future cell invasion.

c) it enhances site-specific recombination that turns on virulence factor genes. d) it causes transpositions to occur at high frequency that can kill virulent bacteria.

Pyrimidine dimers induced by UV light are corrected in bacteria by all of the following systems EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e) excision repair. photoreactivation repair. recombinational/postreplicative repair. SOS-induced repair. methyl-directed-mismatch repair.

Which of the following is contained in all plasmids, irrespective of size or source? a) b) c) d) e) Genes that impart antibiotic resistance to bacterial cells. An autonomous origin of replication. The tra genes that allow conjugation. Genes that allow bacterial hosts to act as pathogens to mammalian cells. All of the above.

Transformation is the genetic process by which: a) bacteriophage attach to bacterial cells.

b) pieces of free DNA or free plasmids are taken up by bacterial cells. c) d) bacterial genes acquire mutations and variants. bacterial DNA is carried by bacteriophage between different bacteria.

e)

none of the above.

Bacterial Structure and Function

1. Bacterial pili are involved in: a) adherence to host cells. b) motility. c) resistance to heat. d) resistance to phagocytosis. e) endotoxic activity. Which of the following properties are shared by prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Ribosome size a) Peptidoglycan layer b) Chemical nature of genetic material c) Mitochondria structure and function d) Nuclear envelope

2.

3.

Which of the following structures is found in all bacteria? a) Capsular polysaccharide b) Flagella c) Pili d) Outer membrane e) Cytoplasmic membrane 4. Lysozyme produced by humans and other mammalian hosts: a) cleaves peptidoglycan between N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl-muramic acid (NAM) residues. b) inhibits the addition of amino acids to NAG. c) disrupts the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. d) destroys lipopolysaccharide. e) results in a sterile environment in the mouth. 5. The portion of the lipopolysaccharide molecule that varies the most among different bacteria and thus, exhibits antigenic differences is the: a) lipid A. b) core polysaccharide.

c) dipicolinic acid. d) side chain polysaccharide. e) exotoxin component. 6. All gram-positive bacteria possess: a) mycolic acid. b) outer membranes. c) flagella. d) capsules. e) polymers of N-acetyl glucosamine and Nacetyl muramic acid. 7. Which of the following is true regarding bacterial nomenclature? a) Both genus and species are capitalized b) Bacterial names are either underlined or italicized c) Bacterial classification is based on mating experiments d) Cell morphology is the most important criterion in classification e) DNA content is used in laboratory identification, but not in classification 8. The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria is important in each of the following aspects EXCEPT: a) exocytosis of proteins. b) cell wall synthesis. c) location of lipopolysaccharide. d) oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport. e) active transport of nutrients. 9. An important property of the cell envelope of acid-fast bacteria is the: a) abundance of mycolic acid in the cell wall. b) presence of porins in the outer membrane. c) lack of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes. d) absence of a peptidoglycan layer. e) accumulation of dipicolinic acid in the periplasmic space. 10. The LPS or lipopolysaccharide found in gram-negative bacteria IS NOT composed of: a) peptidoglycan. b) lipid A. c) core polysaccharide. d) O-antigen.

e) any of the above. 11. Which of the following statements regarding bacterial flagella is FALSE? a) They are helical in shape. b) They produce motility by a rapid side-toside motion. c) The flagellar filament is usually a polymer of a single protein subunit. d) The flagellar motor is considered to be the most efficient biological 'machine'. e) Flagella are often important in terms of pathogenesis. 12. The gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls generally differ in that the grampositives exclusively possess:
a)

Carbohydrate teichoic acids peptides lipid none of the

s b) c) d) e) above

Viruses consist of a ________core surrounded by a protein coat.

A)RNA B)DNA C)chromosome D)nucleic acid

The end result of the viral lytic cycle is A)the release of new viruses. B)the incorporation of viral genome into the host genome. C)the conversion of the virus into a prophage. D)Both b and c are correct.

The end result of the viral lytic cycle is

A)the release of new viruses. B)the incorporation of viral genome into the host genome. C)the conversion of the virus into a prophage. D)Both b and c are correct. The alteration of a cell's genome by the incorporation of foreign DNA is called

A)genetic conversion. B)mutation. C)transformation. D)reverse transcription.

Which of the following infectious agents does not contain protein?

A)viruses B)viroids C)prions D)none of these

A gene is a DNA sequence that codes for a polypeptide, an rRNA or a tRNA.

(T/F)

Coupled transcription and translation is possible in procaryotes because a nuclear envelope does not separate the translational machinery from the DNA as it does in eucaryotes.

(T/F)

DNA differs in composition from RNA in having deoxyribose and uracil rather than ribose and thymine.

(T/F)

The complex of replication proteins is frequently associated with the plasma membrane of bacterial cells.

(T/F)