19th Century to Early 20th Century

One of the first medical devices was the ophthalmoscope invented by a German scientist, Hermann von Helmholz, in 1850. The ophthalmoscope allows the interior of the eye to be viewed. In 1855, Manuel Garca invented the laryngoscope, which uses a mirror to see the inside of the throat and the larynx. At about the same time, Willhelm Roentgen, a professor of physics in Bavaria, discovered that radiation can penetrate solid objects of low density. This led to the invention of x-ray, which allowed physicians to view the inside of the body without surgery. X-rays became popular in World War II. They were used to diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy, tuberculosis, and to help doctors before surgery. The biochemical assay was also developed during this period to be used as a diagnostic tool for diabetes, kidney disease, anemia, diphtheria, and tuberculosis. Technology also made a great impact on medical procedures and allowed for complex surgical procedures to be developed. In 1927, the respirator was introduced. In 1939, the first heart-lung bypass machine was introduced. The origin of physical therapy can be traced back to Elizabeth Kenny, an Australia nurse, who used hot packs for treament of polio and muscle rehabilitation in the early 20th century. Hot pack procedures were shown to reduce residual polio paralysis from 85% to 15%.

20th Century to Present

The use of technology in medical applications has expanded tremendously in the last 50 years. The growth of medical technology in the past 50 years has exceeded all advances made during the previous 2000 years. For instance, microscopic devices have evolved from an optic microscope to an electron microscope which allows three-dimensional visualization of intracellular space. In the 1970s computer technology merged with medical technology. Medical researchers now use computers in all activities, ranging from performing complex calculations, storing medical records, to controlling instruments. Computers can now be programmed to perform robotic surgeries with great precision. A key contribution to the growth of medical technology is the application of basic science and engineering. For instance, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an amazing engineering feat that brings physics principles into reality. MRI is now widely used for medical imaging.

Technology also makes great breakthroughs in improving quality of life of patients by providing prosthetic body parts such as artificial heart valves, blood vessels, limbs, and reconstructive skeletal joints.

Devices and Instruments

Medical Testing Equipment: The Latest Devices and Instruments in the Health Care FieldDuring the past century, the health care field has seen many new technologies for testing patients. Today's medical equipment helps doctors diagnose and treat patients much earlier than just a few decades ago. Learn about all the different types of medical testing equipment as we explain how all the latest devices work and what they do.

Implantable Miniature Telescope to Aid Patients with Macular Degeneration

Last updated by MandaSpring on June 01, 2011 Recent technology in the health care field has made it possible to open new doors in allowing patients with macular degeneration see better and longer, thanks to macular degeneration telescope implant.

Timeline of medicine and medical technology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

Timeline of the history of medicine and medical technology.

Contents
[hide]
y y y y y y y y y y

1 Antiquity 2 Middle Ages 3 1500 1800 4 1800 1899 5 1900 1999 6 2000 present 7 See also 8 Footnote 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Antiquity
y y y y y y y y y y y y y

2600 BC Imhotep wrote texts on ancient Egyptian medicine describing diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases in 3rd dynasty Egypt. 1500 BC Saffron used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece 500 BC Bian Que becomes the earliest physician known to use acupuncture and pulse diagnosis 420 BC Hippocrates of Cos maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath, marking the birth of medicine in the west 280 BC Herophilus studies the nervous system and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves 250 BC Erasistratus studies the brain and distinguishes between the cerebrum and cerebellum 200 BC the Charaka Samhita uses a rational approach to the causes and cure of disease and uses objective methods of clinical examination c. 400 BC - 1 BC The Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine) is published, laying the framework for traditional Chinese medicine 50 70 Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica a precursor of modern pharmacopeias that was in use for almost 1600 years 180 Galen studies the connection between paralysis and severance of the spinal cord 220 Zhang Zhongjing publishes Shang Han Lun (On Cold Disease Damage), the oldest medical textbook in the world 270 Huangfu Mi writes the Zhenjiu Jiayijing (The ABC Compendium of Acupuncture), the first textbook focusing solely on acupuncture 400 the Sushruta Samhita is published, laying the framework for Ayurvedic medicine

[edit] Middle Ages

Main article: Medieval medicine This section may contain inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text. Please help improve this article by checking for inaccuracies. (help, talk, get involved!)
(September 2010)

y y y y y

c. 800 873 Al-Kindi (Alkindus) introduces quantification into aasdxa with his De Gradibus c. 830 870 Hunayn ibn Ishaq translates Galen's works into Arabic c. 838 870 Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, a pioneer in the field of child development, writes the first encyclopedia of medicine in Arabic.[1][2] c. 865 925 Rhazes pioneers pediatrics,[3] and makes the first clear distinction between smallpox and measles in his al-Hawi. 1000 Abulcasis establishes surgery as a profession of in his Kitab al-Tasrif, which remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 16th century. The book described the plaster cast,[4] inhalant anesthesia, and many surgical instruments.[5] 1021 Alhazen completes his Book of Optics, which made important advances in ophthalmology and eye surgery, as it correctly explained the process of visual perception.[5]

y y y y

c. 1030 Avicenna writes The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, in which he establishes experimental medicine and evidence-based medicine. The Canon remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 18th century. The book's contributions to medicine includes the introduction of clinical trials, the discovery of contagious diseases, the distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy, the contagious nature of phthisis, the distribution of diseases by water and soil, and the first careful descriptions of skin troubles, sexually transmitted diseases, perversions, and nervous ailments,[6] as well the use of ice to treat fevers, and the separation of medicine from pharmacology.[5] 1100 1161 Avenzoar carries out human dissections and postmortem autopsy, and proves that the skin disease scabies is caused by a parasite, which contradicted the erroneous theory of humorism.[7] He was also the first to provide a real scientific etiology for the inflammatory diseases of the ear, and the first to clearly discuss the causes of stridor.[8] Modern anesthesia was also developed in al-Andalus by the Muslim anesthesiologists Ibn Zuhr and Abulcasis. They utilized oral as well as inhalant anesthetics, and they performed hundreds of surgeries under inhalant anesthesia with the use of narcotic-soaked sponges which were placed over the face.[9] 1242 Ibn an-Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and discovers the pulmonary circulation (the cycle involving the ventricles of the heart and the lungs) and coronary circulation,[10] for which he is considered the pioneer of circulation theory[11] and one of the greatest physiologists of the Middle Ages.[12] He emphasized the rigours of verification by measurement, observation and experiment, and was an early proponent of experimental medicine, postmortem autopsy, and human dissection.[13] He also discredited many other erroneous Avicennian and Galenic doctrines on the four humours, pulse bones, muscles, intestines, sensory organs, bilious canals, esophagus, stomach, and the anatomy of other parts of the human body.[14] Ibn al-Nafis also drew diagrams to illustrate different body parts in his new physiological system.[citation needed] c. 1248 Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany and pharmacy, studied animal anatomy and medicine, and was a pioneer of veterinary medicine. 1249 Roger Bacon writes about convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness 1403 concave lens spectacles to treat myopia early 16th century: Paracelsus, an alchemist by trade, rejects occultism and pioneers the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine

[edit] 15001800
y y y y y y y y

1543 Andreas Vesalius publishes De Fabrica Corporis Humani which corrects Greek medical errors and revolutionizes European medicine 1546 Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seedlike entities 1553 Miguel Serveto describes the circulation of blood through the lungs. He is accused of heresy and burned at the stake 1556 Amato Lusitano describes venous valves in the zigos vein 1559 Realdo Colombo describes the circulation of blood through the lungs in detail 1563 Garcia de Orta founds tropical medicine with his treatise on Indian diseases and treatments 1596 Li Shizhen publishes B nc o G ngm or Compendium of Materia Medica 1603 Girolamo Fabrici studies leg veins and notices that they have valves which allow blood to flow only toward the heart

y y y y y y y y y

1628 William Harvey explains the circulatory system in Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus 1701 Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox innoculations in Europe. They were widely practised in the east before then. 1736 Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy 1747 James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy 1774 Joseph Priestley discovers nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, ammonia, hydrogen chloride and oxygen 1785 William Withering publishes "An Account of the Foxglove" the first systematic description of digitalis in treating dropsy 1790 Samuel Hahnemann rages against the prevalent practice of bloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathy 1796 Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination method 1799 Humphry Davy discovers the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide

[edit] 18001899
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

1800 Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide 1816 Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope 1818 James Blundell performs the first successful human blood transfusion. 1842 Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using anaesthesia with ether 1846 - First painless surgery with general anaesthetic. 1847 Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent puerperal fever 1849 Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree 1867 Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, based partly on Pasteur's work. 1870 Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease 1879 First vaccine for cholera 1881 Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine 1882 Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine 1890 Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen discovers medical use of X-rays in medical imaging 1897 - Asprin is invented in Germany.

[edit] 19001999
y y y y y y y y

1901 Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types 1901 Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what becomes known as Alzheimer's disease 1903 - Willem Einthoven discovers electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) 1906 Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets 1907 Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness 1908 Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic method 1909 First Intrauterine device described by Richard Richter.[15] 1910 - Hans Christian Jacobeus performs the first laparoscopy on humans

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

1917 Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane 1921 Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets 1921 Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin important for the treatment of diabetes 1921 Fidel Pags pioneers epidural anesthesia 1923 First vaccine for Diphtheria 1926 First vaccine for Pertussis 1927 First vaccine for Tuberculosis 1927 First vaccine for Tetanus 1928 Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin 1929 Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography 1932 Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcus 1933 Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapy 1935 Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy 1935 First vaccine for Yellow Fever 1936 Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases 1938 Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy 1943 Willem J Kolff build the first dialysis machine 1944 - Disposable Catheter - David Sheridan [18] 1946 - Chemotherapy - Alfred Gilman and Louis S Goodman [18] 1947 - Defibrillator - Claude Beck [18] 1948 - Acetaminophen - Julis Axelrod [18] 1949 First implant of intraocular lens, by Sir Harold Ridley 1949 - Ventilator - Jone Emerson [18] 1952 Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine 1952 - Cloning - Robert Briggs & Thomas King [18] 1953 - Heart-Lung Machine - Dr John Heysham Gibbon [18] 1953 - Medical Ultrasonography - Inge Edler [18] 1954 - Joseph Murray performs the first human kidney transplant (on identical twins) 1954 - Ventouse - Tage Malmstrom [18] 1955 - Tetracycline - Lloyd Conover [18] 1956 - Beta Blockers - Sir James Black [18] 1956 - Metered Dose Inhaler - 3M [18] 1956 - Synthetic Blood - Thomas Chan [18] 1957 William Grey Walter invents the brain EEG topography (toposcope) 1959 - In Vitro Fertilization - Min Chueh Chang [18] 1960 Invention of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 1960 First combined oral contraceptive approved by the FDA[15] 1962 - Hip Replacement - John Charnley [18] 1962 First Oral Polio Vaccine 1963 - Artificial Heart - Paul Winchell [18] 1963 - Thomas Starzl performs the first human liver transplant 1963 - James Hardy performs the first human lung transplant 1963 - Valium (diazepam) - Leo H Sternbach [18] 1964 First vaccine for Measles 1965 Frank Pantridge installs the first portable defibrillator 1965 - Rubella Vaccine - Harry Martin Meyer [18]

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

1965 First commercial ultrasound 1966 - Richard Lillehei performs the first human pancreas transplant 1967 First vaccine for Mumps 1967 Christiaan Barnard performs the first human heart transplant 1968 - Powered Prothesis - Samuel Alderson [18] 1968 - Controlled Drug Delivery - Alejandro Zaffaroni [18] 1969 - Internet - Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) [18] 1969 - Balloon Catheter - Thomas Fogarty [18] 1969 - Cochlear Implant - William House [18] 1970 First vaccine for Rubella 1970 - Cyclosporine, the first effective immunosuppressive drug is introduced in organ transplant practice 1971 - Genetically Modified Organisms - Ananda Chakrabart [18] 1971 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Raymond Vahan Damadian [18] 1971 - Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan) - Godfrey Hounsfield [18] 1971 - Transdermal Patches - Alejandro Zaffaroni [18] 1971 Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invents the first commercial CT scanner 1972 - Insulin Pump - Dean Kamen [18] 1973 - Laser Eye Surgery - Mani Lai Bhaumik [18] 1974 - Liposuction - Giorgio Fischer [18] 1976 First commercial PET scanner 1978 Last fatal case of smallpox[16] 1979 Antiviral Drugs - George Hitchings & Gertrude Elion [18] 1980 Raymond Damadian builds first commercial MRI scanner 1980 - Lithotripter - Dornier Research Group [18] 1980 First vaccine for Hepatitis B - Dr Baruch Blimberg [18] 1981 - Artificial Skin - John F Burke & Ioannis V Yannas [18] 1981 - Bruce Reitz performs the first human heart-lung combined transplant 1982 - Humulin insulin - Eli Lilly [18] Interferon Cloning - Dr Sidney Pestika [18] 1985 - Automated DNA Sequencer - Leroy Hood & Lloyd Smith [18] 1985 - Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Kaery Mullis [18] 1985 - Surgical Robot - Dr Yik San Kwoh [18] 1985 - DNA Fingerprinting - Alec Jeffreys [18] 1985 - Capsule Endoscopy - Tarun Mullick [18] 1986 - Fluoxetine HCl - Eli Lilly and Co [18] 1987 Ben Carson, leading a 70-member medical team in Germany, was the first to separate occipital craniopagus twins. 1987 - Statins - Merck & Co. [18] 1987 - Tissue Engineering - Joseph Vacanti & Robert Langer [18] 1988 - Intravascular Stent - Julio Palmaz [18] 1988 - Laser Cataract Surgery - Dr Patricia Bath [18] 1989 - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - Alan Handyside [18] 1989 - DNA Microarray - Stephen Fodor [18] 1989 - World Wide Web WWW - Tim Berners-Lee [18] 1990 - Gamow Bag - Dr Igor Gamow [18] 1992 First vaccine for Hepatitis A available[17] 1992 - Electroactive Polymer (Artificial Muscle) - SRI International [18]

y y

1992 - Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) - Andre van Steirteghem [18] 1998 - Stem Cell Therapy - James Thomson [18]

[edit] 2000 present

y y y y y y

y y y y y

26 June 2000 - Human Genome draft completed 2001 Telesurgery - Jacques Marescaux [18] 2001 Artificial Liver - Kenneth Matsumura [18] 2001 Self-Healing Materials Scott White [18] 2002 Chitosan Bandages by HemCon [18] 2003 Carlo Urbani, of Doctors without Borders alerted the World Health Organization to the threat of the SARS virus, triggering the most effective response to an epidemic in history. Urbani succumbs to the disease himself in less than a month. 2005 Jean-Michel Dubernard performs the first partial face transplant 2006 First HPV vaccine approved 2006 Second rotavirus vaccine approved (first was withdrawn) 2007 - Visual Prosthetic (bionic eye)Argus II [18] 2008 Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant