System of medicine and health care -Allopathy,Indian Indian system of medicine and Homeopathy Introduction:

The health care system is intended to deliver the health care services. It constitutes the management sector and involves organizational matters. It operates in the context of socioeconomic and political framework of the country. In India, it is represented by five major sectors or agencies which differ from each other by the health technology applied and by the source of funds for operation. These are:

Allopathic medicine
Meaning and definition:
The system of medical practice which treats disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the disease under treatment. . . The term "allopathy" was invented by German physician Samuel Hahnemann (17551843). Allopathy is derived from the Greek words allo, (meaning opposite) and pathos (meaning suffering). Allopathy is the use of medicine/treatment focused on eliminatiing the disease or alleviating the symptoms. The philosophy of allopathy is the extreme opposite of homeopathy. Generally, allopathic medicine refers to "the broad category of medical practice that is sometimes called Western medicine, biomedicine, scientific medicine, or modern medicine" with varying degrees of acceptance by medical professionals in different locales. A revolution in scientific medical thought took place in 1876, through the discovery of the bacteriological agents which are responsible for causing infectious diseases. The era of Preventive Medicine started with Robert Koch's demonstration of the bacterial cause of anthrax.

Treatment
Allopathic practitioners have their own restrictions as they focus on the symptoms, not the causes. The approach is to treat the illness. When somebody becomes ill, the condition is treated with the help of drugs and surgeries. The last century has seen a tremendous development in allopathic health care practices. In spite of its drawbacks, in case of an emergency, for example a fatal accident or mishap, it is allopathic medicine which provides immediate relief. Fractures and related conditions are best treated through the allopathic model. But in cases of allergies, neck pain, hormonal imbalances, eczema, depression etc holistic approach is the best solution. Taking into account the side effects of allopathic medicine, it is better to understand various alternative medical approaches and choose the best option for curing the ailment.

AYUSH Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) was created in March,1995 and re-named as Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) in November, 2003 under the ministry of health and family welfare with a view to providing focused attention to development of Education & Research in Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy systems. The Department continued to lay emphasis on upgradation of AYUSH educational standards, quality control and standardization of drugs, improving the availability of medicinal plant material, research and development and awareness generation about the efficacy of the systems domestically and internationally. The systems comes under AYUSH are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ayurveda Yoga Unani Siddha Homeopathy Objectives: To upgrade the educational standards in the Indian Systems of Medicines and Homoeopathy colleges in the country.
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strengthen existing research institutions and ensure a time-bound research programme on identified diseases for which these systems have an effective treatment. draw up schemes for promotion, cultivation and regeneration of medicinal plants used in these systems. evolve Pharmacological standards for Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy drugs.

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Activities under AYUSH

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Improving the availability of AYUSH treatment faculties and integrating it with the existing Health Care Service Delivery System. Integration of AYUSH services in 314 CHC / Block PHC with appointment of contractual AYUSH Doctors. Appointment of 200 paramedics where AYUSH Doctors shall be posted. Appointment of a Data assistant to support the ISM&H Directorate. Strengthening of AYUSH Dispensaries with provision of storage equipments. Making provision for AYUSH Drugs at all levels. Establishment of specialized therapy centers in District Head Quarter Hospitals & 3 Medical Colleges. AYUSH doctors to be involved in all National Health Care programmes, especially in the priority areas like IMR,MMR,JSY, Control of Malaria, Filaria, and other communicable diseases etc. Training of AYUSH doctors in Primary Health Care and NDCP.

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All AYUSH institutions will be strengthened with necessary infrastructure like building, equipment, manpower etc. One Yoga Therapy Centre will be opened in district Headquarters Hospitals to provide Yogic therapy for specific diseases and also as a synergistic therapy to all other systems of treatment. Block level School Health Programmes to be conducted twice in a year in two groups consisting of 100 students in each group to improve the physical and mental health of the school children.

We can see each system in detail.

1.Ayurveda

Meaning and definition:

Ayurvedic medicine is a system of healing that originated in ancient India. In Sanskrit ayur means life and veda means knowledge. So ayurveda ahas been defined as knowledge of living or the signs of longevity. meaning

Origin
Originated in India around 3000-5000 years ago,and it is the oldest surviving healing system . Ayurveda is is relating to Dharma,Arthra Kaama,and Moksha which deal with body,mind,intellectand soul,these four constituents of man. The aim of Ayurveda is to prescribe diet,medicine and regimen of life ,which if followed would usable a person to maintain normal health.

The theory of Tridosha

In ayurvedic medicine there is an attempt to explain the phenomenon of health and disease in a philosophical manner. According to the ayurvedic hypothesis ,human body consist of 13 constituents which are divided in to three categories: 1.Tridosha:These are three nutrient substances consisting of vaayu or vata,pitta and kapha. The vata dosha is associated with air and ether, and in the body promotes movement and lightness. Vata people are generally thin and light physically, dry-skinned,and very energetic and mentally restless. When vata isout of balance, there are often nervous problems, hyperactivity, sleeplessness, lower back pains, and headaches.

Pitta is associated with fire and water. In the body, it Is responsible for metabolism and digestion. Pitta characteristics are medium-built bodies, fair skin, strong digestion,and good mental concentration. Pitta imbalances show up as anger and aggression and stressrelated conditions like gastritis, ulcers, liver problems, and hypertension. The kapha dosha is associated with water and earth.People characterized as kapha are generally large or heavy with more oily complexions. They tend to be slow,calm, and peaceful. Kapha disorders manifest emotionally as greed and possessiveness, and physically as obesity, fatigue, bronchitis, and sinus problems. Normal vaata is responsible for enthusiasm,pitta for intellect and kapha for strength and courage.Health is said to be the equilibrium of three Doshas and ill health to the disturbance of their equilibrium. 2.Dhatus:These are supporting tissues and are 7 in number
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Rasa-chyle Raktha-blood Maamsa-flesh Medali-fat Asthi-bone Maaja-marrow Sukra-semen The dhaatus are said to be derived from the food taken into the body.

3.Malas:These are waste products and are 3 in number namely faeces, urine and sweat

Branches of Ayurveda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Kaya General medicine Bala- Pediatrics Graha- Mental disease Urdhanga- Disease of ENT Shalya- Surgery Dhamshtra- Toxicology Jare- Rejuvenation Vrisha-Aphrodisiacs

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Diagnosis
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In Ayuveda diagnosis is always done of the patient as a whole. The physician takes a careful note of the patients internal physiological characteristics and mental disposition. He also studies such other factors as the affected bodily tissues, humours,

the site at which the disease is located, patients resistance and vitality, his daily routine, dietary habits, the gravity of clinical conditions, condition of digestion and details of personal, social, economic and environmental situation of the patient. The diagnosis also involves the following examinations :
y y y y y y General physical examination Pulse examination Urine examination Examination of the faeces Examination of tongue and eyes Examination of skin and ear including tactile and auditory functions

Types of Ayurvedic Treatment

The treatment of disease can broadly be classified as-

1.Shodhana therapy (Purification Treatment) 2.Shamana therapy (Palliative Treatment) 3.Pathya Vyavastha (Prescription of diet and activity) 4.Nidan Parivarjan (Avoidance of disease causing and aggravating factors) 5.Satvavajaya(Psychotherapy) 6.Rasayana therapy(use of immunomodulators and rejuvenation medicines

Side effects

During Ayurvedic detoxification programs, some people report fatigue, muscle soreness, and general sickness.Also, as Ayurveda seeks to release mental stresses and psychological problems from the patient, some peoplecan experience mental disturbances and depression during treatment, and psychological counseling may be part of a sound program.
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National Institute of Ayurveda (NIA) Jaipur The National Institute of Ayurveda was established on 7-2-1976 by the Government of India as an apex Institute of Ayurveda in the country to develop high standard of teaching, training and research in all aspects of Ayurvedic System of Medicine with a scientific approach.

2.Sidda system of medicine

Meaning
The word siddha means one who attained perfection or super natural power.

Origin
Said to be originated in the days of mohenjo-daroand is practicing even now. It is believed to be originated between 5000-3000BC. . Siddha medicine is claimed to revitalize and rejuvenate dysfunctional organs that cause the disease and to maintain the ratio of vata, pitta and kapha. The siddha medicine given to practitioners include leaves, flowers, fruit and various roots in a mixed basis. It is assumed that when the normal equilibrium of three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is disturbed, disease is caused. The factors, which assumed to affect this equilibrium are environment, climatic conditions, diet, physical activities, and stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio between these three humors (vatha, pitha and kapha) is 4:2:1, respectively. According to the siddha medicine system, diet and life style play a major role not only in health but also in curing diseases. This concept of the siddha medicine is termed as pathya and apathya, which is essentially a list of do's and don'ts.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of diseases involve identifying it causes. Identification of causative factors is through the examination of pulse, urine, eyes, study of voice, colour of body, tongue and the status of the digestive system. The system has worked out details procedure of urine examination which includes study of its colour, smell, density, quantity and oil drop spreading pattern. It holistic in approach and the diagnosi s involves the study of person as a whole as well as his disease.

Treatment
The Siddha System of Medicine emphasises that medical treatment is oriented not merely to disease but has to take into account the patient, environment, the meteorological consideration, age, sex, race, habits, mental frame, habitat, diet, appetite, physical condition, physiological constitution etc. This means the treatment has to be individualistic, which ensures that mistakes in diagnosis or treatment are minimal. The Siddha System is effective in treating chronic cases of liver, skin diseases especially Psoriasis, rheumatic problems, anaemia, prostate enlargement, bleeding piles and peptic ulcer. The Siddha Medicines which contains mercury, silver, arsenic, lead and sulphur have been found to be effective in treating certain infectious diseases including venereal diseases.

There is a National Institute of Siddha (NIS), Chennai is an autonomous organization under the control of Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.

3.Yoga

Meaning
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Yoga is a discipline to improve or develop ones inherent power in a balanced manner. It offers the means to attain complete self-realisation. The literal meaning of the Sanskrit word Yoga is Yoke. Yoga can therefore be defined as a means of uniting the individual spirit with the universal spirit of God.

Salient Features of

Yoga
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Yoga is universal practical discipline Yoga is evolutionary process Yoga as soul therapy

Types of yoga
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Japa yoga Karma yoga Gyana yoga Bhakti yoga Raja yoga Swara yoga

7.Kundalini 8.Nadi Yoga is a healing system of theory and practice. It is a combination of breathing exercises, physical postures and meditation that has been practiced for more than 5000 years. Yoga is considered a mind body intervention that is used to reduce the health effects of generalized stress.
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Yoga is believed to calm the nervous system and balance the body, mind and spirit. It is thought by its practitioners to prevent scientific diseases ans maladies by keeping the energy meridians open and life energy(prana)flowing. Yoga is usually practiced in classes that range from 60 to 90 minutes in length. Yoga has been used to lower blood pressure ,reduce stress and improve coordination, flexibility, concentration,sleep, and digestion. It has also been used as supplementary therapy for for such diverse conditions as cancer, diabetes, asthma, AIDS and irritable bowl syndrome. There is a national institute-Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga (MDNIY) is an autonomous organization registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 and

fully funded by Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India.

4.Homeopathy
Meaning
The name homeopathy is derived from two Greek words homeo, meaning similar, and pathos, meaning suffering or disease. The system is based on the idea that substances that produce symptoms of sickness in healthy people will have a curative effect when given in very dilute quantities to sick people who exhibit those same symptoms. Homeopathic remedies are believed to stimulate the bodys own healing processes.

Origin
Homeopathy was founded by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann in 1796. Hahnemann formulated these principles of homeopathy: Law of Similars (like cures like) Law of the Infinitesimal Dose (The more diluted a remedy is, the more potent it is.) Illness is specific to the individual

Benefits
Homeopathic physicians seek to cure their patients on the physical, mental and emotional levels, and each treatment is tailored to a patients individual needs. Homeopathy is generally a safe treatment, as it uses medicines in extremely diluted quantities, and there are usually minimal side effects. Its nontoxicity makes some consider it a good choice for the treatment of children. Another benefit of homeopathy is the cost of treatments; homeopathic remedies are inexpensive.

Treatment
Homeopaths treat people based on genetic and personal health history, body type, and current physical, emotional, and mental symptoms. Patient visits tend to be lengthy. Treatments are "individualized" or tailored to each personit is not uncommon for different people with the same condition to receive different treatments.

Homeopathic remedies are derived from natural substances that come from plants, minerals, or animals. Common remedies include red onion, arnica (mountain herb), and stinging nettle plant.

Side effects
1. An intensified healing response may occur as treatment begins, which causes symptoms to worsen, but the phenomenon is temporary. 2.in homeopathic preparation large quantities of alcohol is used, that also some times creates problems

5.Unani
Origin and meaning
Unani system originated in Greece. It was introduced in India by the Arabs and Persians sometime around the eleventh century. According to the fundamental principles of unani,the body is made up of four basic elements.Earth,Air, Water and Fire. These elements in turn forms Humours, that is Blood, Phlegm, Yellow bile, and Black bile. Health is a state of equilibrium among the humours in the body.when this equilibrium is disturbed the person get sick. Unani medicine believes in promotion of health ,prevention of disease and cure. The health of human being is based on six essentials . They are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Atmospherie(Air) Drink and food Sleep and weakness Excretion and retention Physical activity and rest Mental activity and rest

Diagnosis
Process in Unani system is dependent on observation and physical examination

Treatment
1. Ilajbil Tadbeer ( regimenal therapy): it is a method of treatment in which exercise ,massage and fomentation is prescribed 2. Ilajbil ghiza(Dietotherapy):different diets are recommended in different diseases. 3. Ilajbil dava(pharmacotherapy): Treatment with medicines. 4. Ilajbil yad(surgery): Treatment with surgery

Conclusion:

The health care system consist of all the medicines, they are allopathy,ayurveda,homeopathy,unani and sidda.for the proper delivery of health care, there should be combination of all these medicines are essential.and the individual can select each system as needed.