1.

(b)

(a)

to absorb / remove carbon dioxide or prevent build-up of carbon dioxide ;

fill spirometer with oxygen ; reference to use of a nose clip ; person breathes in as fully as possible ; then out as fully as possible ; pen records movement of lid on chart ; vital capacity read from chart / recorded on chart ; (i) volume of air breathed in or out ; in one breath / at rest / eq ; (ii) 500 18 ; = 9000 cm3 / 9 dm3 ; tidal volume increases ; breathing rate increases ; carbon dioxide increases in the blood ; carbon dioxide stimulates breathing ;

(c)

(iii)

3
[12]

2.

(a) (0.60 + 0.65 + 0.65 + 0.65 + 0.75) 5 ; = 0.66 dm3 ; 2 (b) Breaths per minute = 4 or 5 6 = 24 / 30, volume of each breath = 1.25 to 1.5 ; Ventilation rate = 24 / 30 1.25 to 1.5 = 30.0 to 45.0 (depends on values used) dm3 min-1 ; Tidal volume increases ; Rate of breathing increases ; Greater variation in volume ; Credit comparative manipulation use of figures ; (i) Increase in tidal volume after exercise not as great ; Increase in ventilation rate after exercise not as great ; Faster return to normal breathing pattern ; Respiratory muscles stronger ; Alveolar capillary network increased ; Gaseous exchange more efficient ; (ii) (Because) volume pumped per beat / stroke volume, increased ; Maximum / potential, cardiac output increased ;

(c)

(d)

4 2
[13]

3.

(a)

Maximum volume of air breathed out;

1

Following maximum inspiration; VC = IRV + TV + ERV;; (b) (c) 660 230; 3 = 430 cm 2 Increased rate of breathing; Increased depth of breathing /tidal volume increases;

2
[6]

4.

(a) [Breathing rate x Tidal volume] 12 0.5; 3 1 = 6.0 dm 3min ; (b) (c) (d) Gradual increase in volume not exceeding vital capacity boundary: Increase in frequency; (Volume of) air remaining in lungs after {maximum / forced} exhalation / (volume of) air that cannot be expelled; Increases (efficiency); (Slightly) increased (lung volume / vital capacity) / increased strength of (respiratory / intercostal / diaphragm} muscles;

2 2 1

2
[7]

5.

(a)

(i)

{0.4 0.55} 12; = {4.8 6.6} (dm min );

3 -1

-1

(ii)

{1.1 1.3} 36 = {39.6 - 46.8} (dm min ); Increase of {33.0 / 42.0} / increased by about 6 times; (i) Heart rate x stroke volume / volume of blood pumped out of {heart / ventricles} in one minute / eq;

(b)

(ii)

(As minute volume increases) {volume of oxygen breathed in / gas exchange / tidal volume} increases / eq; Increased diffusion of oxygen into {blood / muscle}; (Increase in cardiac output) increases volume of (oxygenated) blood reaching muscles / eq;

2
[7]

6. No mark scheme available

7. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

(a)

1.

Release of adrenalin causing anticipatory rise / eq;

Increased exercise / increased (rate of) respiration; Increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood / pH of blood lowered / eq; Detected by chemoreceptors; In {carotid / aortic} body; {Stimulate / eq} breathing centres in medulla; Increase {frequency / eq} of impulses {to diaphragm and intercostals muscles / along phrenic nerve}; Increase in rate of {contraction / relaxation}; [Accept converse for any marking point] 4

(b) 2. 3. 4.

1.

Small rise (beginning 2 minutes) before exercise starts;

{Rapid / steep / sharp} increase {in / during} first 2 minutes (of exercise) / eq; After {first 2 minutes (of exercise) / eq} slower increase / eq; 2 minutes before exercise increase by 8 dm min / first 2 minutes 3 -1 of exercise increases by 80 dm min / 8 to 16 minutes of exercise 3 -1 increases by 24 dm min / eq;
3 -1

(c)

Ventilation rate {goes higher / rises more steeply}; {Longer / slower} {recovery / return to normal level}; 2
[9]

8.

(a)

(i)

Absorbs carbon dioxide ;

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Reference to calibrating chart ; Switch on chart recorder ; Nose clip / eq on person ; Person breathes in and out / eq through mouthpiece ; Reference to {resting / quiet breathing / adjustment (of person)} ; Measure / calculate volume on chart / eq ;
3

(b)

Vital capacity = 4.25(dm ) ;

1
[5]

9. (b)

(a)

Volume of air inspired (or expired) in one minute ; (i) 2. 3. 1. 30 (% increase above normal) ;
3 1

100 + 30 (= 130%) ; 130 100 x 8 (=10.4 dm min ) ; Or 1. 2. 3. 30 (% increase above normal) ;

30 8 100 ( = 2.4dm3 min1) ;

+8 (= 10.4 dm min ); {Increased levels of carbon dioxide / fall in pH}(in blood) ;
3 1

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Detected by chemoreceptors ; In {aorta / carotid artery / medulla} ; Nerve impulses to intercostals and diaphragm muscles ; Rate of contraction increases ; Detects degree of stretch during inhalation ; 4

(c)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Prevents over inflation of the lungs ; Impulses along {sensory neurones / vagus nerve} to {medulla / respiratory centre} ; Reflex action initiated / impulses along motor neurone(in response) ; Internal intercostal muscles contract / inhibition of respiratory centre / external intercostal muscles no longer stimulated (to contract) ; 3
[11]

10.

A description and an explanation to include three from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Increase in rate of respiration; Rise in (blood) CO2 / fall in pH / fall in (blood) oxygen; Reference to chemoreceptors / eq; Reference to medulla / ventilation centre / eq; More impulses to breathing muscles / named muscles; / eq; Increase in {breathing rate / depth of breathing / tidal volume}; 3
[3]

11.

(a)

Breathing rate: number of breaths in unit time / one minute; 2

Tidal volume: volume of air breathed {in / out}; (b) (i) 2. 3. 4. 1. both the breathing rate and tidal volume increase;

breathing rate gradually increases up to 125 a.u. and then increases more sharply; tidal volume increases steeply up to 75 a.u. and then increases less steeply; idea that the point at which the gradient changes for the breathing rate is not the same as the tidal volume; 3
[5]

12. (b)

(a)

medulla / medulla oblongata;

before diving / singing / sniffing / playing a musical instrument / peak flow measurement / breathalyser / eq; 1. 2. 3. 4. ref to baroreceptors / stretch receptors;

(c)

detect degree of stretch in diaphragm and/or intercostals muscles; (and) feedback this to the {medulla /respiratory control centres} along (sensory) neurones; idea of nervous link from {medulla / respiratory control centres} to muscles to {alter / change} {ventilation (rate) / breathing rate / (depth of) breathing};

(d) 2. 3. 4.

1. idea that exercise {increases the {CO2 / H } concentration / {decreases the pH / O2 concentration}; (this increase is) detected by chemoreceptors; (chemoreceptors) send impulse to medulla; (resulting in) increased {rate of ventilation / breathing rate / depth of breathing / contraction of {respiratory / intercostals / diaphragm muscles} };

2
[7]

13.

(a)

(i)

lack of oxygen / eq;

+

anaerobic respiration (produces lactate); (respiration) produces reduced NAD / NADH H / NAD H2/ reduced co-factors; pyruvate produced by glycolysis; pyruvate converted to lactate (in anaerobic conditions); lactate production oxidises NADH so glycolysis can continue/eq; in anaerobic respiration {glucose / lactate} cannot be fully oxidised / correct reference to Krebs cycle / oxidative phosphorylation / suitable ref. to mitochondria /eq; allows continued production of ATP; (ii) the difference {cannot be explained by chance/is really caused by diving / not some other factor}; the {probability/chance} that the difference could be due to chance/ accident is less than 5% / 0.05 / 1 in 20 / 95% confident that difference is not due to change alone; (iii) correct description of change of lactate in dives of different duration e.g. little change in blood lactate concentration up to six minutes, faster increase in blood lactate concentration after {five / six} minutes / eq / ref. to greater variability of blood lactate in longer dives; in dives of up to {five / six} minutes there is enough oxygen (in the lungs / blood / body) to maintain (largely) aerobic respiration /in a dive of six to twelve minutes (all / most) oxygen gets used up therefore respiration (more / or less) entirely anaerobic / eq;

(b)

heart rate decreases when the seal dives / rises when the seal surfaces; use of figures to emphasise that the HR falls very low from e.g from 130 - 150 beats per minute to 10 - 30; at the surface increases supply of oxygen to remove lactate / to repay oxygen debt; ref. to moving the lactate away from the muscles / to the liver; when submerged little oxygen carried to muscles in blood / eq; correct ref. to cardiovascular centre / correct ref. to nerve action on the SAN / reflex action; ref. to myoglobin; 4 QRS (complex); 2

(c) (ii)

(i)

resulting in contraction of ventricles / ventricular systole; 90 120 bpm; 20 40 bpm; (d) 2

(i) {shock / disruption of control mechanisms / eq} at the sudden change in temperature at the {lower temperature / 25 C}; 35 C is close to normal body temperature (therefore less of a shock than 25 C); reduced (blood) circulation to conserve heat / a thermoregulatory mechanism / vasoconstriction (to surface); ref. to diving reflex / bradycardia; (ii) she hyperventilated / filled her body / lungs / blood with as much oxygen as possible before diving; she {had prepared herself mentally / was afraid / stressed} and this caused the increase in heart beat; ref. to adrenaline / hormone; ref. to autonomic nervous system / sympathetic nervous system; 2
[20]

14.

(a) 2. 3. 4.

(i)

1.

soda lime {absorbs / eq} carbon dioxide;

prevents carbon dioxide accumulating / eq (in spirometer); reference to harmful effect of breathing increased carbon dioxide; can also measure the volume of oxygen used; max 2

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

nose clip on person; reference to calibrating chart; switch on chart recorder; person breathes through mouthpiece; deep breath in then {fully out/ eq} / VC = IRV + TV + ERV; read volume from chart; max 3 1. calculation; 2

(b)

(i) 2. (ii)

answer (= 92.9);

1. produced; 2. 3.

(as cycling speed increases) more carbon dioxide

{carbon dioxide / low pH} stimulates breathing / eq; increased need for oxygen / eq; max 2
[9]

15.

(a) (i) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two marks. 1. 2. 3. Ventilation rates at rest are similar; Ventilation rate of trained individual rises higher than that of the untrained individual during the 5 minute exercise period; After 1 minute ventilation rate of trained individual continues to rise rapidly whereas untrained rises gently/becomes constant; 2

(ii)

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of three marks 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. gender; age; level of rest; drugs; were the exercises the same; repeat the study with these two individuals; repeat the study with more individuals; allow other valid factors; 3 B 1

(b)

(i)

(ii) (iii) (iv)

D A C

1 1 1
[9]