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Pre Training Manual

Cell
Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the living organism. There are many different types of cells in the human body. None of these cells function well on there own, they are part of the larger organism that is called - you.

Tissues
Cells group together in the body to form tissues - a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function. There are 4 primary tissue types in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. 1. Epithelial Tissue - The cells of epithelial tissue pack tightly together and form continuous sheets that serve as linings in different parts of the body. Epithelial tissue serves as membranes lining organs and helping to keep the body's organs separate, in place and protected. E.g. the outer layer of the skin, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue surrounding the body's organs. 2. Connective Tissue - Connective tissue adds support and structure to the body. Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue. E.g. the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone and fat tissue. In addition to these more recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue. 3. Muscle Tissue - Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that can contract. Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another and allow movement. Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body. 4. Nerve Tissue - Nerve tissue contains two types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Nerve tissue has the ability to generate and conduct electrical signals in the body. These electrical messages are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and transmitted down the spinal cord to the body.

Organs
An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose. There are many different organs in the body: the liver, kidneys, heart, even your skin is an organ. In fact, the skin is the largest organ in the human body and provides us with an excellent example for explanation purposes. The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. Epidermis is the outermost layer of skin. Below the epidermis lies a layer of connective tissue called the dermis. The dermis contains blood vessels that nourish skin cells. It contains nerve tissue and muscle tissue. The subcutaneous layer is beneath the dermis and consists mainly of a type of connective tissue called adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is more commonly known as fat and it helps cushion the skin and provide protection from cold temperatures. A cross-section of skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous layer

Organ Systems
Organ systems are composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a common function. There are 10 major organ systems in the human body, they are the: 1

Skeletal System:

Major Role: The main role of the skeletal system is to provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs. Major Organs: Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.

Muscular System:

Major Role: The main role of the muscular system is to provide movement. Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility. Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system. Major Organs: Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles throughout the body.

Circulatory System:

Major Role: The main role of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and CO 2), hormones and wastes through the body. Major Organs: Heart, blood vessels and blood.

Nervous System:

Major Role: The main role of the nervous system is to relay electrical signals through the body. The nervous system directs behaviour and movement and, along with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc. Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

Respiratory System:

Major Role: The main role of the respiratory system is to provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body. Major Organs: Nose, trachea and lungs.

Digestive System:

Major Role: The main role of the digestive system is to breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance. Major Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.

Excretory System:

Major Role: The main role of the excretory system is to filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system. Major Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

Endocrine System:

Major Role: The main role of the endocrine system is to relay chemical messages through the body. In conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc. Major Organs: Many glands exist in the body that secrete endocrine hormones. Among these are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.

Reproductive System:

Major Role: The main role of the reproductive system is to manufacture cells that allow reproduction. In the male, sperm are created to inseminate egg cells produced in the female. Major Organs: Female (top): ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands. Male (bottom): testes, seminal vesicles and penis.

Lymphatic/Immune System:

Major Role: The main role of the immune system is to destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body. The lymphatic system also removes fat and excess fluids from the blood. Major Organs: Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells, T- and B- cells.

COMMONLY USED TERMS


Pharmacology :- Detailed study of drugs particularly their actions on tissues, organs and living animals. Pharmacokinetics :- Branch of Pharmacology dedicated to the determination of the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. (Body does to Drug-LADME) Liberation :- The process of release of drug from the Formulation Absorption :- The process of a substance entering the body. Distribution :- Dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolism :- Irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion :- Elimination of the substances from the body. Pharmacodynamics :- It explores what a drug does to the body. It is a qualitative study. Pharmacy :- Science of identification, selection, preservation, standardization, compounding & dispensing of medical substances. Pharmacognosy :- Science that deals in identification of drugs. Drug :- It is the chemical substance that is used for diagnosis, prevention, treatment and cure of diseases. 3

Bioavailability :- Bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation. Plasma Concentration :- Amount of the available drugs into unit volume of the plasma either free or in combined form. C max :- Maximum level attained by the drug in the blood. T max :- Time to attain maximum level by the drug in the blood. T1/2 :- The biological half-life or elimination half life of a substance is the time to attain half of the peak plasma concentration (Cmax). Onset of Action :- It is time required to have visible effect of the drug after its administration. Duration of Action :- It is time for which action of drug persists. Therapeutic index :- It is the ratio between LD-50 and ED-50. LD-50 is the dose needed to kill 50% of the experimental animals.ED-50 is the dose needed to cure 50% of the patients. Larger the therapeutic index, safer is the drug. Ratio less than one is suggestive of unsafe drug. Intolerance :- It is an exaggerated response of an individual to the therapeutic dosage of drug. Placebo :- It is pharmacologically an inert substance with no known effect, which matches with the drug (under study), in its colour, taste, smell and shape. It is generally used in the clinical trials to avoid the psychological effects produced by drug. Clinical Pharmacology :- It is the scientific study of the drugs in man. It includes pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics investigation. There is to generate data for optimum use of the drug. (Safety, efficacy, side effects, adverse effects comparative trials etc.) Intolerance :- It is an exaggerated response of an individual to the therapeutic dosage of drug. Placebo :- It is pharmacologically an inert substance with no known effect, which matches with the drug (under study), in its colour, taste, smell and shape. It is generally used in the clinical trials to avoid the psychological effects produced by drug. Clinical Pharmacology :- It is the scientific study of the drugs in man. It includes pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics investigation. There is to generate data for optimum use of the drug. (Safety, efficacy, side effects, adverse effects comparative trials etc.) NAME-MEANING NAME-MEANING NAME-MEANING NAME-MEANING Adeno- gland Cysti- sac, bladder Macul- spot, blotch Osse-, Osteo- bone Algia- pain Cyto- cell Mamm- breast Oto- ear Angi- vessel Derma- skin Meningo- membrane Patho- disease Arthro- joint Entero- intestine Myelo- spinal cord Peps- digestion Auto- self Erythro- red Myo- muscle Phago- eat Bio- living Gastro- stomach, belly Necro- death Philo- love Blast- germ Glyco- sugar Nephro- kidney Phleb- vein Broncho- trachea Hema- blood Neuro- nerve Phren- diaphragm Carcin- cancer Hepato- liver Oculo- eye Pneumo- lung Cardia- heart Hyster- uterus Odont- tooth Pulmo- lung Cerebro- brain Ileo- ileum Onco- tumour Pyo- pus Chole- bile, gall Lachry- tears Ophthalm- eye Ren- kidney Chondro- cartilage Lipo- fat Oro- mouth Rhin- nose Corpus- body Lumbo- lower back Orchido- testicle Scler- hard Stasis- stand still Thromb- clot, lump Vas- vessel, duct Disease and meaning R.T.I. : Respiratory Tract Infection U.R.T.I. : Upper R.T.I. L.R.T.I. : Lower R.T.I. TONSILITIS : Inflammation of Tonsils PHARYNGITIS : Inflammation of Pharynx INFLAMMATION : complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli Disease and meaning U.T.I. : Urinary Track Infection S.S.T.I. : Skin and Soft Tissue Infection ESOPHAGITIS : Inflammation of Esophagus ULCER : Damage to mucosal tissues RHINITIS : Stuffy nose Bronchitis : Inflammation of Bronchioles 4

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