DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 201 RESEARCH PAPER ON ATOMIC THEORY AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Submitted to: Mrs. Lourdes Cielo Submitted by: Nathaniel M. Ganuelas ECE 14

INTRODUCTION

In this research paper the Atomic Theory and Atomic Structure will be discussed. The Atomic theory where atoms came from will be discussed. Those chemist, scientist and philosophers that discovered further studies about atoms will be known in this research paper. This research paper contains lessons about atomic models and its characteristics. This also contains lessons about sub atomic particles ,mass relationship of atoms, isotopes and periodic table. These lessons are important for us to learn about atoms and its structures and how it is formed and who proposed it. Lessons about atoms is important for us to understand its progess and advancement.

Atomic Theory and Atomic Structure

A. Development of the Atomic theory

PRACTICAL PERIOD In this period they had discovered fire and production of metal. Its beacause of their curiosity and eagerness to explore their environment. The development of Chemistry in this period is empirical in approach. This type of development is based on practical experiences without reference to the underlying chemical principles. Many ancient civilizations used their practical understanding to help improve their lives. PHILOSOPHICAL PERIOD In this period many greek philosophers had come out. This period was marked by the dominance of greek philosophies. The Greeks were inquisitive people who did not readily accept what was happening ih their natural environment. They used reasons and logic to explain every phenomena. Anaxorgas and Empedocles assumed that all materials were made up of small particles called seeds. This idea was advanced by Leucippus and his student Democritus refined these seeds as repeating units called Atoms. The Atomic Theory of Democritus said that the difference in size and shape of these atoms account for the differences in the characteristics of materials. Plato proposed the concept of interconvertibility of atoms. He believed that atoms of elements could be changed into atoms of another by changing the shape of the atoms. Aristotle believed that changes in matter occur in nature and that all material things grow and develop from immature forms to adult forms. PERIOD OF ALCHEMY Alchemy is the religious mysticism of Eygpt blended well with the philosophical tradition of ancient greece resulting to the emergence of a new art. One of the interest of alchemy was the transmutation of common metals into precious gold. They believed that the transmutation could be accomplished by using an agent called Philosophers Stone. Alchemy became popular to China, India, Arab and Europe. Alchemy also influenced medicine. Alchemy was questioned by Robert boyle who wrote The Sceptical Chymist. He explained that understanding the natural world could be only explained through observation and experimentation, not through mysticism of alchemy.

PHLOGISTON PERIOD George Ernst Stahl proposed the Phlogiston Theory. Phlogiston is a constituent of any substance that can undergo combustion. During burning, this phlogiston is released by the material in air. MODERN TIMES At this time , experimentation had been gaining wide acceptance in the scientific community. Some discoveries made it possible to understand the nature of combustion. The work of Antoine Laurent Lavoiser The Father of Modern Chemisty was largely responsible for revealing the true nature of combustion. He also made studies about gain and loss of weight when tin lead, phosphorus and sulfur were burned in the presence of oxygen. His theory overthrew the Phlogiston Theory. He also proposed the Law of conservation of mass and gave the modern definition of elements and compounds. He also showed the true composition of water and it is not an element but a compound made up of two gases: Hydrogen and Oxygen.

B. Atomic Models

Scientist & approximate Date

Name of Model, Sketch and main idea of theory Atom the indivisible particle Atomos (in ancient Greek) means "that which cannot be further broken down into smaller pieces".

Democritus c.300 BC The solid sphere model Atoms are seen as solid, indestructible spheres (like billiard balls) Dalton c.1800

The raisin bun Model or the chocolate chip cookie model : Atoms are solid spheres made-up of a solid positive mass (or core) with tiny negative particles embedded in the J.J. Thomson c.1850

positive core. The Planetary Model Famous Gold Leaf proves that the nucleus is positive and the electrons are outside the nucleus.

Rutherford c. 1905

Electrons in Definite energy Levels around the nucleus Used atomic spectra to prove that electrons are placed in definite orbitals (called shells) around the nucleus. (Neils Bohr) Bohr- Rutherford c. 1920

Modern Theory Electron Cloud Model Many Scientists Contributed. Some of the more famous are:
y y y y y y y

Schroedinger Einstein Luis De Broglie Max Planck Frank Hertz Maxwell Fermi

The analogy here is that of a "beehive" where the bees are the electrons moving around the nucleus in a "cloud" of energy

levels.

Daltons idea of the structure of an atom is a solid sphere. Later J.J Thomson thought it to be a neutral particle with the same number of protons and electrons. Rutherford imagined an atom to be a particle with a thickly concentrated positive nucleus and electrons moving around it. Bohrs idea proves that electrons around the nucleus are of different energy levels. Finally became the idea of an electron cloud which points out the probability of finding electrons in certain region through the manifestation in a thick cloud.

C. Sub-atomic particles
Particles that are smaller than the atom are called subatomic particles. The three main subatomic particles that form an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons. The center of the atom is called the nucleus. Protons is a subatomic particle having an approximate mass of 1 amu and a relative charge of one plus. Neutron is a subatomic particle having a charge of zero. Neutron is a subatomic particle having a negligible mass a relative charge of one minus.

D. Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in mass number. All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons in their nucleus, isotopes must have different numbers of neutrons. The most common form of hydrogen isotope called protium (hydrogen -1) that has one proton but no neutron. The second form of hydrogen isotope called deuterium (hydrogen -2) has one proton and one neutron. Tritium (hydrogen -3) has one proton and two neutrons and it is also made artificially.

E. Periodic table
The periodic table shows the elements. The elements are arrange in the order of increasing atomic number. The properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic number. The periodic table divides the elements into two sets of families, the A or representative elements, and the B or transition elements. They fall under 18 vertical groups or families. There are seven horizontal rows and there are two inner rows called inner transition series having 14 elements each. Elements in any groups of the periodic table have the similar physical and chemical properties. Johannes Dobereiner found that the properties of the metals like Ca, Ba, and Sr. Dobereiner also found several groups of three elements like Cl, I, Br, S, Te, Se and Fe, Co and Ni which formed triad based on their atomic masses. John Newlands arranged the elements in order of their atomic masses, and observed that properties such as melting points, boiling points and chemical relativities rise, fall, rise again in fairly regular pattern or periodically. Lothar Meyer classified the elements into a table. He included 56 elements for the periodic variation in properties. Mendeleev and Meyer announced a periodic law and the properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic masses. Henry G. Moseley worked on atomic number observed that frequencies of x-rays emitted from elements could be correlated better with the atomic number.

F. Atomic notation
It is a symbolic method for expressing the composition of an atomic nucleus. Atomic number is a number characteristic of an element that indicates the number of protons found in the nucleus. Mass number is a number that represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a given isotopes.

CONCLUSION.
The atomic theory and models are important to be learned because this revealed us how atoms are made and how it is related in our lives. This atoms may not be seen but because of the scientists and chemist who discovered and advanced it, we can now determine what is inside the atom. These scientists was so curious so they explored the world and make observation on how things are made. Until now many things have not been discovered yet. Even though our technology is advancing, many things can only be explained by God.