DEVELOPMENT OF A GRID-CONNECTEDED WIND/PV/BESS HYBRID DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

A grid-connected hybrid distributed generation system, composed of PV(photovoltaic) array, wind turbine and battery, is proposed for various power transfer functions to the distribution network. The proposed system has several operation modes which are normal operation, power dispatching, and power averaging, according to coordinate control of the BESS(Battery Energy Storage System) and grid inverter. PV array and wind turbine are individually controlled to operate at the maximum power point for the most use of renewable energy. The BESS operates as an energy buffer to flexibly shift the generation from the renewable energy sources without excessively frequent shifts between battery charging and discharging. A grid interface inverter regulates the generated power injection into the grid. Developed prototype system design and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance and to validate the proposed system during its operation modes.

Simulink - Simulation and Model-Based Design

Simulink is an environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment and a customizable set of block libraries that let you design, simulate, implement, and test a variety of time-varying systems, including communications, controls, signal processing, video processing, and image processing.

Introduction Simulink is an environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment and a customizable set of block libraries that let you design, simulate, implement, and test a variety of time-varying systems, including communications, controls, signal processing, video processing, and image processing. Add-on products extend Simulink software to multiple modeling domains, as well as provide tools for design, implementation, and verification and validation tasks. Simulink is integrated with MATLAB, providing immediate access to an extensive range of tools that let you develop algorithms, analyze and visualize simulations, create batch processing scripts, customize the modeling environment, and define signal, parameter, and test data. Key Features

Extensive and expandable libraries of predefined blocks Interactive graphical editor for assembling and managing intuitive block diagrams

Ability to manage complex designs by segmenting models into hierarchies of design Model Explorer to navigate, create, configure, and search all signals, parameters, Application programming interfaces (APIs) that let you connect with other simulation Embedded MATLAB Function blocks for bringing MATLAB algorithms into Simulation modes (Normal, Accelerator, and Rapid Accelerator) for running simulations Graphical debugger and profiler to examine simulation results and then diagnose Full access to MATLAB for analyzing and visualizing results, customizing the modeling Model analysis and diagnostics tools to ensure model consistency and identify modeling

components

properties, and generated code associated with your model

programs and incorporate hand-written code

Simulink and embedded system implementations

interpretively or at compiled C-code speeds using fixed- or variable-step solvers

performance and unexpected behavior in your design

environment, and defining signal, parameter, and test data

errors

Creating and Working with Models With Simulink, you can quickly create, model, and maintain a detailed block diagram of your system using a comprehensive set of predefined blocks. Simulink provides tools for hierarchical modeling, data management, and subsystem customization, making it easy to create concise, accurate representations, regardless of your system's complexity. Selecting and Customizing Blocks Simulink software includes an extensive library of functions commonly used in modeling a system. These include:

Continuous and discrete dynamics blocks, such as Integration and Unit Delay Algorithmic blocks, such as Sum, Product, and Lookup Table

Structural blocks, such as Mux, Switch, and Bus Selector

You can customize these built-in blocks or create new ones directly in Simulink and place them into your own libraries. Additional blocksets (available separately) extend Simulink with specific functionality for aerospace, communications, radio frequency, signal processing, video and image processing, and other applications. You can model physical systems in Simulink. Simscape, SimDriveline, SimHydraulics, SimMechanics, and SimPowerSystems (all available separately) provide expanded capabilities for modeling physical systems , such as those with mechanical, electrical, and hydraulic components. Defining and Managing Signals and Parameters Simulink enables you to define and control the attributes of signals and parameters associated with your model. Signals are time-varying quantities represented by the lines connecting blocks. Parameters are coefficients that help define the dynamics and behavior of the system. Signal and parameter attributes can be specified directly in the diagram or in a separate data dictionary. Using the Model Explorer, you can manage your data dictionary and quickly repurpose a model by incorporating different data sets. You can define the following signal and parameter attributes:

Data typesingle, double, signed or unsigned 8-, 16- or 32-bit integers; Boolean; and Dimensionsscalar, vector, matrix, or N-D arrays Complexityreal or complex values Minimum and maximum range, initial value, and engineering units

fixed-point

Running a Simulation

After building your model in Simulink, you can simulate its dynamic behavior and view the results live. Simulink software provides several features and tools to ensure the speed and accuracy of your simulation, including fixed-step and variable-step solvers, a graphical debugger, and a model profiler. Using Solvers Solvers are numerical integration algorithms that compute the system dynamics over time using information contained in the model. Simulink provides solvers to support the simulation of a broad range of systems, including continuous-time (analog), discrete-time (digital), hybrid (mixed-signal), and multirate systems of any size. These solvers can simulate stiff systems and systems with state events, such as discontinuities, including instantaneous changes in system dynamics. You can specify simulation options, including the type and properties of the solver, simulation start and stop times, and whether to load or save simulation data. You can also set optimization and diagnostic information for your simulation. Different combinations of options can be saved with the model. Analyzing Results Simulink includes several tools for analyzing your system, visualizing results, and testing, validating, and documenting your models. Visualizing Results You can visualize the system by viewing signals with the displays and scopes provided in Simulink software. Alternatively, you can build your own custom displays using MATLAB visualization and GUI development tools. You can also log signals for postprocessing. To gain deeper insight into complex 3-D motion of your dynamic system, you can incorporate virtual reality scenes into your visualization using Simulink 3D Animation software (available separately).

Testing and Validating Your Models Simulink includes tools to help you generate test conditions and validate your model's performance. These include blocks for creating simulation tests. For example, the Signal Builder block lets you graphically create waveforms to exercise models. Using the Signal & Scope Manager, you can inject signals into your model, as well as log and view signals, without adding blocks. Simulink also provides model verification blocks to check that block outputs conform to your design requirements. You can formally link requirements to sections of your model, write custom model standards checks, and run model coverage using Simulink Verification and Validation software (available separately). You can generate tests for your model that satisfy model coverage and user-defined objectives and prove properties using Simulink Design Verifier software (available separately). To manage and store tests independently of your model, you can use SystemTest software (available separately) to develop test sequences and generate test reports

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, exploration, and visualization

 Scientific and engineering graphics Application development, including graphical user interface building MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran. The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the INPACK and EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for matrix computation.

MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis.

MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive

collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

Desktop Tools and Development Environment

This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use MATLAB functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and Command Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, a code analyzer and other reports, and browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path.

The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library

This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.

The MATLAB Language

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements,

functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both programming in the small to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and programming in the large to create large and complex application programs.

Graphics

MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your MATLAB applications.

The MATLAB External Interfaces/API

This is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact

with MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.

Starting MATLAB

On Windows platforms, start MATLAB by double-clicking the MATLAB shortcut icon on your Windows desktop. On UNIX platforms, start MATLAB by typing matlab at the operating system prompt.

You can customize MATLAB startup. For example, you can change the directory in which MATLAB starts or automatically execute MATLAB statements in a script file named startup.m.

MATLAB Desktop

When you start MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop appears, containing tools (graphical user interfaces) for managing files, variables, and applications associated with MATLAB. The following illustration shows the default desktop. You can customize the arrangement of tools and documents to suit your needs. For more information about the desktop tools, see Chapter 6, Desktop Tools and Development Environment.

Matrices and Magic Squares

In MATLAB, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. Special meaning is sometimes attached to 1-by-1 matrices, which are scalars, and to matrices with only one row or column, which are vectors. MATLAB has other ways of storing both numeric and nonnumeric data, but in the beginning, it is usually best to think of everything as a matrix. The operations in MATLAB are designed to be as natural as possible. Where other programming languages work with numbers one at a time, MATLAB allows you to work with entire matrices quickly and easily. A good example matrix, used throughout this book, appears in the Renaissance engraving Melencolia I by the German artist and amateur mathematician Albrecht Drer.

This image is filled with mathematical symbolism, and if you look carefully, you will see a matrix in the upper right corner. This matrix is known as a magic square and was believed by many in Drers time to have genuinely magical properties. It does turn out to have some fascinating characteristics worth exploring.

About NI

National Instruments transforms the way engineers and scientists around the world design, prototype, and deploy systems for test, control, and embedded design applications. Using NI open graphical programming software and modular hardware, customers at more than 25,000 companies annually simplify development, increase productivity, and dramatically reduce time to market. From testing next-generation gaming systems to creating breakthrough medical devices, NI customers continuously develop innovative technologies that impact millions of people. Application Areas

Measurements and Instrumentation See how, from temperature to dynamic signal measurements, NI offers a complete family of data acquisition devices for desktop, portable, and networked teaching and research applications.

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Research and teach control design concepts including controller design, dynamic system simulation, system identification, and real-time implementation with NI control products.

Signal and Image Processing Explore signal processing concepts from interactive digital filter design to hands-on prototyping of DSPs with a complete platform from NI.

RF and Communications Combine graphical and intuitive software with the latest precision measurement hardware to deliver a high-performance platform for hands-on learning and pioneering research in wireless communications.

Embedded Systems Use a comprehensive collection of NI add-on tools to make embedded systems with FPGAs, DSPs, MPUs, or any 32-bit microprocessors easy and affordable.

With the National Instruments LabVIEW graphical development environment, you have several options for working with The MathWorks, Inc. MATLAB.

APPLICATIONS OF SIMULINK Control Design Control Design Solutions - Model-Based Design for control systems

Designers of embedded control systems rely on products from The MathWorks to design and create software that is used in aerospace, defense, automotive, industrial equipment, process control, and many other applications. Using MathWorks products can reduce development costs, decrease time-to-market, and improve quality. Learn how you can meet your goals and set new standards on your next embedded control system design project. Model-Based Design Designers of embedded control system software face difficult challenges. In addition to the need to complete projects at low cost and within tight schedules, embedded control system software designers must provide predictable performance and competitive features for the products they deliver. Traditional methods of designing, testing, and implementing embedded control systems cause designers to wait until late in the design effort, when actual or prototype products and realtime embedded targets become available, to find out if software really works as it was intended to. Only then, as system integration occurs, can the designer uncover the errors that may have found their way into the product during the early design stages. Model-Based Design with MathWorks tools provides a proven technique for creating embedded control systems. It is used today for satellites, aircraft, and many other aerospace applications, in the automotive industry, and for process control, computer peripherals and industrial machinery.

Through Model-Based Design, embedded control system design teams can begin evaluating software designs without using prototype products and real-time targets. The MathWorks environment for Model-Based Design allows engineers to mathematically model the behavior of the physical system, design the software and model its behavior, and then simulate the entire system model to accurately predict and optimize performance. The system model becomes a specification from which you can automatically generate real-time software for testing, prototyping, and embedded implementation, thus avoiding manual effort and reducing the potential for errors. The MathWorks products for Model-Based Design provide a visual, interactive environment in which to build, manage, and simulate the model. The graphical, hierarchical nature of this environment lets embedded control system software design teams functionally model, accurately document, and effectively communicate their designs, reducing the risk of misinterpretation or misunderstanding. Changes or corrections to the system requirements and specifications are easily incorporated into the model, fully evaluated by simulation, and automatically reflected in the final real-time embedded software. Modeling and Simulation To effectively design an embedded control system and accurately predict its performance, designers must understand the behavior of the entire system in which the control system will reside. MATLAB and Simulink form the core environment for Model-Based Design for creating accurate, mathematical models of physical system behavior. The graphical, block-diagram paradigm of the MathWorks environment lets you drag-and-drop predefined modeling elements, connect them together, and create models of dynamic systems. These dynamic systems can be continuous-time, multi-rate discrete-time, or virtually any combination of the three. You can create custom model elements or reuse legacy code-based models by incorporating C, Fortran, or Ada code directly into the modeling environment.

The modeling environment is hierarchical and self-documenting. System structure and function can be clearly expressed by grouping model elements in virtually any combination, allowing

large teams to work concurrently on the design. Libraries of hierarchical elements can be quickly created, allowing those elements to be reused easily by other members of the design team or on subsequent designs. Fully integrated into the environment is the capability to graphically model event-driven systems using state charts, truth tables, and flow diagrams. Specialized capability for mechanical and electrical power systems allows models of these systems to be constructed using modeling elements that correspond directly to the structure of the physical system, avoiding the need to express them as mathematical equations. If prototype or actual physical systems are available and input/output data can be acquired from them, mathematical models can also be created using system identification techniques. As soon as a hierarchical element of the model is constructed, that element can be simulated. Simulation allows specification, requirements, and modeling errors to be found immediately, rather than waiting until later in the design effort. As the model becomes larger, through the addition of hierarchical elements or by increasing the complexity of existing ones, the designer can continue to find and correct errors during simulation by using the model coverage, performance profiling, and interactive debugging features. When the physical system model is specified to the required level of detail and simulation has shown the model to be accurate, the control system can be designed. Control System Software Design With the behavioral model of the physical system available, the designer can begin the embedded control system software design. The MathWorks environment for Model-Based Design supports many types of control system design techniques and requirements that range from the simple to the most complex and large-scale. For example, some product designs may require using linear control design methods to determine the correct algorithms and parameters for the control system software. Using MATLAB and Simulink, the designer can automatically create the linear physical system models needed by this design technique, calculate the parameters, and then visualize the results using Bode plots and root locus diagrams. Other applications may require less sophisticated techniques to determine the correct control system design. Regardless of the control system design method used, the MathWorks environment for Model-Based Design helps the designer use interactive simulation to quickly evaluate each

control system design model in conjunction with the physical system model and avoid the risk, expense, or need for prototypes or actual physical systems. As the control system functional design is completed and the target environment needs to be considered, the designer can specify implementation details for the software directly in the modeling environment. The MathWorks environment supports all aspects of control system software design, including processor, interface, or standards issues. For example, you may need scaled integer or fixed-point data types for target processors that have no floating-point math capability. The effects of fixed-point mathematics can be evaluated by simulation, to see if the proper data sizes and scale factors have been selected. Data structures that are needed to meet software standards or target environment interface requirements can be defined as part of the system model and then realized when the embedded control system software is automatically generated. When the control system software design is complete, you can simulate the entire system model. During simulation, you can automatically collect model profiling and coverage information that will help you assess performance and discover errors. If performance does not meet expectations or errors are found, you can easily change the model to correct the problem and then simulate the model again to confirm the change or correction. Once simulation of the entire system model has shown that the design meets the desired performance requirements, you can automatically generate software for real-time testing and implementation, using the model as a specification. ABOUT PROOJECT: Most renewable energy source such as photovoltaic and wind turbine heavily rely on the ambient environmental conditions therefore produce unpredictable output characteristics. The other renewable energy source such as the micro turbine and fuel cell system don't have ambient dependency but their out response characteristics are so slow that they can't hardly meet the dynamic load conditions [1-2]. Therefore renewable energy sourced

generation systems are weak in stable and sustainable power supply. However, some of them, like solar irradiance and wind speed, have complementary profiles [3]. It has been reported that in weak grids, the wind/solar hybrid system is more reliable than single wind or PV generation since it suppresses rapid change in the output power of the single source such as the wind turbine system [4]. Grid interface of the hybrid system with battery storage or fuel cell generation may improve system stability and reliability [5-6]. This paper describes prototype system design and principle of a wind/PV/BESS hybrid system in grid interface operation and its experimental test results by power dispatching and power averaging. The wind and solar systems are regulated to obtain the maximum energy from given wind and solar conditions for efficient operation. The battery storage system is utilized to smooth the output fluctuation of the entire hybrid system. Energy control of the entire system and energy flow between systems and grid are based on power electronic interface. Experimental test results present the dynamic control performance of the proposed hybrid generation system and also demonstrate the feasibility of output averaging with a battery storage system at the hybrid generation system. Figure 1 presents a configuration of the proposed grid-connected hybrid generation system.

PROPOSED HYBRID GENERATION SYSTEM System Configuration Figure 2 is a block diagram of the proposed hybrid generation system. This hybrid system includes a wind turbine and a photovoltaic as energy sources, battery storage as an energy buffer, a common dc link, power electronic converters for conditioning the power associated with the hybrid components, and a gridconnected inverter. Figure 3 shows a developed prototype system of the

The photovoltaic system consists of a 9kW photovoltaic array and a 10kW boost dc-dc converter that raises the array voltage to a higher common dc voltage level. The PV system operates under maximum power point tracking

(MPPT) control to create the maximum energy from solar irradiance variation. The wind system is composed of 11kVA induction generator based wind turbine simulator and a 20kVA variable voltage variable frequency PWM converter whose operating scheme is to capture the maximum energy from varying wind speed by regulating the wind blade speed. Figure 4 is an interface window of hybrid system controller software. System operation and control parameters setting can be performed by this software interface. System Specifications Followings are specifications of the prototype hybrid generation system components. PV Array (Total 3 PV arrays were used) - Module Name : GMG 10530 - Maximum Open Voltage : 434V - Maximum Output Power : 3184W PV PCS - Converter Type : Boost DC-DC Converter - Switching Device and Frequency : IGBT, 10kHz - Power Rating : 10kW - Input PV Voltage Range : 200V ~ 400V (DC) - Output Voltage Range : 350V ~ 600V (DC) - Control : MPPT (Incremental Conductance Method) Battery Bank - Nominal Voltage : 144V(12 series connection) - Rated Capacity : 200AH - Battery Type : VRLA Type BESS PCS - Converter Type : Step Up/Down DC-DC Converter - Switching Device and Frequency : IGBT, 10kHz - Power Rating : 10kW - Battery Side Voltage Range : 130V ~ 200V (DC) - DC Link Side Voltage Range : 350V ~ 600V (DC)

- Charging Control : Bulk/Absorption/Float Wind Turbine Simulator - System : RTDS and MG set(Induction Machine) - Turbine Model : RTDS user define model used - Generator : MG Set (11kVA 220V) Wind Turbine Model - Type : No Pitch Control, Stall Control - System Rating : 10kVA - Blade Radius : 3.9m - Air Density : 0.55 kg/m3 - Rated Speed : 74 r.p.m. - Rated Wind Speed : 12 m/sec WT PCS - Converter Type : 3 Phase SVPWM Converter - Switching Device and Frequency : IGBT, 10kHz - Power Rating : 20kVA - Input Voltage Range : ~ 250V (AC) - Input Frequency Range : ~ 120Hz - Output Voltage Range : ~ 600V (DC) - Control : MPPT, VVVF, Scalar Grid Inverter - Converter Type : 3 Phase SVPWM Inverter - Switching Device and Frequency : IGBT, 10kHz - Power Rating : 30kW - Rated Output Voltage : 220V (AC) - Input Voltage Range : 350V ~ 600V (DC) - Control : DQ based Current Control

System Control The proposed hybrid system has various operation modes such as normal operation, dispatching operation and power smoothing. Table 1 summarizes power control schemes for the various modes.

Normal operation
The hybrid system penetrates as much power into the grid as the PV array and wind turbine generate by dc link voltage control. Power dispatching The hybrid system generates the power dispatched by a utility operator or commanded by a user for purpose of utility demand management such as peak load shaving and active load control. Power averaging The hybrid system mitigates fluctuating power generated from the PV array and wind turbine, and injects more stable (less fluctuating) power output into the grid. The wind turbine and PV array operate under variable speed control and MPPT control, respectively, to produce the maximum energy from varying weather conditions such as wind speed and solar irradiance. BESS charges a certain portion of generation from the wind and solar sources or discharges energy stored in the battery. The grid interface inverter regulates the common dc link voltage at a constant value in normal operation, and generates the power ordered by a user or dispatched by a utility operator in dispatching mode. In power averaging mode, the power command of the inverter is set as the value averaged by measuring the sum of power generated in the wind turbine and PV array and filtering the measured value with a low pass filter.

CONCLUSIONS

A multifunctional grid-connected wind/PV/BESS hybrid generation system has been proposed. The principle of the proposed system and power control scheme for multioperation modes were described. System performance was verified by experimental tests. A 30kW prototype was implemented and tested. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed system was capable of supplying flexible and stable power into grid with coordination control of BESS and a grid interface inverter, and simultaneously maximizing use of the individual renewable energy sources. The proposed system has environmentally-friendly energy sources, and user- or utilityfriendly operation strategy that power injection into network is dispatchable or less fluctuating. System economy, however, is another since renewable energy systems have inherently low costeffectiveness. For optimal operation system engineering including sizing of components, particularly BESS, should be considered.