ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION One dimensional motion By one dimension we mean that the body is moving only in one

plane and in a straight line. Like if we roll a marble on a flat table, and if we roll it in a straight line (not easy!), then it would be undergoing one-di mensional motion. There are four variables which put together in an equation can describe this motion. These are Initial Velocity (u); Final Velocity (v), Accel eration (a), Distance Traveled (s) and Time elapsed (t). The equations which tel l us the relationship between these variables are as given below. v = u + at v2 = u2 + 2as s = ut + 1/2 at2 average velocity = (v + u)/2 Armed with these equati ons you can do wonderful things like calculating a cars acceleration from zero t o whatever in 60 seconds !! TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL MOTION Scalar or Vector? To explain the difference we use two words: 'magnitude' and 'd irection'. By magnitude we mean how much of the quantity is there. By direction we mean is this quantity having a direction which defines it. Physical quantitie s which are completely specified by just giving out there magnitude are known as scalars. Examples of scalar quantities are distance, mass, speed, volume, densi ty, temperature etc. Other physical quantities cannot be defined by just their m agnitude. To define them completely we must also specify their direction. Exampl es of these are velocity, displacement, acceleration, force, torque, momentum et c.

Vector Addition Parallelogram law of vector addition If we were to represent two vectors magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram. The r esultant can then be represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal. Thi s diagonal is the one which passes through the point of intersection of these tw o sides. Resolution of a Vector It is often necessary to split a vector into its components. Splitting of a vector into its components is called resolution of t he vector. The original vector is the resultant of these components. When the co mponents of a vector are at right angle to each other they are called the rectan gular components of a vector. Rectangular Components of a Vector As the rectangu lar components of a vector are perpendicular to each other, we can do mathematic s on them. This allows us to solve many real life problems. After all the best t hing about physics is that it can be used to solve real world problems. Note: As it is difficult to use vector notations on the computer word processors we will coin our own notation. We will show all vector quantities in bold. For example 'A' will be scalar quantity and 'A' will be a vector quantity. Let Ax and Ay be the rectangular components of a vector A then A = Ax + Ay this means that vector A is the resultant of vectors Ax and Ay A is the magnitude of vector A and similarly Ax and Ay are the magnitudes of vec tors Ax and Ay As we are dealing with rectangular components which are at right angles to each other. We can say that: A = (Ax + Ay)1/2 Similarly the angle Q wh ich the vector A makes with the horizontal direction will be Q = tan-1 (Ax / Ay) LAWS OF MOTION

Newton's laws of motion Through Newton's second law, which states: The accelerat ion of a body is directly proportional to the net unbalanced force and inversely proportional to the body's mass, a relationship is established between Force (F ), Mass (m) and acceleration (a). This is of course a wonderful relation and of immense usefulness. F=mxa Knowing any two of the quantities automatically gives you the third !! Momentum Momentum (p) is the quantity of motion in a body. A he avy body moving at a fast velocity is difficult to stop. A light body at a slow speed, on the other hand can be stopped easily. So momentum has to do with both mass and velocity. p = mv Often physics problems deal with momentum before and a fter a collision. In such cases the total momentum of the bodies before collisio n is taken as equal to the total momentum of the bodies after collision. That is to say: momentum is conserved. Impulse This is the change in the momentum of a body caused over a very short ti me. Let m be the mass and v and u the final and initial velocities of a body. Im pulse = Ft = mv - mu WORK ENERGY POWER

Work and energy As we know from the law of conservation of energy: energy is alw ays conserved. Work is the product of force and the distance over which it moves . Imagine you are pushing a heavy box across the room. The further you move the more work you do! If W is work, F the force and x the distance then. W = Fx Ener gy comes in many shapes. The ones we see over here are kinetic energy (KE) and p otential energy (PE) Transitional KE = mv2 Rotational KE = Iw2 here I is the momen t of inertia of the object (a simple manner in which one can understand moment o f inertia is to consider it to be similar to mass in transitional KE) a w is ang ular velocity Gravitational PE = mgh where h is the height of the object Elastic PE = k L 2 where k is the spring constant ( it gives how much a spring will stret ch for a unit force) and L is the length of the spring. Simple isn't it!! Power Power (P) is work( W) done in unit time (t). P = W/t as work and energy (E) are same it follows power is also energy consumed or generated per unit time. P = E/ t In measuring power Horsepower is a unit which is in common use. However in phy sics we use Watt. So the first thing to do in solving any problem related to pow er is to convert horsepower to Watts. 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts

CIRCULAR MOTION Circular motion In the diagram v is the tangential velocity of the object. a is the centripetal (acting towards the center of the circle) acceleration and F is the centripetal force. r is the radius of the circle and m is mass of the object. a = v2 / r F = ma = mv2/r GRAVITATION Kepler's Laws Towards the end of the sixteenth century, Tycho Brahe collected a huge amount of data giving precise measurements of the position of planets. Joha nnes Kepler, after a detailed analysis of the measurements announced three laws in 1619. 1. The orbit of each planet is an ellipse which has the Sun at one of i ts foci. 2. Each planet moves in such a way that the (imaginary) line joining it to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times. 3. The squares of the periods of revolution of the planets about the Sun are proportional to the cubes of the ir mean distances from it. Newton's law of universal gravitation About fifty years after Kepler announced t he laws now named after him, Isaac Newton showed that every particle in the Univ erse attracts every other with a force which is proportional to the products of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.

Hence: If F is the force due to gravity, g the acceleration due to gravity, G th e Universal Gravitational Constant (6.67x10-11 N.m2/kg2), m the mass and r the d istance between two objects. Then F = G m 1 m2 / r 2 Acceleration due to gravity outside the Earth It can be shown that the acceleration due to gravity outside of a spherical shell of uniform density is the same as it would be if the entire mass of the shell were to be concentrated at its center. Using this we can expr ess the acceleration due to gravity (g') at a radius (r) outside the earth in te rms of the Earth's radius (re) and the acceleration due to gravity at the Earth' s surface (g) g' = (re2 / r2) g Acceleration due to gravity inside the Earth Here let r represent the radius of the point inside the earth. The formula for finding out the acceleration due to gravity at this point becomes: g' = ( r / re )g In both the above formulas, as e xpected, g' becomes equal to g when r = re. PROPERTIES OF MATTER Density The mass of a substance contained in unit volume is its density (D). D = m/V

Measuring of densities of substances is easier if we compare them with the densi ty of some other substance of know density. Water is used for this purpose. The ratio of the density of the substance to that of water is called the Specific Gr avity (SG) of the substance. SG = Dsubstance / Dwater The density of water is 10 00 kg/m3 Pressure Pressure (P) is Force (F) per unit area (A) P = F/A Specific Heat You may have noticed that metals, for example copper, heat faster than water. You would require 4186 J of heat to raise the temperature of water b y 1 degree Celsius. On the other hand 1 kg of copper would zoom to this temperat ure after it receives only 387 J of heat. It is known that every substance has a unique value of amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 kg of it by 1 degree Celsius. This number is referred to as the specific heat of the sub stance. Let Q be the heat transferred to m kg of a substance, thereby changing i ts temperature by dT. The specific heat c of the substance is defined as c = Q/m dt Juggle the expression, and we get the heat transferred from a body to its sur roundings or the other way around. This is given by. Q = m c dT For example the heat required to increase the temperature of half a kg of water by 3 degrees Cel sius can be determined using this formula. Here m, mass of water is 0.5 kg and t he dt, the temperature rise = 3 deg C and we know the specific heat of water is 4186 J/kg. So here the heat required will be Q = 0.5 x 4186 x 3 =6280 J It is as simple as that !! The table below gives the specific heat of some common substa nces J/kg. o C cal/g. o C

Aluminium Copper Glass Gold Ice Iron Silver Steam Water 900 387 837 129 2090 448 234 2010 4186 0.215 0.0924 0.200 0.0308 0.500 0.107 0.056 0.480 1.00 ELECTRICITY Electricity According to Ohm's Law electric potential difference(V) is directly proportional to the product of the current(I) times the resistance(R). V=IR The relationship between power (P) and current and voltage is

P=IV Using the equations above we can also write P = V2 / R and P = I2 R Resista nce of Resistors in Series The equivalent resistance (Req) of a set of resistors connected in series is Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + - - Resistance of Resistors in Parallel The equivalent resistance (Req) of a set of resistors connected in parallel is 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + - - -