Review of Engineering Thermodynamics

Universal Balance Equation for Any Extensive Property Accumulation = transport + generation Integrated form for some p g period of time:
! final " !initial " !amount " !amount " !amount " !amount " &amount ' # &amount ' $ &entering' # &leaving ' % &generated' # &consumed' ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Rate form:
!rate of " !rate of " !rate of " !rate of " !rate of " &change ' $ & transport in ' # & transport out ' % &generation ' # &consumption ' ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Mass entering (1) Q

Control volume or system

Mass leaving (2) W

Geof Silcox, Chemical Engineering, University of Utah

Mass Balance
Unsteady balance for CV
dmCV ! ! $ * mi # * me dt inlets exits

+mCV $ m2 # m1 $

inlets

*m #*m
i exits
e

Steady balance for CV

0$
inlets

! ! *m #*m
i exits

0$

inlets

*m # *m
i exits

Balance for closed system

dmsys dt $0

+msys $ m2 # m1 $ 0

Averaged flow
! m $ !avVelav A $ ! Velav A V $ vav vav
Geof Silcox, Chemical Engineering, University of Utah

Energy Balance
1 e $ u % Vel 2 % gz , h $ u % Pv 2

Unsteady balance for CV

. 1 . 1 dECV Vel 2 Vel 2 ! ! !/ ! / % gz , $ Qin,net % Win,net % * mi / h % % gz , # * me / h % , , dt 2 2 inlets -e -i exits 0 0

Steady balance for CV

1 . 1 . Vel 2 Vel 2 ! ! ! / ! / 0 $ Qin,net % Win,net % * mi / h % % gz , # * me / h % % gz , , , 2 2 inlets 0 - i exits 0 -e

Balance for closed system

dEsys dt ! ! $ Qin ,net % Win ,net

+Esys $ Qin ,net % Win ,net

Geof Silcox, Chemical Engineering, University of Utah

Entropy Balance
There is only one form of entropy.

Unsteady balance for CV

dS CV ! ! ! $* % * mi si # * me se % S gen dt Tj j $1 inlets exits
n

! Qin , j

! S gen 2 0 irreversible process e e s b e p ocess ! S gen $ 0 reversible process ! S gen 3 0 impossible process

Steady balance for CV

0$*
j $1

! Qin , j
Tj

! ! ! % * mi si # * me se % S gen
inlets exits

Balance for closed system

dS sys dt $*
j $1 n

! Qin , j Tj

! % S gen

+S sys $ m( s2 # s1 ) $ 4
Geof Silcox, Chemical Engineering, University of Utah
1

5Qin
T

% S gen

Combined Entropy and Energy Balance

du $ 5q % 5w

ds $

5q
T

% ds gen

du $ 5qrev % 5wrev

ds $

5qrev
T

5wrev $ # Pdv
du Pdv % T T

Tds $ du % Pdv

or

ds $

An lt A alternate form follows from the relation t f f ll f th l ti

d ( Pv) $ Pdv % vdP

Tds $ dh # vdP

or

ds $

dh vdP # T T

Geof Silcox, Chemical Engineering, University of Utah

Combined Entropy and Energy Balance for Ideal Gases

+s $ 4 cv (T )
1 2

v dT % R ln 2 T v1

+s $ 4 c p (T )
1

P dT # R ln 2 T P1

For constant or averaged heat capacities,

+s $ cv ,av ln

T2 v % R ln 2 T1 v1

+s $ c p,av ln

T2 P # R ln 2 T1 P1

where

Tav $

T1 % T2 and cav $ c(Tav ) 2

Geof Silcox, Chemical Engineering, University of Utah

Equations for Work

Reversible boundary work, closed system:
v2

wrev ,in $ # 4 Pdv

v1

Steady-flow, reversible work, open system:

wrev ,in $

! P2 W Vel 2 Vel V l2 # V l12 $ 4 vdP % % g 6 z 2 # z1 7 P 1 ! 2 m

Geof Silcox, Chemical Engineering, University of Utah

Models of Working Substances

Gases Phase-change fluids (water & refrigerants) mvap v # vf x$ $ mtot v g # v f Ideal gas Pv = RT P and T are absolute. Cp = f(T). Cv = Cp R
+h $ 4 C p dT + u $ 4 Cv dT
TR TR T T

Solid/ Liquid Cp = Cv = C +u = + h = C+T

Mixtures (advanced)

Perfect gas Pv = RT P and T are absolute. Cp = constant Cv = Cp R +u = Cv+T +h = Cp+T.

Real gas
Z $ f (TR , PR ) $ Z$
TR $ T Tc

vactual videal

Pvactual RT
PR $ P Pc

This chart was inspired by Subrata Bhattacharjee, The Expert System for Thermodynamics, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2003. ISBN 0-13-009235-5. www.thermofluids.net. Geof Silcox, Chemical Engineering, University of Utah

P and T are absolute.