3) John, a heroin addict, receives a phone call from his heroin dealer.

They arrange to meet and shoot-up some of the heroin at the dealer s apartment where they always meet. However, the dealer never shows up and John sits there waiting until he gets so frustrated that he leaves. Detail the mechanisms involved in this scenario beginning with the sound waves vibrating from the phone to the addicts ear drum and the subsequent auditory processing, and ending with John s reaction after not receiving the heroin that he expected. Be sure to discuss the effects of learning on addiction in this scenario.

Drug addiction is characterized by habitual use despite the negative consequences and despite attempts to quit Includes physical dependence, but may also have psychological dependence Contingent tolerance occurs when tolerance develops to experienced drug effects Anticonvulsant effect of alcohol Conditioned tolerance occurs when drugs are taken in the same situation, which increases tolerance Hypothermic effects of alcohol in test room vs. colony room Conditioned compensatory responses Conditioned withdrawal effects 4) Nicole was driving to a church choir rehearsal one evening when she was involved in a head-on collision with another vehicle. She was found unconscious by emergency medical personnel and was admitted to the hospital for several days. During her stay she had an MRI scan. Months after being discharged, she went back to work with some difficulty, but the biggest change was that she became very sexually promiscuous and unusually impulsive. What might you expect to see on the MRI and why? Also describe the likely physical mechanisms on the brain that would cause the damage found in the MRI.

5) Where is memory in the brain?

Each memory is stored diffusely throughout the brain structures that were involved in its formation. 5 1. Infer temporal cortex visual perception of objects changes in activity seen with visual recall Area in the secondary sensory cortex , it is inferior to the temporal lobe it is involved in the visual perception of object it is thought to participate in the concert with perirhinal cortex , in storing memories of visual patterns a study with recorded that with monkeys when a pair was presented responses were first recorded in INFEROTEMPORAL NEURON and then perirhinal neuron however when monkeys were required to recall the pair activity was recorded in the opposite manner which reflect the retrieval manner 2. Amygdala emotional learning lesion leads to lack of learned fear Hippocampus spatial location rats that have a removed amygdala show no fear when they are being electrically shocked in their foot 3. Prefrontal cortex temporal order of events and working memory Prefrontal cortex damage leads to problems with tasks involving a series of responses The area of frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex. Play role in memory Lesions in the prefrontal cortex involve temporal order of events and working memory 4. Cerebellum and striatum Cerebellum stores memories of sensorimotor skills conditioned eye blink, for example - possibly working memory? Striatum habit formation associations between stimuli and responses sensorimotor tasks in sensorimotor learning circuit The Cerebellum is in the sensorimotor skills through various neoplastic mechanisms The study with rabbit eye blinkin the pavlovian condition after it elicit the eye blink , the striatumis thought to store memories for consistent relationships between

stimuli and response the type of memories that develop over incrementally over many trials habit formation If suffered from this damage would be a medial temporal lobe damage 5. Rhinal cortex object recognition ,Mediodorsal nucleus Korsakoff s, Basal forebrain Alzheimer s disease Damage to a variety of structures results in memory deficits.Different part of this structure may mediate different types of working memory some evidence from functional brain imaging studies -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1) Detail the neurocognitive mechanisms involved in reading aloud, beginning with light stimulating the photoreceptors in the retina and ending with speaking the written word. Be sure to address language lateralization. Language processing is localized by constituent cognitive processes rather than higher level constructs such as speech production (i.e. phonemic and semantic processing)Areas involved in language share neurocognitive resources with the processing of other informationAreas involved in language processing are widely distributed because they are parts of shared processing systems, not dedicated solely to language as in the Wernicke - GeshwindmodelThe Wernicke - Geshwind model is based on somewhat diffuse lesions The Cognitive Neuroscience approach is largely based on functional imaging and cortical stimulation A comprehensive approach should integrate findings from all areasBrain differences identified, but none seems to play a role in the disorder Multiple types of developmental dyslexia possibly multiple causes Various subtle visual, auditory, and motor deficits are commonly seen Genetic component yet the disorder is also influenced by culture More English speakers are dyslexic than Italian due to English being more complex Where s the damage? Deep dyslexia extensive damage to left-hemisphere language areas How is it that lexical abilities are spared? Lexical abilities may be housed in left language areas that are spared Lexical abilities may be mediated by the right hemisphere Evidence for both exists The cognitive reading aloud in two ways

Lexical procedure -Lexical procedure specific stored information that has been acquired about written words: the reader simply looks at the word, recognize it, and say it. Phonetic procedure the reader looks at the word recognize the letters sound them out and say the word: the reader looks at the word recognize the letter sound them out and says the word the lexical procedure dominate in reading familiar words the PP dominate in reading unfamiliar words this helps in knowing two brain damage the surface dyslexia and deep dyslexia Surface dyslexia lost their ability to pronounce words based on their specific memories of words )LP)BUT STILL can apply the pronunciation (pp) Deep dyslexia phonological dyslexia patient lost the ability to apply rules of pronunciation in reading(pp) and good(lp) Hemispherectomy left was removed for ex the case of N.I. experience serious seizures and blindness in her right visual field and there was no meaningful movement or perception of her right limb .She displayed a pattern of retained abilities strikingly similar to those displayed by deep dyslexics or splitbrain patients reading with the right hemisphere ex she recognize letters but is incapable of translating them into sound she can concrete familiar words she cannot pronounce even simple nonsense words and her reading errors indicate that she is reading on the basis of the meaning and appearance of words rather than translating letters into sound suffer deep dyslexia ...