Calculating Electrode Consumption for Pipe Per Weld

Lets say we have a 12 inch pipeline which needs to be welded. Kg of Electrode Required per Weld = (Dia of Pipe/2) * 0.1 = (12/2)* 0.1 = 0.6 kg This is only a rough thumbrule calculation for calculating the quantity of electrode per weld.
Common Work Tasks

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Operate safety equipment and use safe work habits. Weld components in flat, vertical, or overhead positions. Ignite torches or start power supplies and strike arcs by touching electrodes to metals being welded, completing electrical circuits. Clamp, hold, tack-weld, heat-bend, grind or bolt component parts to obtain required configurations and positions for welding. Detect faulty operation of equipment or defective materials and notify supervisors. Operate manual or semi-automatic welding equipment to fuse metal segments, using processes such as gas tungsten arc, gas metal arc, flux-cored arc, plasma arc, shielded metal arc, resistance welding, and submerged arc welding. Monitor the fitting, burning, and welding processes to avoid overheating of parts or warping, shrinking, distortion, or expansion of material. Examine workpieces for defects and measure workpieces with straightedges or templates to ensure conformance with specifications. Recognize, set up, and operate hand and power tools common to the welding trade, such as shielded metal arc and gas metal arc welding equipment. Lay out, position, align, and secure parts and assemblies prior to assembly, using straightedges, combination squares, calipers, and rulers. Chip or grind off excess weld, slag, or spatter, using hand scrapers or power chippers, portable grinders, or arccutting equipment. Analyze engineering drawings, blueprints, specifications, sketches, work orders, and material safety data sheets to plan layout, assembly, and welding operations. Connect and turn regulator valves to activate and adjust gas flow and pressure so that desired flames are obtained. Weld separately or in combination, using aluminum, stainless steel, cast iron, and other alloys. Determine required equipment and welding methods, applying knowledge of metallurgy, geometry, and welding techniques. Mark or tag material with proper job number, piece marks, and other identifying marks as required. Prepare all material surfaces to be welded, ensuring that there is no loose or thick scale, slag, rust, moisture, grease, or other foreign matter. Select and install torches, torch tips, filler rods, and flux, according to welding chart specifications or types and thicknesses of metals. Remove rough spots from workpieces, using portable grinders, hand files, or scrapers. Position and secure workpieces, using hoists, cranes, wire, and banding machines or hand tools. Clean or degrease parts, using wire brushes, portable grinders, or chemical baths. Repair products by dismantling, straightening, reshaping, and reassembling parts, using cutting torches, straightening presses, and hand tools.

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Fill holes, and increase the size of metal parts. Dismantle metal assemblies or cut scrap metal, using thermal-cutting equipment such as flame-cutting torches or plasma-arc equipment. Check grooves, angles, or gap allowances, using micrometers, calipers, and precision measuring instruments. Signal crane operators to move large workpieces. Gouge metals, using the air-arc gouging process. Guide and direct flames or electrodes on or across workpieces to straighten, bend, melt, or build up metal. Estimate materials needed for production and manufacturing and maintain required stocks of materials. Develop templates and models for welding projects, using mathematical calculations based on blueprint information. Cut, contour, and bevel metal plates and structural shapes to dimensions as specified by blueprints, layouts, work orders, and templates, using powered saws, hand shears, or chipping knives. Preheat workpieces prior to welding or bending, using torches or heating furnaces. Use fire suppression methods in industrial emergencies. Melt lead bars, wire, or scrap to add lead to joints or to extrude melted scrap into reusable form. Set up and use ladders and scaffolding as necessary to complete work. Join parts such as beams and steel reinforcing rods in buildings, bridges, and highways, bolting and riveting as necessary. Hammer out bulges or bends in metal workpieces. Mix and apply protective coatings to products. Operate metal shaping, straightening, and bending machines, such as brakes and shears. Operate brazing and soldering equipment. Emerging Tasks

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Clean and maintain tanks, filter beds, and other work areas using hand tools and power tools. Maintain production equipment and machinery. Operate machinery and heavy equipment such as forklifts. Package finished products and prepare them for shipment. Perform quality checks on products and parts. Review work orders and blueprints to ensure work is performed according to specifications. Shovel, sweep, or otherwise clean work areas. Supervise assemblers and train employees on job procedures.

Work Activities
Analyzing Data or Information: Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts. Assisting and Caring for Others: Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients. Coaching and Developing Others: Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills. Communicating with Persons Outside Organization: Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail. Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates: Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.

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Controlling Machines and Processes: Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles). Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others: Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks. Developing and Building Teams: Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members. Developing Objectives and Strategies: Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them. Documenting/Recording Information: Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form. Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment: Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used. Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships: Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time. Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information: Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity. Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards: Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards. Getting Information: Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources. Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates: Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance. Handling and Moving Objects: Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things. Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events: Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events. Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material: Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects. Interacting With Computers: Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information. Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others: Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used. Judging the Qualities of Things, Services, or People: Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people. Making Decisions and Solving Problems: Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems. Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings: Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems. Monitoring and Controlling Resources: Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money. Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment: Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or water craft. Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work: Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work. Performing Administrative Activities: Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.

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Performing for or Working Directly with the Public: Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests. Performing General Physical Activities: Performing physical activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling of materials. Processing Information: Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data. Provide Consultation and Advice to Others: Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics. Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment: Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles. Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment: Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles. Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others: Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others. Scheduling Work and Activities: Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others. Selling or Influencing Others: Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions. Staffing Organizational Units: Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization. Thinking Creatively: Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions. Training and Teaching Others: Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others. Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge: Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job. Detailed Work Activities

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adjust welding equipment analyze technical data, designs, or preliminary specifications analyze test data apply cleaning solvents apply protective coating to products attach or mark identification onto products or containers braze metal parts or components together burn (cut), trim, or scarf metal objects clean or degrease weld, or parts to be welded or soldered climb ladders, scaffolding, or utility or telephone poles compute production, construction, or installation specifications construct patterns or templates for welding projects determine equipment requirements erect scaffold estimate materials or labor requirements examine products or work to verify conformance to specifications explain work orders, specifications, or work techniques to workers fabricate beams

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fabricate, assemble, or disassemble manufactured products by hand file, sand, grind, or polish metal or plastic objects identify base metals for welding identify properties of metals for repair or fabrication activities lay out machining, welding or precision assembly projects maintain records, reports, or files maintain safe work environment maintain welding machines or equipment measure, weigh, or count products or materials mix paint, ingredients, or chemicals, according to specifications monitor production machinery/equipment operation to detect problems monitor the quantity of assembly output monitor worker performance move or fit heavy objects operate hoist, winch, or hydraulic boom operate metal or plastic fabricating equipment/machinery perform detailed welding techniques perform safety inspections in industrial, manufacturing or repair setting perform welding techniques over lengthy time span plan or organize work position, clamp or assemble workpiece prior to welding preheat metal before welding, brazing, or soldering read blueprints read production layouts read specifications read technical drawings read work order, instructions, formulas, or processing charts recognize characteristics of alloys recognize characteristics of metals recognize welding symbols requisition stock, materials, supplies or equipment setup welding equipment sharpen metal objects signal directions or warnings to coworkers solder metal parts or components together understand technical operating, service or repair manuals use acetylene welding/cutting torch use arc welding equipment use braze-welding equipment use combination welding procedures use fire suppression equipment use gas welding equipment use hand or power tools use knowledge of welding filler rod types use non-destructive test equipment use precision measuring tools or equipment use soldering equipment use spot or tack welding techniques

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use thermal-cutting equipment weld in flat, horizontal, vertical, or overhead position weld together metal parts, components, or structures use x-ray or magnetic inspection techniques

Tools & Technology Used on the Job

Air chisels Air drills Air scalers Angle finders Anvils Arc voltage measurement instruments Arc welders Bandsaws Brakes Brazing equipment Buffers Calipers Clamps Comealongs Computerized numerical control CNC programmable welding robot controllers Current converters Cutoff saws Desktop computers Dies Direct current DC sources Dive suits Drill presses Electric overhead hoists Electric pipe threaders Electrode wires EZ Pipe software Face shields Files Fillet weld gauges Forklifts Gas flow measurement instruments Goggles Grinding machinery Hand chipping hammers Hand pipe threaders Hand shields Heliarc welding equipment Hydraulic jacks Hydraulic presses Hydraulic truck lifts Impact wrenches Ladders Laser printers Laser welders Lathes Levels Light trucks Metal benders

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Metal inert gas MIG welders Metal markers Micrometers Milling machines Mobile welding units Motorized cutting torches Nibblers OmniFleet Equipment Maintenance Management Overhead cranes Oxyacetylene welding equipment Pattern cutting torches Personal computers Pinchbars Pipe cutters Plasma welders Portable gas operated arc welders Portable magnetic drill presses Power chippers Power drills Power grinders Power saws Power wire brushes Protractors Pry bars Punch presses Punches Ratchets Recordkeeping software Resistance welding equipment Respirator hose masks Rod ovens Scaffolding Scientific Software Group Filter Drain FD Scribers Self-contained breathing equipment Semi-automatic flame-cutting equipment Shears Slitters Socket sets Soldering irons Squares Steamers Storage ovens and hot boxes Straightedges Swing stages Taps Temperature measurement instruments Tungsten inert gas TIG welding equipment Two way radios Ultrasonic welding equipment Underwater electrode holders Underwater electrodes Underwater welding equipment Unishears

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Vernier tools Waterproof gloves Welding current measurement instruments Welding electrode holders Welding electrodes Welding guns Welding lenses Welding robots Welding shields Welding tips Welding torches Winches Wire brushes Wire cutters Wire feed rate measurement instruments Wirefeed welders Wrenches Pry bars Punches Radial arm saws Radial drills Ratchets Recoilless rivet hammers Respirators Ring filing wheels Ring squeezers Rivet guns Roll benders Rotating mandrels Rubber mallets Safety glasses Safety gloves Scaffolding Scribers Setup templates Sine bars Sledgehammers Snap ring pliers Socket wrenches Soldering guns Soldering irons Spanner wrenches Spline wrenches Spot welding equipment Spreadsheet software Squeegees Steel rules Straight screwdrivers Straightening presses Surface gauges Swaging tools Tack welding equipment Taps Tensiometers

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Timing lights Torque angle meters Torque drivers Torque wrenches Transits Trimming knives Trunnion centering tools Trunnion wrenches Tube benders Tube cutters Tungsten inert gas TIG welding equipment Turnbuckles Ultrasonic inspection equipment Unishears Vacuum bags Vacuum pumps Vernier calipers Vernier height gauges Wedges Welding hoods Welding robots Welding torches Word processing software Vertical milling machines Wedges Welding equipment Welding lenses Welding shields Wrenches

Education, Training & Experience

Overall Experience Some previous work-related skill, knowledge, or experience may be helpful in these occupations, but usually is not needed. For example, a teller might benefit from experience working directly with the public, but an inexperienced person could still learn to be a teller with little difficulty. Job Training Employees in these occupations need anywhere from a few months to one year of working with experienced employees. Education These occupations usually require a high school diploma and may require some vocational training or job-related course work. In some cases, an associate's or bachelor's degree could be needed. Examples These occupations often involve using your knowledge and skills to help others. Examples include sheet metal workers, forest fire fighters, customer service representatives, pharmacy technicians, salespersons (retail), and tellers.

Salary & Wages

n/a

Projected Employment Growth

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Projected growth (2006-2016): 5.06% Projected need (2006-2016): 20,708 Employment (2006): 409,024

General Layout of a Thermal Power Plant

Ricky Published Jan 22, 2009

The coal which you use in your backyard for barbeque performs much more important functions such as generating electricity for us in thermal power plants. Learn about the layout of these plants in this article.

Introduction
With the world on a development spree, there is shortage of power in most places whilst the demand seems to be in a never ending upward spiral. There are several answers to this challenge such as the nuclear power plants, but the conventional thermal power plants also play an equally important role in this power equation. Learn about these power plants in this article.

General Layout of the Plant

Though each plant is unique in itself in terms of specific features and functionalities, still there is a broad outline to which all thermal power plants confirm to and in this article we will study about the general layout of a typical power plant. There are four main circuits in any thermal power plant and these are
1. Coal & Ash Circuit this circuit deals mainly with feeding the boiler with coal for combustion purposes and taking care of the ash that is generated during the combustion process and includes equipment and paraphernalia that is used to handle the transfer and storage of coal and ash. 2. Air & Gas Circuit we know that air is one of the main components of the fire triangle and hence necessary for combustion. Since lots of coal is burnt inside the boiler it needs a sufficient quantity of air which is supplied using either forced draught or induced draught fans. The exhaust gases from the combustion are in turn used to heat the ingoing air through a heat exchanger before being let off in the atmosphere. The equipment which handles all these processes fall under this circuit. 3. Feed Water & Steam Circuit this section deals with supplying of steam generated from the boiler to the turbines and to handle the outgoing steam from the turbine by cooling it to form water in the condenser so that it can be reused in the boiler plus making good any losses due to evaporation etc. 4. Cooling Water Circuit this part of the thermal power plant deals with handling of the cooling water required in the system. Since the amount of water required to cool the outgoing steam from the boiler is substantial, it is either taken from a nearby water source such as a river, or it is done through evaporation if the quantity of cooling water available is limited.

The above breakdown of the plant would give you a clear idea about the components of the plant but a complete picture shown below would be more useful in getting an idea how these circuits are integrated together to form the complete power plant.

Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/23141.aspx#ixzz1Rv9NMeS5

Induction heating: how it works Induction heating systems employ non-contact heating. They induce heat electromagnetically rather than using a heating element in contact with a part to conduct heat, as does resistance heating. Induction heating acts more like a microwave oven; the appliance remains cool while the food cooks from within. In an industrial example of induction heating, heat is induced in the part by placing it in a high-frequency magnetic field. The magnetic field creates eddy currents inside the part, exciting the part's molecules and generating heat. Because heating occurs slightly below the metal surface, no heat is wasted. Induction heating's similarity to resistance heating is that conduction is required to heat through the section or part. The only difference is the source of heat and the temperatures of the tool. The induction process heats within the part and the resistance process heats on the surface of the part. Depth of heating depends on the frequency. High frequency (e.g., 50 khz), heats close to the surface, while low frequency (e.g., 60 Hz) penetrates deeper into the part, placing the heating source up to 3 mm deep, allowing heating of thicker parts. The induction coil does not heat-up because the conductor is large for the current being carried. In other words, the coil does not need to heat-up to heat the workpiece.

Induction heating system components Induction heating systems can be air- or liquid-cooled depending on application requirements. A key component common to both systems is the induction coil used to generate heat within the part. Air-cooled system A typical air-cooled system consists of a power source (5kW or 25kW), induction blanket, and associated cables. The induction blanket consists of an induction coil surrounded by insulation and sewn into a high temperature, replaceable Kevlar sleeve. This type of induction system can include a controller to monitor and automatically control temperature. A system not equipped with a controller requires the use of a temperature indicator. The system could also include a remote on-off switch. Air-cooled systems can be used for applications up to 400 degrees F, designating it as a pre-heat only system. Liquid-cooled system Because liquid cools more efficiently than air, this type of induction heating system can be used for applications requiring higher temperatures, such as high-temperature preheating and stress relieving.

The principle differences are the addition of a water cooler and the use of a flexible liquid-cooled hose that houses the induction coil. Liquid-cooled systems also generally use a temperature controller and built-in temperature recorder, particularly important components in stress relieving applications. The typical stress relieving procedure requires a step to 600-800 degrees F, followed by a ramp or controlled temperature rise to a soak temperature of approximately 1250 degrees F. After a hold time, the part is control-cooled to between 600-800 degrees F. The temperature recorder collects data on the part's actual temperature profile based on a thermocouple input, a QA requirement for stress relieving applications. The actual procedure will be determined by the type of work and the applicable code. Induction heating benefits Compared to conventional preheating and stress relieving methods, induction heating offers numerous advantages, including improved heat uniformity and quality, reduced cycle time, and lower consumables costs. Induction heating is also safe, reliable and easy to use, and scores higher than alternative technologies in power efficiency and versatility. Uniformity and quality Induction heating is not particularly sensitive to coil placement or spacing. Generally, the coils should be evenly spaced and centered on the weld joint. On systems so-equipped, a temperature controller can establish the power requirement in an analog fashion, providing just enough power to maintain the temperature profile. The power source provides power during the entire process. Reduced cycle time The induction method of preheating and stress relieving provides significantly quicker time-totemperature. On thicker applications, such as high pressure steam lines, induction heating can slash two hours from cycle time. It is conceivable to reduce cycle time from the control temperature to soak temperature. When combined with other usability factors, it is not uncommon to expect a 50 percent total cycle time reduction. Reduced consumables costs The insulation used in induction heating is easy to attach to work pieces and can be reused many times. Conversely, ceramic fiber insulation used in resistance heating can be used only once or twice before it has to be discarded, requiring a large inventory of insulation and incurring significant costs for disposal of potentially hazardous material. In addition, in comparison to resistance system components, induction coils are robust and don't require fragile wire or ceramic materials. Also, because the induction coils and connectors don't operate at high temperatures, they are not subject to degradation, as are ceramic heating pads. Ease-of-use A major benefit of induction preheating and stress relieving is its simplicity, which contributes to easy use. Insulation and cables are simple to install, usually taking less than 15 minutes. http://inductionheater.net has shown boilermakers and pipefitters how to use the induction equipment with just one day of training.

Power efficiency The inverter power source is 92 percent efficient, a critical advantage in an era of skyrocketing energy costs. Additionally, the induction heating process is more than 80 percent efficient. Regarding power input, the induction process only requires a 40 amp line for 25kW of power. Safety Preheating and stress relieving through the induction method is extremely worker-friendly. Induction heating does not require hot heating elements and connectors. Very little airborne particulate is associated with the insulation blankets, and the insulation itself is not exposed to temperatures over 1800 degrees F, which can cause insulation to break down into dust and then breathed by workers . Reliability One of the most important factors impacting productivity in stress relieving is not interrupting the cycle. In most instances, cycle interruption means the heat treat will need to be re-run, which is significant when a thermal cycle can take a day to complete. The induction heating system components make cycle interruptions unlikely. The cabling for induction is simple, making it less likely to fail. Also, no contactors are used to control the heat input to the part. Versatility The Duolin Induction Heat Treatment System was originally designed for preheating and stress relieving of pipe. Now, users of induction heating systems have adapted the process for weldolets, elbows, valves, and other parts. One of the aspects of induction heating that makes it attractive for complex shapes is the ability to adjust the coils during the heating process to accommodate unique parts and heat sinks. The operator can start the process, determine the affects of the heating process in real-time and modify the coil position to change the result. Lastly, the induction cables can be moved without waiting for air cooling at the end of the cycle. Induction heating in welding applications DUO LIN Induction Heating Systems, Co, Ltd., the manufacturer of induction heating systems for welding applications, has proven its technology on a number of projects, including oil and gas pipelines, heavy equipment construction and maintenance and repair of mining equipment. Summaries of various projects are presented below. Oil pipeline A North American oil pipeline maintenance operation had used a combination of propane torches and electrical resistance to heat pipe before welding encirclement repair sleeves or STOPPLE fittings to the pipeline's 48-inch girth. While many repairs could be made without having to stop oil flow or drain it from the pipe, the presence of the crude itself hampered welding efficiency due to the heat sink effect of the flowing oil. Propane torches required constant interruption of welding to maintain heat, and resistance heating - while providing continuous heat - often couldn't meet required weld temperatures.

The maintenance company turned to induction heating as a solution. On encirclement sleeve repairs, two 25kW systems were employed with parallel blankets to obtain a preheat temperature of 125 degrees F. As a result, cycle time was reduced from 8-12 hours to 4 hours per girth weld. Preheating for a STOPPLE fitting (a "T" junction with valve) repair had been even more challenging due to the fitting's greater wall thickness. With induction heating however, the company used four 25kW systems with a paralleled blanket set-up. Two systems were used on each side of the "T". One system was used on the mainline to preheat the oil and the second was used to preheat the "T" at the circumferential weld joint. The preheat temperature was 125 degrees F. The weld time was reduced from 12-18 hours to seven hours per girth weld. Natural gas pipeline A natural gas pipeline construction project entailed building a 36 in. diameter, .633 in. pipeline from Alberta, Canada to Chicago. On one spread of this pipeline, the welding contractor used two 25kW power sources mounted on a tractor with the induction blankets attached to booms for speed and convenience. The power sources were used to preheat both sides of the pipe joint. Critical to this process was speed and reliable temperature control. As alloy content increases in materials to reduce weight and weld time, and to increase part life, controlling preheat temperatures becomes more critical. In this induction heating application, it required less than three minutes to obtain the 250 degrees F preheat temperature, versus approximately five minutes using traditional preheating methods. In addition, temperature uniformity and operator safety were improved. Heavy Equipment A heavy equipment manufacturer often welds adapter teeth onto its loader bucket edges. Previously, the tack welded assembly was moved back and forth to a large furnace, requiring the welding operator to wait while the part was reheated repeatedly. The manufacturer opted to try induction heating to preheat the assembly to prevent movement of the product. The material is 4 in. thick with a high required preheat temperature due to alloy content. Duolin Electric worked with the customer to develop customized induction blankets to meet the application requirements. The insulation and coil design provided the added benefit of shielding the operator from the part's radiant heat. Overall, operations were considerably more efficient, reducing welding time and maintaining temperature throughout the welding process. Mining equipment A mine had been experiencing cold cracking problems and preheating inefficiency using propane heaters in its repair operations of mining equipment. Welding operators had to remove a conventional insulating blanket from the thick part frequently to apply heat and keep the part at the correct temperature. The mine opted to try induction heating using flat, air-cooled blankets to preheat the parts before welding. The induction process applied heat to the part quickly. It also could be used continuously during the welding process. Weld repair time was reduced by 50 percent. In addition, the power source was equipped with a temperature controller to keep the part at the target temperature. This virtually eliminated rework due to cold cracking. The customer reported an annual savings of $80,000. Power plant

A power plant builder was constructing a natural gas power facility in California. Boilermakers and pipefitters had been experiencing construction delays due to the preheating and stress relieving methods they were employing on the plant's steam lines. One of the biggest problems on this job was reliability of the electrical resistance equipment, which suffered from contactor and connector failures and broken wires on the heating pads during stress relieving. Extensive rework as a result, combined with long heating cycles, was delaying construction significantly. The company brought in induction heating technology in an attempt to increase efficiency, particularly for work on medium to large steam lines, as these pieces take the most heat treating time required on a job site. On a typical 16 in. weldolet with a 2 in. wall thickness, resistance preheating and stress relieving used to take five-and-a-half hours to complete. Induction heating was able to shave two hours off the time-totemperature (600 degrees F) and another hour to reach soak temperature (600 degrees F to 1350 degrees F) for stress relieving. The simplicity of wrapping the induction blankets around complex shapes further reduced the time to perform the heat treat. It took the fitters 15 minutes to wrap a joint that would have required two workers two hours to prepare using a resistance set-up.

INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING

Author: prabhat marwaha INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING Students have different intellectual capacities and learning styles that favour or hinder knowledge accumulation. As a result, teachers are interested in ways to effectively cause students to understand better and learn. Teachers want to bring about better understanding of the material he/she wants to communicate. It is the responsibility of the educational institutions and teachers to seek more effective ways of teaching in order to meet individual s and society s expectations from education. Improving teaching methods may help an institution meet its goal of achieving improved learning outcomes. Teaching methods can either be inductive or deductive or some combination of the two. The inductive teaching method or process goes from the specific to the general and may be based on specific experiments or experimental learning exercises. Deductive teaching method progresses from general concept to the specific use or application. These methods are used particularly in reasoning i.e. logic and problem solving. To reason is to draw inferences appropriate to the situation. Inferences are classified as either deductive or inductive.

For example, Ram must be in either the museum or in the cafeteria. therefore he is must be in the museum. This is deductive reasoning.

He is not in the cafeteria;

As an example of inductive reasoning, we have, Previous accidents of this sort were caused by instrument failure, and therefore, this accident was caused by instrument failure. The most significant difference between these forms of reasoning is that in the deductive case the truth of the premises (conditions) guarantees the truth of the conclusion, whereas in the inductive case, the truth of the premises lends support to the conclusion without giving absolute assurance. Inductive arguments intend to support their conclusions only to some degree; the premises do not necessitate the conclusion. Inductive reasoning is common in science, where data is collected and tentative models are developed to describe and predict future behaviour, until the appearance of the anomalous data forces the model to be revised. Deductive reasoning is common in mathematics and logic, where elaborate structures of irrefutable theorems are built up from a small set of basic axioms and rules. However examples exist where teaching by inductive method bears fruit. EXAMPLES: (INDUCTIVE METHOD): 1) MATHEMATICS: A) Ask students to draw a few sets of parallel lines with two lines in each set. Let them construct and measure the corresponding and alternate angles in each case. They will find them equal in all cases. This conclusion in a good number of cases will enable them to generalise that corresponding angles are equal; alternate angles are equal. This is a case where equality of corresponding and alternate angles in a certain sets of parallel lines (specific) helps us to generalise the conclusion. Thus this is an example of inductive method. B) Ask students to construct a few triangles. Let them measure and sum up the interior angles in each case. The sum will be same (= 180) in each case. Thus they can conclude that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle = 180). This is a case where equality of sum of interior angles of a triangle (=180) in certain number of triangles leads us to generalise the conclusion. Thus this is an example of inductive method. C) Let the mathematical statement be, S (n): 1 + 2 + + n =. It can be proved that if the result holds for n = 1, and it is assumed to be true for n = k, then it is true for n = k +1 and thus for all natural numbers n. Here, the given result is true for a specific value of n = 1 and we prove it to be true for a general value of n which leads to the generalization of the conclusion. Thus it is an example of inductive method. 2) LANGUAGES: A) Development of a story from a given outline is an example of inductive method because the student may develop any story from the given outline (specific) based on his/her imagination.

B) Writing a letter to his father describing a particular event of his life, is an example of inductive method because, the event and the language (use of words) differs from student to student (general) while the format of the letter is always specific as it always starts with Respected Father , then is the body of the letter and finally the closure is done by your (loving) son/daughter followed by name. C) Writing an essay on the book I like most , is an example of inductive method because while the format of essay i.e., introduction followed by body and finally, the conclusion, always remains the same (specific) but the book and the reasons for liking it and the words used differ from individual to individual (general). 3) CHEMISTRY: Elements in the periodic table are divided into several groups which have similar properties and electronic configurations etc. Thus if the properties of individual elements in a group like chemical reactivity, melting point, boiling point, ionization energy etc. are known the properties of the elements of the entire group can be predicted with very few exceptions. Thus it proceeds from specific to general and so is an example of inductive method. 4) PHYSICS: By noting the amount of work done in lifting a body from the ground to a height h, we can derive the relation between the potential energy of the body (P.E.) with the height attained by it from the ground, which is P.E. = m g h, where, g = 9.8 m/sec2, the acceleration due to gravity acting vertically downwards. The height being specific, it proceeds from specific to general and so is an example of inductive method. 5) BIOLOGY: a) Morphological and anatomical characteristics can be studied in particular plants with prominent characteristics, such as Lemna (Duckweed), Eichhornia (water hyacinth) hydrilla, Opuntia, Accacia, Calotropis (AK); for understanding the ecological adaptations of plants into three groups on the basis of plant water relationships as Aquatic (Hydrophytes), Terrestrial (Xerophytes, Mesophytes) and Halophytes. As it proceeds from particular to general, therefore it is an example of inductive method. b) The children are explained the consequences of depletion of resources like coal, petroleum and then let them reason the need for conservation of resources and methods for it. As it proceeds from particular to general, therefore it is an example of inductive method. 6) ECONOMICS: By studying the factors affecting inflation which are specific, like the supply and demand of goods in an economy etc, we can predict as to whether the rate of inflation will rise or fall during a given period of time (general) which ultimately gives an estimate of the cost of living in an economy and calculating the cost of living index number, the govt. is able to decide regarding the extent of increase in the dearness allowance (DA). EXAMPLES: (DEDUCTIVE METHOD):

1) MATHEMATICS: A) We have an axiom that two distinct lines in a plane are either parallel or intersecting (general). Based on this axiom, the corresponding theorem is: Two distinct lines in a plane cannot have more than one point in common. (Specific). Thus this is an example of deductive method. B) We have a formula for the solution of the linear simultaneous equations as and(general). The students find the solutions of some problems like based on this formula (specific). Thus this is an example of deductive method. 2) LANGUAGES: A) Writing a summary of a passage known as prcis writing is an example of deductive method because for the given passage (general) we always have certain key points which are included in the summary (specific). B) Explaining a poem in prose with reference to context is an example of deductive method because the poem being given (general), we always try to pen the specific idea or thought of the poet in prose. Hence it is an example of deductive method. 3) CHEMISTRY: The experiment of salt analysis is an example of deductive method because here, we firstly perform the preliminary test also known as dry test (general) to ascertain as to which group it may probably belong. The group being ascertained, we proceed to perform specific confirmatory test to identify the particular salt. Thus it proceeds from general to specific. 4) PHYSICS: By using the properties of semi-conductors (general), we make several instruments like diodes and transistors which have (specific) uses like the light emitting diode (LED) is used in remote control instruments; the photo diode is used for counting the exact number of people present in a stadium at a particular interval of time. As it proceeds from general to specific thus this is an example of deductive method. 5) BIOLOGY: a) This method can best be made use of in the study and understanding of diseases where the symptoms and precautionary measures of various diseases caused by bacteria, virus and other organisms can be explained and children are asked to identify the same on the basis of their understanding. b) Classification of animals into chordate and Non-Chordate on the basis of their differences. Since, the differences are general in nature, and the classification as mentioned above is particular in nature, it proceeds from general to particular. Thus this is an example of deductive method. The examples cited above are not exhaustive. Many more examples can be given and from variety of subjects as well.

Logic and Problem solving are two more areas where these methods find extensive usage. The major task of logic is to establish a systematic way of deducing the logical consequences of a set of sentences. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary first to identify or characterize the logical consequences of a set of sentences. The procedures for deriving conclusions from a set of sentences then need be examined to verify that all logical consequences and only these are deducible from that set. From its very beginning, the field of logic has been occupied with arguments, in which certain statements, the premises, are asserted in order to support some other statement, the conclusion. If the premises are intended to provide conclusive support for conclusion, the argument is a deductive one. If the premises are intended to support the conclusion, only to a lesser degree, the argument is called inductive. A logically correct argument is termed valid , while an acceptable inductive argument is called cogent. The notion of support is further elucidated by the observation that the truth of the premises of a valid deductive argument necessitates the truth of the conclusion. It is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. On the other hand, the truth of the premises of a cogent argument confers only a probability of truth on its conclusion: it is possible for the premises to be true but the conclusion is false. For example let the premise is: All teachers are scholars and the conclusion be: There are some scholars who are not teachers . Let the premise be true then obviously, the conclusion is false. Hence it is a cogent. Again let the premise is no policeman is a thief and the conclusion be no thief is a policeman . Let the premise be true then the conclusion is also seen to be true. Thus it is a valid (deductive) argument. Problem solving is another area where inductive and deductive processes may be used. In inductive thinking, one considers a number of particular or specific items of information to develop more inclusive or general conceptions. After aspirin was synthesized, for example, some people who swallowed the substance reported that it relieved their particular headaches. Through induction the reports of these specific individuals were the basis for developing a more inclusive notion: aspirin may be helpful in relieving headaches in general . Deduction is reasoning from general propositions or hypotheses-to more specific instances or statements. Thus, after the general hypothesis about the effectiveness of aspirin had been put forward, physicians began to apply it to specific, newly encountered headache cases. The deduction was that, if aspirin is generally useful in managing pains in the head, it might also be helpful in easing pains elsewhere in the body. Although a person may deliberately choose to use induction or deduction, people typically shift from one to the other depending on the exigencies of the reasoning process. Finally let me compare these two methods. S.NO INDUCTIVE METHOD DEDUCTIVE METHOD

1. It gives new knowledge It does not give any new knowledge. 2. It is a method of discovery. It is a method of verification. 3. It is a method of teaching. It is the method of instruction. 4. Child acquires first hand knowledge and information by actual observation. Child gets ready made information and makes use of it. 5. It is a slow process. It is quick process. 6. It trains the mind and gives self confidence and initiative. It encourages dependence on other sources. 7. It is full of activity. There is less scope of activity in it. 8. It is an upward process of thought and leads to principles. It is a downward process of thought and leads to useful results.

To conclude, we can say that inductive method is a predecessor of deductive method. Any loss of time due to slowness of this method is made up through the quick and time saving process of deduction. Deduction is a process particularly suitable for a final statement and induction is most suitable for exploration of new fields. Probability in induction is raised to certainty in deduction. The happy combination of the two is most appropriate and desirable. There are two major parts of the process of learning of a topic: establishment of formula or principles and application of that formula or those principles. The former is the work of induction and the latter is the work of deduction. Therefore, friends, Always understand inductively and apply deductively and a good and effective teacher is he who understands this delicate balance between the two. Thus: his teaching should begin with induction and end in deduction.

Cookware for Induction Cooktops

Author: Lynn Porter Some people may never have heard of induction cooking, so choosing cookware for induction cooktops is way out of the question. Induction cooking is not a new technology. People have been using induction cooktops around the world for quite some time. Many restaurants have been using induction cooking surfaces for years, for many reasons. The faster cooking times, they generate less heat in the kitchen, and they are much safer than a traditional gas stove just to name a few. The popularity of induction cooktops in the home for personal use is growing at a rapid pace due to the consistent dropping in price. If you are going to invest in an induction cooktop, then you are going to want to purchase some really good quality cookware for induction cooktops. Induction cookware is different from regular cookware in more than just the name. Induction stoves work by using electromagnetic heating sent through a cooper coil. Cookware that is to be used on an induction cooktop needs to be ferrous, which means it has to be magnetic. Only magnetic cookware will work on an induction cooktop. If you are shopping for induction cookware, there are a few things that you should be aware of in order to make sure that you get the most for your money. There are not too many things that you need to know, but the few that you do need to know are important. When you are out looking for cookware for induction cooktops, make sure that all of your pots and pans come with a flat bottom. This is because the induction cooktops work by the contact of the pan to the magnetic surface of the cooking surface. You want to ensure that you are getting direct even contact. The other thing is make sure that the surface of the induction cookware has a very large magnetic surface. The induction cooking surface uses magnetic heat, so the more magnetic that your pots and pans are, the more heat you will receive. There are many manufactures that are making cookware for induction cooktops. Induction cookware tends to cost more than regular cookware. Even though you can find some decent induction cookware on sale, the best way to ensure that you are getting good quality cookware is bring a magnet with you. When you see something that you like, pull out your magnet and see if it sticks. If does stick, you are good to go. Next, see how much of the surface is magnetic. Take your magnet and run it across the bottom of the pot or pan. The wider the surface, the better it will heat.

Also, keep in mind that cast iron cookware is an excellent choice as induction cookware. This is because cast iron is very ferrous. Induction cooktops are seemingly becoming the new way to go when it comes to cooking because of its many benefits. Many people really are sold on the fact that the cooktop itself does not become hot, only the area where the pans sits heats up. No matter what your reason is for purchasing a induction cooktop, when purchasing cookware for induction cooktops, remember these few simple things and you should be happy with your purchase. The prices will vary. What you actually spend will all depend on your cookware budget, but if you are new to this method of cooking, you will need to replace all of your pots and pans with induction cookware.

Induction cookers and Induction cooktops have become affordable

Author: Brett Heppolette Induction cookers and Induction cooktops have become affordable and have deservedly grown in popularity over recent years. After years of living with a slow electric cooker I fully intended to change to a gas hob when the kitchen was revamped but a little research soon convinced me that induction hobs are far superior. An induction cooker is easily as fast as gas, bringing the contents of a pan to the boil with impressive speed and, just like a gas cooker, responds instantly when a reduction in temperature is required. The first obvious advantage of induction cookers over gas cookers, halogen hobs and ceramic hobs is that of safety especially important if there are children or elderly users to consider. The induction hob works by using magnetism to heat the pan itself the rings do not heat up consequently the risk of burns from naked flames and hot surfaces is reduced to practically zero. (There is some residual heat when a pan is lifted off but this is nothing like the temperature of a conventional hob). Still on the subject of safety, even when switched on, an induction ring only starts to work when a suitable metal pan is placed on it, so no worries about a stray spoon left on the hob becoming dangerously hot. Also, the induction rings automatically switch off after a short delay when a pan has been removed, so no more forgetting to switch the cooker off. Another advantage of the induction hob not getting hot itself is ease of cleaning. It is possible to wipe splashes up during cooking without any danger at all and the whole hob can be wiped over in seconds as soon as you take the pans off. Food splashes and spills do not stick to the surface of the induction cooker as it remains cool, so no more time wasted dismantling gas hobs or using abrasives and chemicals to remove stubborn, burnt on food residue. Induction cooking is also very economical. You are only using the energy you need to heat a pan, virtually no heat is wasted.

I was warned that it would cost a fortune to buy new pans for my induction hob (cookware must have a high iron content) but this proved to be completely wrong. All you need is a magnet if it sticks firmly to the base of a pan, the pan will be perfect for induction cooking. Take two minutes to test all of your pans and you may be surprised to find how many of them can be used on an induction hob some cheap ones as well as expensive cast iron cookware such as Le Creuset were all fine. Manufacturers are producing more and more cookware suitable for use on induction hobs and I was able to buy the one or two extra pans I need at very reasonable cost from a supermarket. If you have a special pan that will not work on an induction cooker, it is possible to purchase an induction cooking adapter, which is a cast iron plate to sit on the hob. The idea is that the plate gets hot and will heat any pan placed on top of it. These do work, but you lose many of the advantages of speed and safety as the plate gets extremely hot and takes a long time to cool perhaps better just to buy a new pan. Induction cookers come in a variety of designs, with rings of different shapes and sizes. My Bosch induction hob is a basic four ring model, the largest ring being 21cm diameter and has proved to be an excellent buy. It is possible to buy models with extra large or specially shaped rings for fish kettles, but I would think carefully about how much you will actually use these features before going to the extra expense. I love to cook and am delighted with my new hob and thoroughly recommend induction cookers.

EMPTY YOUR CUP - The Key to Induction Training

Author: Vikram Karve EMPTY YOUR CUP THE KEY TO INDUCTION TRAINING Tips for the Induction Trainer By VIKRAM KARVE I have participated in, designed and conducted all types of training programmes - formal, informal, programmed instruction, cognitive, affective, simulation, tailor-made, on-the-job (OJT), even peripatetic training, but the one that I found most rewarding and satisfying was Induction Training. My induction trainees too feel the same way. So here are some musings on the Art of Induction Training. EMPTY YOUR "CUP" The first thing I tell a fresh batch of induction trainess is this famous Zen Story EMPTY YOUR CUP The Japanese master Nan-in gave audience to a professor of philosophy. Serving tea, Nan-in filled his visitor's cup, and kept pouring. The professor watched the overflow until he could restrain himself no longer: "Stop! The cup is over full, no more will go in." Nan-in said: "Like this cup, you are full of your own opinions and speculations. How can I show you Zen unless you first empty your cup?" The aim of induction training is to facilitate seamless integration of newly inducted employees into an organization by achieving harmony and a sense of alignment between individual values and organizational values. Good induction training will make it easy for the new employee to seamlessly blend into the corporate culture of the organization, and also for the organization to smoothly absorb the new employee within its fold. FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF INDUCTION TRAINING Are you a dog lover? Do you have a pet dog?

Have you ever trained dogs? If your answer is YES, then I am sure you know key to Induction Training ! Just as you welcome a new dog into your home, help him adapt, acclimatize, socialize, feel comfortable, settle in and integrate into your family, in the same way, induction training comprises acclimatizing new employees into the organization with the objective of integrating individuals into an effective whole. While a puppy dog usually settles in very quickly and adapts to the new environment quite easily, an adult dog often takes longer to acclimatize and may experience adjustment problems. Similarly there is a difference between the attitudes of "freshers" recruited directly from college campuses and lateral inductees at senior levels who already have work experience in other organizations and may have to "unlearn" some of their earlier ways before learning the new. Both categories must "empty their cups" - the freshers must realise that they are no longer students and those with work experience must try anf unfreeze some of their attitudes formed in earlier organizations. There are two facets to training dogs obedience training and behavioural training one pertaining to logical "left half" of the brain and the other facet relating to the intuitive "right half" of the brain. Similarly induction training too has two aspects: 1. The "hard" left-brain domain specific training with the objective of identifying and eliminating knowledge and skill gaps by inculcating in the trainee the required domain specific knowledge and specialized skill sets and proficiencies to make good gaps in domain knowledge and cover up specialized skill deficiencies in order to bridge the knowledge, skill and performance gaps to enable the inductee to fit into his role and efficiently perform his designated tasks in the organization, and 2. The "soft" right-brain value based training to facilitate seamless integration of newly inducted employees into an organization by achieving harmony and a sense of alignment between individual values and organizational values by reducing value mismatches and encouraging value congruencies. To put it succinctly, the aim of induction training is to add value to the trainee in order to enable the trainee to add value to the organization. As regards the "hard" part of induction training is concerned, it can be designed using structured training design methodology incorporating need analysis, requirements formulation approach and implemented and evaluated systematically. Like I drew the analogy with dog training, this "hard" aspect of induction training is akin to formal obedience training for dogs. Now you will train the dog depending on the role you intend for the dog guard dog, watch dog, guide dog, sniffer dog, detection dog, police dog, search and rescue dog, working dog, shepherd ( livestock guardian ) dog, family dog, companion, therapy dog, lap dog etc and you can clearly assess the trainee and evaluate the efficacy of the training. This "hard" aspect of training may entail quantitative training evaluation metrics to assess and qualify the trainees and also get an idea of the efficacy of training and the trainers. Of course, you must remember that no two dogs are the same and there are breed-specific traits too ! The objective of the "soft" aspect of induction training is to facilitate seamless integration of newly inducted employees into an organization by achieving harmony and a sense of alignment between individual values and organizational values. INDUCTION TRAINING PEDAGOGY Learning comprises two pedagogic processes: Getting knowledge that is inside to move out, and Getting knowledge that is outside to move in. Thus the approach to induction training must be two pronged: Encourage and mentor the trainees to look inwards, introspect, ruminate and discover their own personal values [inside -out] and Clearly acquaint, apprise, educate, edify and enlighten the trainees about organizational values [outside --in] and try to inculcate organizational values in the new inductees. This will enable the trainer and trainees to identify the degree of value congruence (harmony) and value dissonance (mismatches) between individual and organizational values and then by suitably employing techniques like Force Field Analysis or Soft Systems Methodology we can mutually achieve strengthening of value congruencies whilst mitigating value dissonance thereby enabling

harmonious induction of the new employee into the organization. Thus, induction training will make it easy for the new employee to seamlessly blend into the corporate culture of the organization. ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES and CORPORATE CULTURE Organizational Values may be categorized into: 1. Stated Values 2. Visible Values 3. Invisible Values Stated Organizational Values can be ascertained by studying various documents, HR, Quality and Operating Procedures, service rules and regulations, vision and mission statements pertaining to the organization. For example, Organizational Ethical Values will be enshrined in the Code of Conduct. If the organization values punctuality there will exist laid down penalties for late-coming and absenteeism and, maybe, certain positive incentives for regularity in attendance and timely completion of work. What constitutes misconduct and proper workplace demeanour will be clearly stated where discipline is valued. Visible Organizational Values are evident from visible manifestations like Dress Code (Formal, Informal, Functional, Uniform), Titles and Job Descriptions, Organizational Structure (Flat versus Hierarchical), Work Culture (traditional, line-staff, bureaucratic, functional, process, time-based, network, matrix, scientific temper, family), Salary, Perks and Compensation Structure, Workplace Environment (interpersonal relationships, feedback, grievance redressal mechanism and its implementation, gender sensitivity, encouraging environment for innovation, creativity and feedback, and a positive happy friendly workplace atmosphere). Invisible Organizational Values can be sensed as "vibes" and can be derived from intangibles like morale, undercurrents, office politics, private conversations, an atmosphere of intrigue, secrecy and rumours, an air of complacency, attitudinal issues, or even positive manifestations like "feel good factor". It is important for the induction trainee to explore all three manifestations of organizational values Stated, Visible and Invisible Values and discover congruencies and mismatches. For example, a Stated Organizational Value may be "People are our most important asset" but Visible and Invisible indicators may reveal a different story... INDIVIDUAL or PERSONAL VALUES Personal Values comprise: 1. Instrumental Values, and 2. Terminal Values Instrumental Values are core values, permanent in nature, comprise personal characteristics and character traits. Instrumental Values refer to preferable modes of behaviour and include values like honesty, sincerity, ambition, independence, obedience, imaginativeness, courageousness, competitiveness, and also some negative traits too. Instrumental Values are difficult to change. Terminal Values are those things that we tend to work towards or we think are most important and we feel are most desirable terminal values are desirable states of existence. Terminal Values include things like happiness, self respect, family security, recognition, freedom, inner harmony, comfortable life, professional excellence, etc. Unlike Instrumental Values, which a permanent in nature, Terminal Values are amenable to change and it is here that both the induction trainer and trainee must focus in order to derive optimal benefit for both the employee and the organization. In a nutshell, Terminal Values signify the objectives of the life of a person the ultimate things the person wants to achieve through his or her behaviour ( the destination he wants to reach in life ) whereas Instrumental Values indicate the methods an individual would like to adopt for achieving his life's aim (the path he would like to take to reach his destination). VALUE BASED INDUCTION TRAINING The aim of induction training is to create an alignment between personal values and organizational values. As an induction trainer you cannot "set" organizational values, you can only help the trainees discover them. Also you cannot "install" new core instrumental values into people but you can surely through proper induction training instil desirable terminal values in the trainees. Creating alignment is a two-part process: The first is identifying and correcting misalignments, and The second is creating new alignments. The aim of value based induction training is to reinforce mutually desirable instrumental values and instil appropriate terminal values to strengthen the harmony between individual and organizational values in order to facilitate seamless integration of the new employee into the organization. Induction training will also help the trainee and the trainer identify rare cases where there exists an irreconcilable disconnect between organizational values and personal instrumental values,

which cannot be resolved, and in such cases help facilitate amicable exit of the trainee from the organization at the earliest stage, well before the trainee begins his career in the new organization as this will be mutually beneficial and in the interest of both the organization and the trainee. To sum up, induction training makes it easy for new employees to seamlessly blend into the corporate culture of an organization, and also facilitates the organization to smoothly and harmoniously absorb new employees within its fold. VIKRAM KARVE Copyright Vikram Karve 2010 Vikram Karve has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work. vikram karve., all rights reserved Academic and Creative Writing Journal Vikram Karve: http://karvediat.blogspot.com Professional Profile of Vikram Karve: http://www.linkedin.com/in/karve

Induction Cooking? What are the Advantages and Disadvantages?

Author: Marcia Klun While induction cooking has been popular in Europe and Australia for a number of years, this technology is just beginning to become popular in the United States. What is induction cooking? It is often referred to as heatless cooking because it does not require an open gas flame or red-hot electric coils. Instead, heat is generated by electromagnetic currents in the burners that respond to metal cooking pots and pans. When you cook on an induction cooktop, only the pan and food contained within it become hot. As soon as the pot or pan is removed from the burner, the cooktop surface becomes almost cool to the touch. Advantages of Induction Cooking Efficiency. The biggest difference between induction cooking and other methods is where the heat is actually generated. Gas and electric stovetops produce heat on a burner. This heat is then transferred to a cooking pan and then its contents. In contrast, induction stove tops generate heat in the vessel. There is no transfer from the burner to the pan. Thus there is virtually no wasted heat. According to studies, induction cooking is about 90% efficient, compared to electric and gas cooking that have 47% and 40% energy efficiency rating respectively. Safety. Safety is a major selling point. With induction cooking, the burners stay cool (room temperature), eliminating the worry of burning your hands, using hot pads, or dangerous fumes being admitted into the air. Time-saving. Induction cooktops achieve extremely high temperatures in a short period of time. During the cooking process, any adjustments to the heat are precise and almost instantaneous. Gas heat is fairly precise as well, but it takes longer for the burners to heat the pan to the initial temperature. Comfort. Induction burners won even home cooks. t heat up your kitchen. This appeals to chefs, caterers, and

Convenience. Food spills and boil-overs aren't burned on to the stove and are easily wiped off. Most stove-tops are either easy-to-clean glass or ceramic. In addition, you can leave the pot on the burner after cooking without having to worry about excess heat burning your food. Drawbacks of Induction Cooking Cost. Typically, induction cookware is more expensive than gas or electric ranges, often starting at about $1,500. If you cooked with gas prior to switching to induction, you may need to rewire your kitchen to accommodate the 240 volts required for most induction cooktops. Special cookware. For your pan to conduct energy, it must be magnetic. Induction can heat food only through pans made of steel or iron. You can test your cookware to see if it is compatible by passing a magnet across the pan. If the magnet sticks to the pan, the pan will work. Not all stainless steel cookware is compatible with induction cooking. Availability. Induction cooking in the United States is still a relatively new concept. Therefore, induction ranges are not as widely available as their gas and electric counterparts. As the demand for induction cooktops increases, prices should begin to fall. Waterless Induction Cookware World's Finest 7-Ply Steam Control KT17ULTRA Waterless Stainless Steel Cookware Set by Maxam offers inexperienced cooks and novices alike the best of all worlds. The waterless aspect makes it possible to cook healthy, nutritional meals for your family. Secondly, this set also allows you to experience the convenience of induction cooking. The KT17ULTRA set is constructed of 304 surgical stainless steel and carbon steel. Carbon steel is a metal manufactured from the elements iron and carbon. Carbon provides hardness and strength. This heavy-duty set was constructed specifically for induction cooktops and is guaranteed to last a lifetime. Its composition makes it slightly heavier than our other waterless sets. The 7-ply construction (including a layer of carbon steel sandwiched between layers of stainless steel) spreads the heat quickly and evenly. The steam control valve makes "waterless" cooking easy and healthier because it eliminates the need for grease or oil in cooking. This 17 piece set includes several saucepans, and lids, a roaster, skillet, double boiler, and even egg poaching cups. If you are looking for the perfect set to combine the benefits of waterless and induction cooking, this set is ideal. Consider the purchase of waterless cookware an investment in your family s health. If you have more questions about waterless cookware, induction cookware or waterless cooking or you are just looking for healthy recipes to prepare for your family, check out our site-- The Gourmets Cookware.

Ever-increasing Market for Induction Cooking Unit in China

Author: Janey Yang Now the fast rhythm of life and the pursuit of leisure comfort are welcomed by the young people, many of them consider an induction cooking unit as a device combing convenience, health and economy. So they are increasingly invented to the kitchen in china.

The sales performance of Induction Cooking Unit is promising and got great market potential. Gas Price High in China A Better Alternative is Induction Cooktop

In the recent gas price increases, Induction Cooktop turns out to be a "new favorites . In induction cooking, heat is transferred from the cooktop to the pot by way of a magnetic force. In powerful commercial units, cooking is two to three times faster than in electric or gas ranges. The smaller home version is less impressive for speed: it takes about four minutes to boil two cups of water, which is only marginally faster than a home gas range. Yet the induction cooktop is intriguing to many cooks for other reasons. For one, the cooking surface remains cool to the touch as heat is conducted magnetically to the pot. Morevover, chefs say heat can be turned up and down much faster and more precisely, which is important when making sauces. Psychological Obstacles Preventing Chinese People Using this Kitchen Implements There are two major factors that seem not to be good news to the induction cooktop industry. Traditionally, Chinese Like Big Fire, Not Quite Used to The Frying Pan with Electric Power, and they are also afraid of the the Heat Radiation Problem, which are not stated clearly in any authorized paper. So the idea of heat radiation is vague, people wonder the quality of the induction cooktop and worried that if it would do harm to their health. Quality Testing Lacking National Standard for Radiation Problem

Induction cooking unit s radiation parameters are not yet compulsory national accreditation standards. It is understood that for domestic induction cooking unit to enter EU, American and other markets, it must go through some local authentication, such as the European Union CE, Germany GS, electronics, room CB, American ETL certification. With the certification, the market is "Pass". Currently, only a few brands for export induction cooktop will enforce international standards. For the domestic market, consumers should "polish" the eyes, weigh the merits and selectively buying. Under the existing national standardized management system, our GB are not keeping pace with the pace of international standard. IEC standards have not been developed. The consumer should better choose some well-know brand in china to better avoid the quality problem. Popular Brand for Induction Equipment in China Midea; Galanz; GREE Induction Cooking Combines High Performance, Energy Efficiency Benefits of Induction Cooking Better Heat

Induction cooktops are on par with gas and higher than electric stovetops in terms of heat output. The best induction models can achieve up to 3,500W output. In addition, almost no heat is wasted. A typical induction stovetop applies approximately 85 percent of its heat output to cooking, while a gas cooker can only achieve about 40 percent. Precision Heat levels can be adjusted to very fine increments and instantaneously. Easy Clean-up As is the case with most smoothtops, cleaning is a cinch, especially since there is no need to wait for the unit to cool down. Safety Heat is generated only in the pot or pan itself, so burns are less likely. Also, induction uses electricity, so there is also no danger of a gas leak. Disadvantages of Induction Cooking Cookware Because it uses electromagnetism, induction cooking requires the use of ferrous (containing iron) cookware, which is often marked as induction friendly on its label. Copper and ceramic won t work on most current models, though induction stovetops that can handle any type of metal are being developed. A drawback of induction cooking is that it works only with pots and pans that contain iron or some magnetic material. Cast-iron pots work, but most stainless steel and copper ones do not (the new line of All-Clad pans is an exception). J. P. Prince sells Mauviel's line of heavy-gauge pots and pans with an iron core. The pots are expensive, though: a 9 1/2-inch saucepan costs $105, a 9 1/2-inch saute pan $82.50. Energy Saving 2000 watts induction cooktop boil water of 1 kg only take less than three minutes, saving meal cost, on the other hand, the traditional gas stove will need more time and energy to get the job done. Heating elements under a ceramic-glass surface use electricity to produce a magnetic field that heats only the cooking container, and the cook is able to go from extremely low to extremely high settings and back again nearly instantly. Food heats much faster, which saves energy. Induction cooking is about 90% energy-efficient, while gas and electricity are about 50% and 60% efficient, respectively. Not Mainstream in Houseware & Kitchenware Industry Right Now But Got Big Potential

Induction cooking is not some radical new technology: it has long been widely used around the world. But, for some reason (perhaps a lack of adequate information and explanation), when first introduced to North America some years ago it never quite caught on. Till quite recently, few outside professional circles had even heard of it, and those who had were often confused about just what it is. But, more or less all of a sudden, that is finally changing. Indeed, some familiar with the field are suggesting that within five to ten years induction cooktops may almost completely capture the field for new installations, worldwide. With recent improvements in technology, induction-cooking equipment is now better than ever while yet being more affordable than ever.

Market Future Although enterprises should improve technology and prevent the induction cooktop from electromagnetic leakage, but the industry standard solution to this problem is still fundamental. I think the relevant Chinese department should take this matter seriously as soon as possible. Experts believe that the induction cooking unit may replace traditional gas stoves and microwave ovens in all of the millions of families in china. So if it becomes true, it s a amazing large market that you can image, just think how much family china had. China manufactures or suppliers are now competing against each other fiercely in the domestic market. Focusing on the quality, safety concerns and creative design are the most important issue in my eyes.

Induction Cookers Versus Conventional Cookers

Author: Vaiv Jais The innovative cooking concept using an induction cooker has a number of benefits over conventional cooktops. An induction cooker combines the simplicity and rapid heating quality of electric stoves with responsive temperature control. Unlike conventional cooktops that make use of a gas element or a heating coil, the induction cookers utilize magnetic energy for cooking. Induction cookers make use of induction heating to generate heat directly in the cookware without any need of warming the burner. The following sections discuss some of the main benefits of induction cookers: Adjusting the Cooking Heat The induction cooker manufacturers design these cooktops with controls for instant heat adjustments. By adjusting the cooking heat instantly and with great precision, one can enjoy some serious cooking with induction cookers. Cooking heat increments in an induction cooker are fine enough to achieve as low a cooking-heat level as possible. Energy Efficient Induction cookers are energy efficient cooking appliances as they utilize maximum amount of heat generated to cook the food. An easily established fact is that with conventional cooking only about 40

percent of the generated heat contributes towards cooking. On the other hand, more than 80 percent of the heat generates in an induction cooker is utilized for cooking. No Heated-up Surroundings Conventional cooking leads to kitchens and burners turning hot due to a good fraction of the cooking heat wasted to the surroundings. Induction cookers on the other hand keep the stovetops and kitchens cooler by utilizing more of the cooking heat to cook the food. The arrangement makes cooking a good experience for the cook. Safety Features Induction cookers consist of a number of safety features that reduce the cooking accidents to a good extent. The induction cooker suppliers should demonstrate these safety features at the time of purchase. Some of the safety features are discussed below: y Plastic utensils are safe to be used on an induction cooker. As no heat is supplied at the bottom of the plastic cookware, there is no possibility of them to melt and cause any accident. Fire accidents caused due to dropping or spilling on the stovetop are significantly reduced, as the burner itself is not heated in the process. Most of the induction cookers come with automatic feature that shut off the cook top in case the oil in the cookware starts reaching its ignition temperature. Burns due to directly touching the stovetops are reduced as well. This feature is of great significance if you have children at home. Even if a child manages to reach the induction cooker and turn it on, the cooking heat doesn't become active until and unless a cooking utensil is placed on it.

Other Advantages An induction cooker is easy to install and looks attractive from outside. The homes with no gas pipelines make use of electricity to have clean and efficient cooking advantage with induction cookers. Finally, it is easy to clean the induction cooker and maintain its performance for long. Induction cookers heat the food more evenly and ensure that sensitive and expensive foods are cooked carefully. All these benefits make them superior over conventional cooking appliances and methods.

7 Ways To Improve Safety Attitudes Through Induction Training

Author: arun Here's a simple fact poor safety training results in higher workplace incidents and injuries. So it's fair to claim that the quality of your safety induction training system can reflect in your organisation's overall safety statistics. Contractor and Employee inductions should aim to increase two key aspects of safety engagement; awareness and attitude. While most induction training programs will be geared to educating inductees on specific safety issues, many do not make a concerted effort to instill a culture of care around safety. However, attitude towards safety is just as important as knowledge of safety issues. When an inductee can see that the company places great value on safety, they are more likely to adopt the same attitude. But how are these attitudes fostered and maintained by a company? 7 ways to improve your inductees' attitudes towards safety 1. Show them you mean business! By showing inductees that the induction process is important to the company, they will receive a clear safety message from the very get-go. Don't just throw a book at them and ask them to read it, or plonk them in front of a DVD. Create a branded, robust program that speaks of your company's dedication to providing a safe working environment. 2. Engage them through an interactive process As soon as your inductees are required to actively participate with the induction training process its self, they are required to think! This will not only help them receive information it will help them remember it. (There are a few good quality online induction programs that use an interactive questioning process that enables inductees to respond to information as they take the course.) 3. Make the content interesting Well written material is well read! The clearer it is, the easier it is to remember. Real life examples are also a useful technique to help inductees both understand and retain information. While induction courses contain a lot of vital information, simply including it isn't enough, you need to make it interesting and engaging to make it memorable. 4. Induct them before they come on site Many companies are now providing their inductees with the ability to take their induction in their own homes. The only effective way to do this is with online inductions but it's the best way to go. When an inductee can take their safety training in their own time and at their own pace studies have shown that they are more likely to retain information. This method can also be very helpful for inductees who have English as second language. 5. Create a consistent message No matter how many departments, divisions, sites or projects your organisation has, it is important that every employee and contractor share the same level of safety awareness. While each area of your business may require specific safety training, delivering an overall message of safety throughout the organisation will improve workplace attitudes.

6. Automate your re-induction and training schedule One of the most common mistakes around safety inductions is neglect to renew training. By automating your system, you can receive reminders whenever an employee or contractor needs to be re-inducted. If your induction system is connected to an automated swipe card system, you can even control site entry until the re-induction has been completed. 7. Maintain control over course content Having the flexibility to make changes to course content on the fly enables you keep your induction training up to date. Information can become out of date very quickly and unless your induction course content reflects this immediately, safety becomes immediately compromised. Induction training programs that enable the inductee to interact with the information directly, and empower them to study at a pace that best suits their learning style, are fast becoming the standard. Some organisations go to the trouble to build their own system and deliver it through their intranet, but there are a number of online solutions that are fully hosted. These are probably the easiest option and eliminate any IT issues and costs.

Get Your New Employees Off to a Fantastic Start With a Great Induction!
Author: Jan Springthorpe Induction should be a compulsory process for every new employee and for all existing staff when they move into a new job role. Employers have a duty to ensure that all new starters are given the best possible start in their job and that people new to a job role are supported in adapting to it. A good induction is vital for employees and very important to the business. Responsibility for induction begins and ends with the line manager and neglecting induction means that the organisation is failing new employees and those new to a job role. What is induction? It is a simple but vital process of introduction, information giving and planned training which enables people to become comfortable and productive in their new job role in the shortest possible time. Why is it necessary? to provides new starters with important information about the organisation and get them off to a good start to introduce them to their working environment and their job and to integrate them into their team to equip them with the knowledge and skills they need to do their job so that they can become effective in a short space of time

to help those who are new to a job role (for example first time managers) to settle confidently and easily into it and to become effective as quickly as possible

Who is responsible for it? Induction is the responsibility of the line manager for the new, returning or redeployed employee. It needs to be: carefully planned well structured tailored to meet the employee s individual needs

Who should be involved in induction? As soon as the need for induction arises the line manager should: decide who will be involved convene a planning meeting develop the Induction Plan assign responsibility for delivery monitor and review the induction The line manager for the new employee should lead the planning of the induction process and decide who will be involved in it. A contribution should be made by other members of the team. Line managers do not have to personally deliver every part of the programme although they must be involved and they are responsible. Team members and other support staff can all play an active part in induction. This helps the new starter to integrate and form good working relationships at an early stage. It also spreads the workload involved in the induction process. The more people that are involved, the quicker the new employee will settle and become effective in their job. A buddy within the team should also be appointed. The role of the buddy is to provide a helping hand to the new employee, answering questions, offering advice and information and guiding the person through the first few weeks in their role. The buddy, along with others in the team, may also be involved in delivering one to one training for the new starter. An induction planning meeting should take place at least a week before the new employee starts. The line manager and others who will contribute to the induction of the new employee should meet to:

assign a buddy brief those involved in the induction agree what aspects they will be responsible for allocate timed slots and venues for each topic The outcome should be an Induction Plan which caters for the new employee first few weeks of their employment. s needs for up to the

Towards the end of the first 2 weeks, a progress review should be made by the line manager and, if required, the plan should be adapted. We all learn and assimilate information differently and some people may take longer than others to settle into their role. New starters are keen to learn as much as possible about their new employer so sending them information before they start is welcomed and appreciated. There are a number of advantages in doing this: it enables the new employee to learn something about the organisation, in their own time and at their own pace it gives them an opportunity to think about questions they might want to ask when they start their employment it helps to overcome the common problem of information overload once they are in post

A visit to the office or place of work before the formal start date has the following benefits: the employee is able to meet their line manager and immediate colleagues they can see the office environment and the area they will be working in they can check out their journey times and route to the office it may help to overcome first day nerves or apprehension It is recommended that the line manager should take responsibility for conducting this visit, introducing the new employee to their immediate team members, showing the new employee around the office and answering any questions. On the first working day the line manager should meet and greet the new starter on the first day of employment and spend time putting the employee at ease, making them feel welcome and explaining that they will go through the Induction Programme. The Induction Plan should be shared with them and the line manager should conduct the tour of the office and make introductions to their immediate team members. The line manager can then hand over

to or involve other staff members who have been designated to take part in the Induction Programme and who have been assigned responsibilities within the Induction Plan. The overriding priority is for the employee to be introduced to their work environment and the organisation s basic operating systems. Right from the start, the new starter should feel valued, supported and comfortable in finding their way around the office and their work area. By the end of the first week the employee should be able to carry out their work and correctly use the range of resources and support that are available to them, with guidance and supervision. The designated buddy plays a key role during the first week and they should be ready and able to offer advice, answer questions and steer the new starter whenever required. During the first week the emphasis should be on helping the employee to become familiar with the operating systems that enable them to carry out their work and do their job.Sufficient time should be allocated to discuss progress, allow the employee to ask questions, check their work and ensure that they are correctly using resources and following procedures. The line manager should meet with the employee at the end of the first week and discuss how they have settled into the job and deal with any queries or concerns they may have. He/she should also take feedback from anyone else who has been involved in the Induction Plan so far and adjust or extend the plan if necessary. Arrangements should also be made to meet any training needs that have been identified. Once the employee is settled into their role and comfortable about carrying out their job, they can be gradually introduced to other information about the organisation and the business. This information might be complex and there may be a lot to take in. This part of the induction should be prioritised, covered bit by bit and in sufficient depth for the person to understand what the organisation does, how it is done, and who the clients or customers are. Information overload is a problem. The best approach is to plan and diarise short sessions during which different topics are covered with time in between for the employee to do their work. During the first month, the line manager should maintain regular contact with the employee and with those who are involved in the Induction Programme. The Induction Plan should be reviewed and amended if required. The employee s work should be monitored for quality and quantity and it should be made clear what is expected in terms of their performance. Feedback should be given to the employee about how they are doing, what they may need to improve upon and what is going well. At all times the new starter should be encouraged to ask questions and seek help in any aspect of their work or to get to know more about the organisation. Line managers should be confident that all aspects of the Induction Programme have been covered and that people who are new to the organisation or those new to a role have been given the best possible start.

One of the most common reasons for high turnover of staff and people leaving a job shortly after they started is because there is no planned induction and they are left to fend for themselves. Don t let this happen to your organisation!