DISCUSSION TEXT 1. INTRODUCTION -phenomena / issues / facts / topics (general statements) 2.

BODY - possitive side / for the topic - elaboration / explanation +connective words+ - negative sides / agaisnt the topic - elaboration also / explanation 3. CONCLUSION - summarize / penetrate Contoh : Homework I have been wondering if homework is necessary. I think we should have homework because it helps us to learn and revise our work. Homework helps people who aren t very smart to remember what they have learned. Home work is really good because it helps with our education. But, many times, doing homework is not a great idea. I think we shouldn t have homework because I like to go out after school to a restaurant or the movies. Sometimes homework is boring and not important. I think homework is bad because I like to play and discuss things with my family.

NARRATIVE TEXT to entertain, to tell story genre : folktale, legend, myth, fable, short story, etc 1. ORIENTATION character, time, place 2. COMPLICATION Conflicts 3. RESOLUTION May be the end of the story 4. CODA The effects to the character or lessons Language features : past tense, action verbs, adverb, adjective, noun phrase (the pencil), conditonal sentense (if clause), time conjuction. the different to recount text is the structure (recount : orientation + events)and its genre. CONTOH : Snow White

Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were dead. One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn t have enough money to take Snow White. Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods. Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep. Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, what is your name? Snow White said, My name is Snow White. Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, If you wish, you may live here with us. Snow White said, Oh could I? Thank you. Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.

REPORTS TEXT 1. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION subject of the report, classification. 2. DESCRIPTION tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors Language features : general nouns, acting verbs, relating verbs, present tense.
CONTOH : THE PELICAN REPORT

The white pelican is one of the most successful fish-eating birds. The success is largely due to its command hunting behaviour. A group, perhaps two dozen birds, will gather in a curved arc some distance offshore. The birds then begin to move forward towards the shore, beating the water furiously with their wings, driving the fish before them. When the water is shallow enough for the birds to reach the fish, the formation breaks up as each bird dips its bill into the water to scoop up its meal. As the bird lifts its head, the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then swallowed. Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds, Fossils of this genus have been found dating back 40 million years.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITORY TEXT to persuade the readers with representing arguments 1. THESIS 2. ARGUMENTS Elaboration 3. REITERATION reviewing the points above / conclusion Language Features : General nouns, Abstract nouns (policy, government,etc), Technical verbs, Action verbs, Thinking verbs, Modal verbs, Modal adverbs, (certainly, we, etc.), Connectives, Evaluative words (important, valuable, trustworthy, etc.) contoh : Cars should be banned in the city Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents. Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and triggers off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them. Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers. Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone. In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed.

HORTATORY TEXT to persuade the readers with representing arguments that something should/shouldn t happen 1. THESIS 2. ARGUMENTS Elaboration 3. RECOMMONDATION we suggest / recommon (the different to analytical is THIS) Language Features : General nouns, Abstract nouns (policy, government,etc), Technical verbs, Action verbs, Thinking verbs, Modal verbs, Modal adverbs, (certainly, we, etc.), Connectives, Evaluative words (important, valuable, trustworthy, etc.) contoh : A letter to TV Station Dear Editor, We are writing to complain about ads on TV. There are so many ads, especially during our favourite programmes. We think they should be stopped for a number of reasons. First, ads are nuisance. They go on for a long time and there are so many. Sometimes there seems to be more ads than programmes.Second, ads are bad influence on people. They try to encourage people to buy unhealthy food like beer, soft drink, candy and chips. And they make people want things they do not really need and can not.Finally, the people who make ads have too much say in what programmes people watch. That is because they want to put all their ads on popular programs that a lot of people watch. Some programmes which are not so popular get stopped because they do not attract enough ads, even though those programmes may be someone s favourite. For those reasons, we think TV station should stop showing ads. They interrupt programmes. They are bad influences on people, and they are sometimes put a stop to people s favourite shows. We are sick of ads, and now we mostly watch other channels.

Conditional Sentence / if clause 1. REAL CONDITION (possibly true) a) True time If + S +Simple present ..., + S + must/may/wil/can+ v1 If i have much money, I ll buy a car. b) Habitual If + S +Simple present ..., + S + simple present If he has time, he usually goes to school on foot c) Command If + S +Simple present ..., + command form If you go to post office, please mail this letter for me. 2. UNREAL CONDITON (not true) a) Present or Future If + S + simple past.., + S + could/would/might + v1 If i had time now, i d go with you. means : i don t have time now, so i m not going with you b) Past Time If + S + past perfect..., + S + could/would/might + have + v3 If i had had the time yesterday, i d have gone with you. AS IF / AS THOUGH He acts as if he had studied engineering. (means she didn t study engineering) He looks he were reach. (means he is not rich) WISH (UNREAL) I hope he could come to the party. (means perhaps he could come to the party) I wish he could come to the party. (means he can t come to the party)

CONNECTIVE WORDS (CONTOH2NYA)

namely such as EXPLAINING IDEAS as already stated firstly PUTTING IDEAS IN ORDER meanwhile initially further in addition ADDING TO IDEAS also likewise in a similar way nevertheless yet by contrast COMPARE AND CONTRAST all the same after all conversely because CAUSE AND EFFECT consequently however still rather but on the other hand on the contrary secondly next afterwards lastly moreover too similarly then finally later most importantly furthermore besides in like manner for example in other words that is for instance

notwithstanding nonetheless for all that despite this in order that for thus at the same time though so that for that reason as a result as a result thus all this suggests that this resulted in to sum up all this leads to

therefore hence CONCLUSION all in all all this evidence points to

so in conclusion finally consequently

PARTICIPLES

Verb

Simple Present

Simple Past

Past Participle

Present Participle

Infinitive

giggle giggle(s)

giggled

Giggled

giggling

to giggle

help

help(s)

helped

Helped

helping

to help

jump

jump(s)

jumped

Jumped

jumping

to jump

P ar t i c i pl e s i n M ul t i pa r t V e r bs
y y

Our pet alligator ate Mrs. Olsen's poodle. With a broom, Mrs. Olsen was beating our alligator over the head in an attempt to retrieve her poodle.

P ar t i c i pl e s a s A dj e c t i ve s
y

The crying baby drew a long breath and sucked in a spider crouching in the corner of the crib.

P ar t i c i pl e s a s N o un s
y y

We gave bungee jumping a chance. Valerie hates cooking because scraping burnt gook out of pans always undermines her enjoyment of the food.

INTRODUCTORY Introductory Phrases

y y y

Under the kitchen table the dog cowered. Under the spreading chestnut tree, the village smithy stands. (Comma optional, but helpful due to length of phrase) Under the pile of clothes, we found his wallet. (Two prepositional phrases, not in a series)

Introductory adverbs
y y

Clearly, one and one make two. Clearly mistaken was the witness.

Introductory Clauses
y y

Before the curtain fell, the actors bowed. The play's run will be extended if the next two nights are sellouts.

Introductory Participial and Infinitive Phrases

y y

Looking for help, the man fell on his knees to beg. (Participial phrase) To raise enough money in time, Mary had to issue stock in her business. (The infinitive phrase is used as a modifier)

CLAUSES 1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE adjective clauses are usually introduced by relative pronouns answer "which?" or "what type of?" o I know the house where he lives. (where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata know) o The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan. * Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan. o The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. * Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting. 2. ADVERBAL CLAUSE Adverbial clauses are typically introduced by subordinate conjunctions answer "why?", "when?", "where?", "to what degree?" a) shows time: You may begin when(ever) you are ready. b) shows place : The guard stood where he was positioned. c) shows manner : He did as I told him. d) shows cause: It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. e) shows purpose : She bought a book so (that) she could learn English. f) shows contrast : Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer. g) shows result: it was such a dreary day that i didn t feel like doing anything. 3. NOUN CLAUSE Clause yang digunakan sebagai pengganti noun atau berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). o I know where he lives. (where he lives adalah objek dari kata know) o He gives money to whoever needs it.