This paper makes an attempt to portrait why these kamaiyas ware made landless what are

the attempts of NGO/INGOs and the social economic condition at preset situation. More
specifically, the paper attempts to deal earning livelihood option adopted by them.
The world livelihood can be used in many different ways. A livelihood comprises the
capabilities /assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required
for a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from
stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the
future, while not undermining the natural base natural conditions and much as human
made condition such as technology economy politics or cultural norms and beliefs effects
on the livelihood of people. Likewise social institutional organizational environment are
also affecting in a pessons life sustenance. The sudden change in and individuals life
experience norms and values and environment brings some difficulties his /her life
sustenance.
According to DFID To understand life sustenance of an individual of an individual a
family and a society, it is necessary to understand about different types of vulnerability
context, assets of livelihood transforming structures and process, strategies of livelihood
and finally his outcomes while adopting these strategies.
Vulnerability context: The vulnerability context represents the external environment in
which people live. Peoples livelihoods and the wider availability of assets are
fundamentally affected by trends shocks and seasionality over which they have limited or
no control. Trend comprises demographic trends, resource trends, governance trends,
Economic trends, technological trends. Shocks comprise human shocks, livestock shocks,
natural shocks like floods or earthquakes, economic shocks conflict in from of national or
international wars and seasonality comprise price, production or employment
opportunities.
Livelihood assets:- people require a range of assets to achieve positive livelihood
outcomes. The different capital assets like human capital, natural capital, physical capital,
financial capitals are important. No single category assets on its own is sufficient to yield
all the many and varied livelihood outcomes that people seek. This is particularly true for
poor people whose access to any given category of assets tends to be very limited. As a
result they have to seek ways of nurturing and combining what assets they do have
innovative ways to ensure survival. Human capital is represents skills education training

knowledge, ability to work and good health which is necessary in order to make use of any
other four types of assets. Natural capital includes land, forest, marine/ wild resources.
Water, air quality, erosion protection strom protection etc. natural capital is very important
to those who derive all or part of their livelihoods from resources based activities such as
farming, fishing, gathering in forests and miniral extraction etc. None of us would survive
without the help of environmental services and food produced from natural capital.
Therefore development efforts should focused on building natural capital indeed concern
with natural capital itself has tended to detract attention from the more important issue of
how natural capital is used, in combination with other assets, to sustain livelihoods.
Similarly social capital like networks and connectedness membership of more formalized
groups relationships of trust etc. Physical capital (transportation facility, shelter and
building, water supply and sanitation communications) facilities tools equipments, stocks
and regular inflows of money e.g. Bank deposit, cash and jewelers, earn income, and
pension that effect on the other assets. It is therefore be a substitute for financial capital on
help to increase it.
Transforming structures process:- Transforming structures and process represent the
institutions organization policies and legislation that shape livelihood, may determine
assets to assets to livelihood strategies define the term of exchange between different types
of capital and affect the returns to choose livelihood strategies. Structure are the hardware
of the organization of both private and public that set and implement policy and
legislation, delivers services purchase trade and perform all manner of other functions that
affect livelihood process are software which determines structure and individuals operate
and interact (DFID 2002:24:2). They include policies, legislation institution, and culture
and power relation.
Livelihood strategies:- Livelihood strategies comprise the range and combination of
activities and choices that people undertaken in under to achieve their livelihood goals or
the way of combining and using assets. It includes production activities, investment
strategies, reproductive choice and much more livelihood strategies change over time and
theme is an economics diversity of livelihood strategies geographically, across sectors and
within household, livelihood strategies directly influence the sustainability of livelihoods.
The more choice and flexibility that people have in there livelihood strategies, the greater

their ability to with stand or adopt to the shocks and stresses of the vulnerability context.
(DFID, 2002:2:5)
Livelihood outcomes:- Livelihoods outcomes are the achievements or outputs of
livelihood strategies rather than describing the objectives of people. It records the actual
output of current assets and strategies. At the some time, it allows one to draws conclusion
about the motivation behind people action and choices. It is important notice that
livelihood outcomes are not only of a financial nature that is people are of solely
maximizing income. In fact there are different categories of livelihood outcomes, which
may be relevant according to the given situation there categories are more income
increased well being reduced vulnerability improved food security and more sustainable
use for the natural based resources.
Mention above this, the study is useful to understand and analyze the livelihoods of the
poor people like ex-kamayas. It is also useful in assessing the effectiveness of existing
efforts to reduce poverty. It also provide a way of thinking about the livelihoods of poor
people that will stimulate debate and reflection thereby improving performance in poverty
reduction
Research Method
This research is based on primary and secondary data. Household survey with open and
close questionnaire, observation, focus group discussion, key informant interviews, field
notes taking, unstructured interview will be adopted to collect primary data household
survey with questionnaire is useful for may study to gather information about family size,
education, occupation age, income and expenditure, land holding production and livestock
pattern. Other hand, observation is used to observe their drainage sewer condition hiving
condition, environmental condition; vulnerability context caused by natural disaster,
availability of water and their livelihood activities etc. focus group discussion will be
conducted to find out sufficiency of NGOs/INGOs programs, cooperative saving groups
etc and attitude values perceptions and behaviors of individual and groups on the selected
situation will be taken and a field note.
Livelihoods can be understood only by qualitative and participatory analysis at a local.
Therefore the collected data will be analyzed and presented through quantitative and
qualitative methods. Qualitative method will be descriptive and analytical.

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