HSDPA Technology

ZTE CORPORATION ZTE Plaza, Keji Road South, Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, P. R. China 518057 Tel: (86) 755 26771900 800-9830-9830 Fax: (86) 755 26772236 URL: http://support.zte.com.cn E-mail: doc@zte.com.cn

LEGAL INFORMATION Copyright 2006 ZTE CORPORATION. The contents of this document are protected by copyright laws and international treaties. Any reproduction or distribution of this document or any portion of this document, in any form by any means, without the prior written consent of ZTE CORPORATION is prohibited. Additionally, the contents of this document are protected by contractual confidentiality obligations. All company, brand and product names are trade or service marks, or registered trade or service marks, of ZTE CORPORATION or of their respective owners. This document is provided as is, and all express, implied, or statutory warranties, representations or conditions are disclaimed, including without limitation any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title or non-infringement. ZTE CORPORATION and its licensors shall not be liable for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on the information contained herein. ZTE CORPORATION or its licensors may have current or pending intellectual property rights or applications covering the subject matter of this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license between ZTE CORPORATION and its licensee, the user of this document shall not acquire any license to the subject matter herein. The contents of this document and all policies of ZTE CORPORATION, including without limitation policies related to support or training are subject to change without notice.

ZTE CORPORATION Values Your Comments & Suggestions!

Your opinion is of great value and will help us improve the quality of our product documentation and offer better services to our customers. Please fax to: (86) 755-26772236; or mail to Documentation R&D Department, ZTE CORPORATION, ZTE Plaza, A Wing, Keji Road South, Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen, P. R. China 518057. Thank you for your cooperation!
Document Name Product Version ZXWN HLR Home Location Register Operation Manual V3.00 Document Revision Number R1.0

Equipment Installation Date Presentation: (Introductions, Procedures, Organization, Appearance) Good Your evaluation of this documentatio n Fair Illustrations, Poor Completeness, Bad N/A Level of Detail,

Average

Accessibility: (Contents, Index, Headings, Numbering, Glossary) Good Fair Average Poor Bad N/A

Intelligibility: (Language, Vocabulary, Readability & Clarity, Technical Accuracy, Content) Good Fair Average Poor Bad N/A Please check the suggestions which you feel can improve this documentation: Improve the overview/introduction Make it more concise/brief Improve the Contents procedures/tutorials Your suggestions for improvement of this documentatio n Improve the organization Include more figures Add more examples Add more detail Other suggestions __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ # Please feel free to write any comments on an attached sheet. If you wish to be contacted regarding your comments, please complete the following: Name Postcode Telephone Company Address E-mail Add more step-by-step Add more troubleshooting information Make it less technical Add more/better quick reference aids Improve the index

Contents
Chapter 1..................................................................1 HSDPA Fundamental Principles and Key Technologies. .1
HSDPA Summary.............................................................1 HSDPA Fundamental Principles...........................................2 HSDPA Channels..............................................................4
HS-DSCH.............................................................................5 HS-SCCH.............................................................................8 HS-DPCCH..........................................................................10

HSDPA Key Technologies.................................................10

AMC..................................................................................10 Fast HARQ..........................................................................12 Fast Scheduling...................................................................13

Mobility Management......................................................13 HSDPA Terminal Requirements.........................................14

UE Type.............................................................................14 Working Mode.....................................................................15 Frequency Band..................................................................15 Service Function Requirements..............................................15

Chapter 2................................................................17 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning.......17

HSDPA Technical Characteristics.......................................17 Co-CF/Hetero-CF Interference and Capacity Analysis..........19 HSDPA Solutions of ZTE..................................................23
HSDPA Introduction Policy....................................................23 HSDPA Networking Policy......................................................24 Influence of HSDPA Introduction on Current Network Planning. . .29

Influence of HSDPA Introduction on Transmission Network........36

HSDPA Network Upgrade Evolution Policy..........................37

Equipment Upgrade Influence and Requirements......................37 Network Evolution Policy.......................................................39

ii

Chapter

HSDPA Fundamental Principles and Key Technologies

Highlights

HSDPA fundamental principles HSDPA channel overview HSDPA key technologies

HSDPA Summary
In 3G times, the high-speed mobile data access services bring huge profits to the operators. They have changed the decreasing tendency of ARPU (Average Revenue Per user) in 2G times. However, WCDMA, based on the R99/R4, can only provide the transmission rate of maximum 2 Mbps, which can not meet the increasing requirements for the high-speed mobile multimedia services. At present, the appearance of CDMA 1x EV-DO (Evolution, Data-Only), WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and WiMAX technologies, WCDMA R99/R4 will drop behind as soon as coming into commercial use. Therefore, 3GPP decides to evolve the technology along with R5 HSDPA, which can meet the requirements of the transmission bandwidth at suitable time. To meet the requirements of uplink/downlink data service asymmetry, 3GPP has put forward HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) technology in R5. HSDPA solves the contradiction between the system coverage and the capacity, greatly increasing the system capacity and meeting the requirements of uses for the high-speed services. Meanwhile, one of the important characteristics of WCDMA is the unbalance of uplink/downlink service traffic. Usually, the downlink service traffic is larger the uplink service traffic. HSDPA

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

HSDPA Technology

can provide high-speed downlink access and low cost, which makes HSDPA outstanding compared with other high-speed mobile data access technologies and become the preferred technology when WCDMA provides the high-speed mobile data access services. HSDPA technology aims to providing high-speed downlink data services for the multiple users. It is applicable to the services with abundant download information, such as, multimedia and Internet. HSDPA technology makes it possible for the data service to run on the downlink at the rate of 10 Mbps. If MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Out-put) technology is adopted successfully, that is, the multiple transmission antennas are used at the Node B side and multiple reception antennas are use in UE, the rate can reach over 20 Mbps. Through combining the fast physical layer (L1) re-transmission and transmission that Node B control and the fast link adaptation technology, HSDPA technology increases the throughput of the packet data. The physical layer increases the rate through such key technologies as AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding) and HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest). HSDSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared CHannel), HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared Control CHannel) (the corresponding downlink control channel) and HS-DPCCH (High Speed Dedicate Physical Control CHannel) (uplink feedback channel) are added on L1. MAC-hs and the corresponding HARQ protocol are added in Node B on L2 and L3. HSDPA technology also asks for the modification on Iub/Iur interface and adding the corresponding frame protocols. Node B judges the channel quality according to the power control, ACK/NACK proportion, QoS (Quality of Service) of each HSDPA user, and the information that the dedicate HSDPA users feed back. Besides, according to the current scheduling algorithm and user PRI algorithm, Node B can perform the scheduling and the link adaptation adjustment quickly.

HSDPA Fundamental Principles

HSDPA technology is a new wireless network technology that 3GPP WCDMA standards put forward in R5 protocol to meet the requirements of the high-speed downlink data services. It does not change the original WCDMA network structure in R99/R4, but by introducing the short TTI (Transmission Time Interval = 2 ms), AMC, HARQ of the multi-code transmission with fast physical layer (L1), and the new MAC-hs entity, HSDPA technology can increase the arte of the downlink data service to 100 Mbps. HSDPA is an important technology that can increase the downlink capacity and data service rate in the WCDMA network construction.
2 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

The basic principle of HSDPA technology is: When accessing into the HSDPA wireless network and transmitting the downlink data, UE periodically reports the CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) to Node B, informing the data rate (the adopted AMC policy and the code quantity) that the UE can support in the current wireless environment. After receiving the data reported by UE, according to the data QoS and the wireless environment, Node B selects the suitable modulation mode (QPSK (Orthognal Phase Shift Keying) or 16 QAM (Orthognal Amplitude Modulation) and TS (Time Slot) to transmit the user downlink data on the HSPDSCH (High Speed Physical Downlink Shared CHannel) (dedicated for HSDPA). After receiving the downlink data packet of Node B, the UE sends the acknowledgement message (ACK/NACK) for each packet data packet on HS-DPSCH, so that Node B knows whether the UE receives the downlink data packet correctly, as shown in Fig 0-1. Compared with R99 structure, HSDPA technology has introduced the short TTI (2ms), AMC, and HARQ of the multi-code transmission with fast physical layer (L1). In addition, HSDPA technology moves the packet scheduler from RNC to Node B, implementing the fast packet scheduling of the MAC-hs protocol control in Node B. After accessed to the HSDPA, UE can periodically reports the CQI to Node B, informing the data rate (the adopted AMC policy and the code quantity) that the UE can support in the current wireless environment. UE reports the acknowledgement information (ACK/NACK) of every packer data, so that Node B can decide when and how to re-transmit the data. If all UEs in the cell can measure the channel quality, the fast packet scheduler can optimize the user scheduling. For example, schedule the users according to the quality of available channels, as shown in Fig 0-1.

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

HSDPA Technology

FIG 0-1 HSDPA FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

AND

RELEVANT

CHANNELS

The above technologies work together, to increase the rate of the downlink PS (Packet Service) data to 14.4 Mbps. This is revolutionary in 3G network constriction to increase the downlink capacity and to reduce the time delay. Besides, HSDPA can work with OFDM and MIMO, providing the higher data traffic.

HSDPA Channels
Compared with R99 (and R4), HSDPA technology adds the HSPDSCH (compared with Node B), HS-SCCH (compared with Node B), and HS-DPCCH (compared with UE) are newly added on the physical layer. These physical channels are all 3-TS sub-frame (2 ms) in the short frame format. They are all mapped onto the HS-DSCH, as shown in Fig 0-2.

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

FIG 0-2 HSDPA RECEPTION

AND

FEEDBACK

HS-DSCH

HSDPA has introduces one new transmission channel, HS-DSCH, to bear the user data. Its corresponding physical channel is HSPDSCH. The structure of the HS-PDSCH sub-frame and TS is as shown in Fig 0-3.
FIG 0-3 STRUCTURE
OF

1 TS = 2560 Ch
HS-PDSCH SUB-FRAME
AND

TS

Data Ndata1 bits

k Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2 bits (k=4)

Slot #0

Slot#1 1 subframe: T = 2 ms f

Slot #2

HS-PDSCH can modulate in either the QPSK mode or 16QAM mode. M is the bit that each modulation symbol represents. For example, M = 2, it is QPSK mode. M = 4, it is 16QAM mode. The TS format is as shown in Table 0-1.

HS- SCCH
SF Bits/ HSDSCH subframe Bits/ Slot

TABLE 0-1 HS-PDSCH TS FORMAT

Slot format 0(QPSK))

Bit Rate (kbps)

Symbol Rate (ksps)

Nda ta

480

240

16

960

320

320

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

HSDPA Technology

Slot format 1(16QAM)

Bit Rate (kbps)

Symbol Rate (ksps)

SF

Bits/ HSDSCH subframe

Bits/ Slot

Nda ta

960

240

16
AND

1920

640

640

FIG 0-4 HSDPA PHYSICAL CHANNEL

TIME SEQUENCE

HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) bears the downlink user data. HS-DSCH TTI (interleave cycle) is 2 ms (three TSs), so the round-trip delay between UE and Node B is smaller during the re-transmission. The higher-phase modulation project (such as, 16 QAM) is introduced to add the instantaneous peak data rate. HS-DSCH supports the multi-code transmission and code multiplexing between different users. UE capability decides the maximum bytes and it is 15 in the prescriptions. UE can select 5, 10, or 15 bytes. The users monitor the HS-SCCH signaling and decide to use which HSDSCH byte for de-spreading and receive other necessary detection parameters. HS-DSCH code resources include one or more channelized codes whose SF (Spreading Factor) is 16 permanently. The available code resources can be shared on the time domain. For example, allocate one user with multiple channelized codes within one TTI (2 ms). The code multiplexing technology makes it possible to share the code resources in the code domain. Meanwhile, in the same TTI, several users share the channelized code resources, that is, the channelized codes fall into several subsets and then are allocated to different users. Therefore, HS-DSCH supports not only the transmission with smaller data traffic (only some channelized codes on HS-DSCH are required for the data transmission) but also the UE that can not de-spread all channelized code sets. HS-DSCH uses the shorter TTI (2 ms). The short TTI can decrease the radio link adaptation time delay and increase the
6 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

granularity of the scheduling process. Therefore, it can trace the changeable wireless environment better. The structure of the HS-DSCH time division and code division is as shown in Fig 0-5. The users share the downlink code resources and power resources, performing the time division multiplexing. This structure is applicable to the bursting packet data services.
FIG 0-5 MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE DIVISION
OF

HS-DSCH TIME DIVISION

AND

CODE

As shown in Fig 0-5, there are eight channelized codes (corresponding to eight HS-PDSCH) allocated to HSDPA. UE performs the time division multiplexing on these channelized codes, and at the same time, performs the code division multiplexing with the same TTI. For example, the first TTI in Fig 0-5, three channelized codes (three HS-PDSCH can be used to receive the data) are allocated to UE3 and five are allocated to UE1. In this mode, the transmission with smaller data traffic (not all channelized codes are required) can be supported more flexible to meet UEs with different capabilities. The protocol dives the UE capability into twelve types, supporting five, ten, fifteen bytes. Therefore, the channelized codes are required to be allocated to different subsets, that is, code division multiplexed to different UE. The number of subsets is variable, related to the Node B packet scheduling policy. However, the code allocated to a specific UE does not contain the capability beyond its receiving codes.

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

HSDPA Technology

TABLE 0-2 PACKET DATA COMPARISON CHANNEL

OF

HS-DSCH

AND

OTHER DOWNLINK

Channel Type SF Modulation Mode Power Control

HS-DSCH 16 GPSK/16QAM Fixed/Slow power control L1 implements the packet combination 2 ms Turrbo coding

DSCH 256 ~ 4 GPSK Fast power control based on DCH RLC layer

DCH 512 ~ 4 GPSK Fast power control at 1.5 khz RLC layer

FACH 256 ~ 4 GPSK Fixed/Slo w power control RLC layer

HARQ

Interleaving Length Channel Coding Project

10 ~ 80 ms Turbo and convolution al coding

10 ~ 80 ms Turbo and convolutional coding

10 ~ 80 ms Turbo and convoluti onal coding Yes

Transmission Channel Multiplexing Soft Switchover Version

No

Yes

Yes

No R5

No R99

Yes R99

No R99

HS-SCCH
Besides transmitting the user data, the Node B transmits the control signaling to inform the next UE to wait for the scheduling. The control signaling is borne on HS-SCCH. HSSCCH can be time-division shared by all users. Compared with the corresponding HS-DSCH TTI, HS-SCCH should be transmitted two slots earlier compared with the corresponding HS-DSCH TTI.

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

FIG 0-6 RELATION

OF

HS-SCCH

AND

HS-DSCH TIME SEQUENCE

D o w n li n k D C H

1s t T S 2n d T S R e c e iv e d c o d e bit

D o w n l i n k D C H ti m i n g i s u n re l a te d t-o H S SC C H

HS-SCCH bears the physical layer control signaling on HS-DSCH for the decoding, such as, the adopted modulation coding policy, channelized code, and HARQ. If the re-transmission or error packet data occurs, this channel contains the possible physical layer data combination. According to the maximum user number of the multiplexing, UTRAN allocates the HS-SCCH. FI the HSDSCH does not bear the data,. Node B does not need to transmit HS-SCCH. In addition, Node B can maintain the abundant HS_SCCH but a single UE can support the reception of at most four HS-SCCH. The network sends the signaling to inform the UE of the HS-SCCH to receive. Each HS-SCCH message module can hold three TSs, falling into two parts. The first part (the first TS) bears the signaling sensitive to the timing, which is to start the modulation process at the regular time to avoid the buffering of the code-level data. The second part (the rest two TSs) bear the signaling insensitive to the timing, including the reliability CRC (Cycle Redundant Check) codes of the HS-SCCH message and HARQ processing messages. The two parts of HS-SCCH signaling perform the scrambling with UE dedicate masks (in CRC), convenient for the UE to judge whether the received HS-SCCH is sent to itself. The first part parameters of HS-SCCH include: The code bit number to de-spread the HS-DSCH; the channelized code set allocation information 7 bit; the scheduling policy information 1 bit; modulation mode; ID for HS-DSCH in QPSK or 16 QAM, 1bit. Redundant information, used to perform the correct decoding and data combination with the data received previously, 3 bit; ARQ processing number, indicating the ARQ S.N. that the current data belongs to; the first transmission ID or retransmission ID, indicating whether to combine the current data with the data in the buffer (the data not correctly decoded previously) or to discard the previous data and fill the buffer with the new data, 1 bit; the length of the transmission module, 6 bit.

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

HSDPA Technology

HS-DPCCH
HSDPA introduces one HS-DPCCH on the uplink, which bears the uplink control signaling. That is, HS-DPCCH bears the CQI and H-ARQ message, ACK/NACK. In Node B, the downlink quality is fed back to decide which UE to transmit to and what rate to transmit at. HS-DPCCH adds the new uplink channels on the parallel code channel, because not all Nodes B can be upgraded to support HSDPA.
FIG 0-7 STRUCTURE
OF

HS-DPCCH CHANNEL

CQ I fe edbac k 2,560 c ode chips D a ta 2,560 c ode c hips D ata 2,560 c ode c hips D ata

HS-DPCCH falls into two parts, which bears the following parameters. ACK/NACK: Reflecting the results of the packet data decoding and CRC result after the combination. CQI of the downlink: Indicating the length of the transmission module that can be received correctly, the length of the transmission module that is estimated to receive the data on the downlink, the modulation mode, and the number of the parallel channels.

HSDPA Key Technologies

AMC
In the mobile wireless surroundings, the quality that UE receives the signals depend on the distance between Node B and UE and the channel attenuation (slow lognormal-fading and fast Rayleigh-fading). According to the change on the time-varying attenuation channel, the link adaptation technology adjusts the transmission power, symbol rate, modulation orders, coding rate, code plan, or combining the above factors to balance the link at the real time. As a result, the system capacity is increased and the communication quality is improved. The fast power control that the traditional WCDMA adopts is a kind of link adaptation technology. For the UE close to Node B, the power control can not decrease
10 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

the power to the largest degree. That is, when the power adjustment reaches over 20 dB, the capacity is limited to increase. HSDPA link adaptation function and AMC enabled the UE near Node B with coding modulation combination (for user near the Node B, the data throughput on the downlink can be increased to the largest degree with the high-phase modulation and higher coding rate. When the channel is in poor quality, AMC selects the low-phase modulation and lower coding rate) of Ec/Ior (receiving signal power/local cell interference). As a result, the user throughput is increased unconditionally. AMC is the typical link adaptation technology adopted in HSDPA. Its core ides is to select the best downlink modulation and coding mode according to the wireless channel quality (CQI repot) that the current UE reports and the usage of the network resources, to determine the rate of data transmission. Thus, the data throughput of the terminal users in greatly increased and the transmission delay is reduced. The data rate is adjusted by changing the modulation policy, effective coding rate and the number of HS-PDSCH codes. When the user is at the favorable place (near the Node B), select the coding mode (such as, 16 QAM, coding rate) with high-phase modulation and high rate to send the user data, getting the higher transmission rate. When the user is at unfavorable place, select the coding mode (such as, QPSK modulation and coding rate) with low-phase modulation and low rate, guaranteeing the communication quality. With HSDPA, one user can use at most fifteen multicode channels. In R99, the physical channels use the variable SF and fast power control technology. HSDPA uses the AMC (change the modulation and coding format according to the temporary change on the channel), multi-code transmission, fast and effective re-transmission system. HSDPA users can change the rate according to the modulation mode, coding mode, and the number of the code channels, as shown in Table 0-3.
TABLE 0-3 HSDPA RATE

Modulation Mode and Coding Mode QPSK 1/4 QPSK 1/2 QPSK 3/4 16QAM 1/2 16QAM 3/4

Data rate (One Code) 120kbps 240kbps 360kbps 480kbps 720kbps

Data rate (Five Codes) 600kbps 1.2Mbps 1.8Mbps 2.4Mbps 3.6Mbps

Data rate (10 Codes) 1.2Mbps 2.4Mbps 3.6Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps

Data rate (Fifteen Codes) 1.8Mbps 3.6Mbps 5.4Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.8Mbps

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

11

HSDPA Technology

Fast HARQ
ARQ is to ask for the re-transmission as soon as the data transmission fails once. In the wireless transmission, the transmission quality is poor because of the channel noise, attenuation due to the mobility, and the interference due to other users. To guarantee the communication quality, the data packet must be protected. FEC (Forward Error Correction) codes are used for the protection, that is, transmit the extra bit overhead in the packet. Obviously, too many FEC codes make the transmission efficiency become lower. Therefore, HARQ, a new hybrid error correction method that is the combination of the ARQ and FEC, has appeared. 3GPP introduces HARQ into HSDPA, reducing the time delay and increasing the efficiency of the data transmission. HARQ is a technology that combines FEC with the retransmission. It adjusts the transmission rate of the channels according to the link situations, and combines FEC with the retransmission. It is a fast and effective re-transmission system. In the case of decoding failure, the receiving party saves the received data and requires the sending party to send the data again. The receiving party combines the re-transmitted data with the data received previously. HARQ technology can increase the system performance and adjust the rate of the effective elements flexibly. If the data decode fails within one TTI, the data will be retransmitted in the following several TTIs. Once the data is retransmitted, UE combines the data of the current version with the data re-transmitted currently, greatly increasing the probability of the re-transmission success. The re-transmission will cease until the data is decoded successfully or reaches the pre-defined maximum attempt times. HARQ occurs in Node B, so the re-transmission request can operate very fast. HARQ can run in two modes. One is CC (Chase Combine) or Soft Combining, that is, the re-transmission data is same as the initial transmission. The other is IR (Incremental Redundancy), that is, the retransmission data is different from the initial transmission. The performance of IR is better than CC or Soft Combining, because it can produce the diversity gains and increases the coding efficiency. However, IR also requires larger memory at the receiving end. The defaulted memory capacity at the terminal is designed according to the maximum data rate that the terminal can support and the Soft Combining mode. Therefore, only Soft Combining mode can be used when the data is transmitted at the largest rate. When the data is transmitted at lower rate, both modes can be used. IR will increase the complexity, such as, the UE memory. 3GPP does not prescribe which mode to use. CC can be regarded as a special form of IR. AMC is inconvenient when selecting a suitable modulation and coding mode. The measurement for performing AMC may cause
12 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

the time delay. ARQ can automatically adapt to the temporary channel condition and is insensitive to the measurement delay and errors. HSDPA combines AMC with HARQ nicely, achieving the better link adaptation effect. AMC provides the rough data rate selection while HARQ provides the precise rate adjustment based on the channel condition. In R99, the transmission channel ceases at RNC, so the packet data is re-transmitted in SRNC. With the introduction of HSDSCH, Node B supports the MAC layer of HSDPA function. As a result, Node B can directly control the re-transmission, increases the re-transmission rate, and decreases the delay of the packet data. In HSDPA, to lead in the traffic control system, the interface between Node B and RNC should ensure that the Node B buffer can be read and written normally, avoiding the data loss caused by the buffer overflow.

Fast Scheduling
MAC-hs function is newly added in Node B, implementing the fast packet scheduling of HSDPA and the real-time control of HSDSCH. The packet scheduling algorithm controls the fast allocation of the shared resources, deciding the efficiency and performance of AMC and HARQ to some degree. The packet scheduling algorithm can best allocates the shared resources according to the quality of the wireless channels, the data throughput waiting to transmit, service PRI, UE capacity level, and the allocable resources. To suit the fast change on the wireless channels, HSDPA puts the scheduling functional unit in Node B instead of RNC. The transmission intervals decrease to within 2 ms. The typical packet scheduling is the Round-Robin realtime scheduler. The users are served in order and by time, so the time allocated to each user is same. However, the advanced scheduling method is applicable because HSDPA has a high scheduling rate and large AMC dynamic range. The channels are allocated according to the current wireless surroundings. Proportional fair packet scheduler is applicable because the order to provide service to UE depends on the relative temporary channel quality, that is, this scheduler tries to trace the fast attenuation feature of the wireless channel. Since the UE gets the services according to the relative surroundings, each user can get the similar time but the system capacity increase by over 50%.

Mobility Management
The mobility procedures of HSDPA are different from the soft switchover, where the UE keeps the HS-DSCH connection with only one cell. In CELL_DCH status, UE moves from the Source

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

13

HSDPA Technology

HS_DSCH Cell to the Target HS-DSCH Cell, depending on the measurement report of UE and other information at the network side. The network side controls the whole mobile process. Updating the service cell is the soft-switchover process based on CELL_DCH status, implemented by RRC signaling process.
FIG 0-8 HSDPA MOBILITY

Keep the configurations and the active sets of the dedicate physical channels when updating the service cells and combine them with the setup, release, and re-configuration of the dedicate channels, or with the active set update during the soft switchover. The service cell update falls into the synchronous update and asynchronous update. The synchronous update is that the network side controls the start and end of the sending and receiving. The asynchronous update is that start and stop the data sending and receiving at the UE and network side as quickly as possible. The service cells can be updated between cells in the same Node B (intra Node B), or between cells in different Node B (inter Node B), which is transparent for UE. In the inter Node B process, Node B re-location of the service HS-DSCH may occur.

HSDPA Terminal Requirements

UE Type
As a whole, HSDPA terminal (UE) includes the handy terminal

14

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

(cell phone), data card, and testing UE (tester). HSDPA UE falls into twelve categories, Category 1 ~ Category 12, according to the receiving capability. Different UE has different number of code channels that UE supports, the minimum transmission intervals, the maximum transmission module size, the soft channel bit, and the stimulated buffer. UE of Category has the poorest receiving capability, Category 10 has the best, and Category 7 and 8 have the medium.

Working Mode
HSDPA network supports both the UE with HSDPA function and without HSDPA function. To obtain the better and faster network services, HSDPA network suggests using the dual-mode (GPRS/HSDPA) or multimode (GSM/GPRS/HSDPA) terminal. The lowest requirements of the terminal to access the HSDPA network is same as R99, that is, the common WCDMA terminal. The future WCDMA terminal will increase the uplink access bandwidth with HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) technology.

Frequency Band
The uplink is 1920 ~ 1980 MHz and the downlink is 2110 ~ 2170 MHz. The multi-mode terminal supporting GSM/GPRS supports the requirements of the corresponding frequent band. When accessing the HSDPA network, the interval of the transmitting channel and its duplexing receiving channel is 134.8 MHz ~ 245.2 MHz. The work mode, frequency band, and frequency intervals can be selected manually. The default values are Auto.

Service Function Requirements

HSDPA terminal capacity levels is required to be CLASS A, which supports the concurrence of the CS domain voice and PS domain data, supporting the transmission power levels of Class 3 (24 dBm) and Class 4 (21dBm). Voice service: AMR12.2 K Emergent call function: Supporting to make emergent calls no matter the USIM/SIM card is inserted normally or is not inserted. Supporting SMS (Short Message Service) Supporting USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data)

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

15

HSDPA Technology

Data bearer service: All combined bearer services Suggestions for other services:

When there is a new call accessing, the users should be reminded with obvious visual symbols and ring tones. When there is a call missed, the users should be reminded and the related records should be saved. The call records should contain the dialed, received, and missed calls. Numbers can be directly dialed from the contacts, records, and short messages.

16

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter

HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

Highlights

HSDPA technical characteristics HSDPA solutions of ZTE

HSDPA Technical Characteristics

The comparison of R99 and HSDPA is as shown in
TABLE 0-4 R99/HSDPA TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Table 0-4.

Item System Capacity (Mbps) Code Resource Allocation

R99 2.668 DPCH: Keep the high usability rate of the code table Hard switchover Soft/Softer switchover Inter-system switchover Open-loop power control and closedloop power control QPSK Fast power control

HSDPA 14.4 (physical layer) HS-PDSCH: Allocate SF = 16 from right to left HS-SCCH: Same as DPCH

System Switchover

Only hard switchover on HS-PDSCH

Power control Modulation Mode Link adaptation

HS-PDSCH uses the slow power control or does not use the power control QPSK/16QAM AMC, HARQ, short frame

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

17

HSDPA Technology

Item technology Bit Scrambling/Descrambling MAC-hs

R99 and soft switchover N/A N/A

HSDPA and fast channel feedback Only for HS-PDSCH For the fast scheduling

HSDPA network supports such high-speed PS (packet Service) as HS-DSCH bearer streaming services (Type S), interactive services (Type I), and background services (Type B), and DCH bearer data and realtime voice. Type S includes the streaming services, such as, IPTV, VOD (Video On Demand). Type I includes the services in User Request Server Response mode, including the network education, mobile bank, online game, location service. Type B includes the services insensitive to the time delay but sensitive to the errors, such as, data download, E-mail, SMS. The attributes of the services are as shown in Table 0-5.
TABLE 0-5 SERVICE ATTRIBUTES

Servic e Strea ming service Interac tive service Backgr ound service Realti me voice

Bear er Mode

Requireme nts for Rate High, and the bit rate should be ensured Low

Requirem ents for Time Delay Low

Requirem ents for Data Error Very high

Requireme nts for Network Resources More

HSDSCH

Low

High

Less

No requirement s DCH Very low

Very long

Very high

There are idle resources. More

Low

Low

WCDMA of ZTE supports the concurrence of the HSDPA services and non-HSDPA services (such as, voice and videophone), and the dynamic allocation of the code resources and power resources. Usually, the spectrum frequency is indicated with the data throughput per MHz and per cell of the transmitted services. WCDMA spectrum frequency is high, as shown in Table 0-6.

18

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

TABLE 0-6 SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY COMPARISON

Item R99 HSDPA CDMA2000 1x EV-DO CDMA2000 1x EV-DV

Spectrum Efficiency ( kbit /( MHz Cell ) 537.6 2795.2 1920 2472 4000 7 PS384k Fifteen code channels whose SF = 16 TDMA Release C Release D

HS-PDSCH uses the spreading factors whose SF = 16, so it has smaller processing gains. Its coverage radius is smaller than that of CS12.2 k voice (SF = 128) and larger than PS384 k (SF=8). Usually, the coverage radius of the HSDPA is same as that of PS128 k (1036m) in R99. The cell radius of CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO is usually 907.5 m and it is 643.7 m in dense areas.

Co-CF/Hetero-CF Interference and Capacity Analysis

When the basic R99 network construction completes and is ready to update to HSDPA, the first thing to consider is the frequency planning. In brief, HSDPA selects the R99 band or a new band to be the working frequency. This section will analyze the WCDMA inter-frequency interference. When the operators complete the single-CF (Carrier Frequency) coverage in the initial network construction, they will add CFs on the network to absorb the traffic. The common method is to add the power amplifier and to use the dual-CF. Using two macro/micro cells with different CFs may result in the power leaking between networks, and cause the interference finally. WCDMA networking research of ZTE finds that R99 macro BS constructs the hierarchical network with dual-CF, but the interfrequency isolation makes the interference smaller between the two layers of the cells.

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

19

HSDPA Technology

FIG 2- HETERO-CF NETWORKING

OF

MACRO CELL

N o c oCF inte rfe re nc e 1st c o-CF interfere nc e 2nd co inte rfe re nc e -CF

According to TS25.942, the power attenuation difference between the adjacent CF is 33 dB and that of the second neighboring CF is 43 dB. Considering the ACLR of the dynamic channel, the difference may be larger. The difference between the CF channels prevents the interference between dual-CF from affecting the performance of the whole system. The capacities of the macro cell on Layer A and that on Layer B change when there is no inter-interference, when the first neighboring CF is configured, and when the second neighboring CF is configured. This change should be taken into consideration when performing the emulation: The macro cell on Layer A share the site with the macro cell on Layer B, so except the CF, all other parameters are same. There are interferences between cells of difference frequencies but they interfere with each other very little. The first neighboring frequency macro cell interferes the inter-system a little larger than the second neighboring frequency macro cell does. The system capacity that each carrier of the dual-carrier system corresponds to is larger than the system overhead that the single-carrier system results in. The emulation results show that the power that the first neighboring frequency configuration results in is about 7 mw larger than the ideal BS power of the system without inter-frequency interference, and the power that the second neighboring frequency configuration results in is 6 mw larger than the power that the first neighboring frequency configuration does. Therefore, there is no need to calculate the inter-layer interference caused by the hierarchical networking of the hetero-frequency configuration. To save the frequency resources, the operators usually adopt the plan that HSDPA shares the power with R99 in the initial phase. Therefore, the power resources reserved for HSDPA may have effect on the previous R99 network capacity.

20

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

FIG 2- STIMULATION VOICE USER)

OF

DOWNLINK CAPACITY

AND

TRANSMISSION

POWER (12.2

As shown in Fig 2Stimulation of Downlink Capacity and Transmission Power (12.2 k Voice User), when the transmitting power of the system is 10 W (4W is the common channel overhead), the system can support about thirty-one users. When the transmitting power is 20 W, the system can support about forty users. That is, when R99 shares the same CF with HSDPA, the power resources for the previous R99 users can be allocated to HSDPA users. When the downlink power allocated to HSDPA users reaches 10 W, R99 network still supports thirty-one users, which is about 77% of the power in the case of the full power configuration, 20 W. With the increase of the actual power that the HSDPA users spend, the interference in the same CF increases too. Therefore, the capacity of R99 network decreases. Since WCDMA and HSDPA users are not so many in the initial phase, when guaranteeing the certain capacity oft the previous R99, preserve some power (such as, 30 ~ 50%) to HSDPA users by configuring the power statically. The appropriate power allocation method can both satisfy the R99 capacity and provide some HSDPA services.

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

21

HSDPA Technology

FIG 2-

RELATION

OF

R99 CAPACITY

AND

DOWNLINK TRANSMISSION POWER

100 90 80 70 BS DL TxPwr Assign 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 55

60

65

70

75 80 85 90 R99 Capabilty Object %

95

100

105

FIG 2-

INFLUENCE

OF

HSDPA PRESERVED POWER

ON

R99 CAPACITY

100 90 80 R99 Capabilty Object % 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10

10

20 30 40 HSDPA Pwr Assign %

50

60

70

HSDPA is a downlink technology, sensitive to the downlink power allocation. The power allocation directly influences the user number threshold of the R99 downlink. As shown in Error: Reference source not found and Error: Reference source not found, when configuring the HSDPA in the same CF, to reach 100% of the R99 downlink capacity (forty-two users in emulation), allocation all downlink power of the BS to R99 services. To reach 60%, allocate 35% of the power to the R99
22 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

services and the saved power can be preserved for HSDPA services. The more power is preserved for HSDPA services, the larger effect will be on R99 services. It is preferred to preserved 30 ~ 50 % of the power for HSDPA services, and the loss of R99 capacity can be controlled within 75 ~ 80%, which is tolerant.

HSDPA Solutions of ZTE

HSDPA Introduction Policy
The HSDPA technology provides the high-rate data service downloading service and the first thing to research is the application requirements for the data service model. In 3G times, different user groups have different characteristics. The middle-end and high-end user group ask for superior services, such as, video stream services, high-speed file downloading service. Domestic/Overseas data analysis prove that the high-speed services occupy about 10 ~ 30%, which is low. The number of the high-end users is one-fourth of the low-end users but the throughput of a single high-end user is four times of the low-user. The analysis can be the reference when introducing the HSDPA policy. There are three methods to introduce HSDPA: HSDPA independent networking HSDPA global network coverage, based on WCDMA R99/R4 Build HSDPA network in key districts on the basis of WCDMA R99/R4, to construct the quality network. It costs a lot if building the HSDPA network independently and CS/PS concurrence services can not be supported. Therefore, only HSDPA sharing the network with R99/R4 can solve the problems. ZTE introduces he HSDPA into R99/R4 network as the enhanced technology for the network performances. HSDPA is introduced into the current WCDMA R99/R4 is a good policy, which makes the HSDPA smoothly updated on the current network and saves the construction cost. In planning, WCDMA covers from the dense cities and common cities to suburbs and villages. The analysis on the service model proves that the main services of the low-end user group are voice and short message services and they ask for little for high-speed data services. Most high-end users who are sensitive to the highspeed services gather in the high-class office building, hotels, and apartments in the dense cities, where the WCDMA network emphasize on in the planning. HSDPA can be introduced into these

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

23

HSDPA Technology

key places, satisfying the requirements of the high-end users and setting up the surroundings for the high-speed service market. When all conditions get mature, increase the market shares by enlarging the HSDPA site range and adding CFs in the key districts. ZTE suggests setting up districted quality network of HSDPA in the initial WCDMA network construction, or, if the cost allowing, setting up WCDMA R99/R4 network that can be updated to HSDPA in the whole network construction. The second plan is to enable HSDPA services in the key districts and then with the maturity of 3G network, enlarging the HSDPA scale by enabling the HSDPA function in the peripheral BSs step by step. Some districts without a lot of people settled may become the hot spots of HSDPA services, such as, high-class holiday inns and scenic areas. In this case, the second plan has more advantages. Select the BS equipment whose software supports the HSDPA upgrade, avoiding the construction cost due to the hardware change in the latter phase and avoiding the network operation risk. ZTEs series BSs support upgrading to HSDPA in the software, so during the network construction, the whole WCDMA network can be set up to support software upgrading to HSDPA. After the network comes into operation, HSDPA services can be enabled step by step in where required according to the operators requirements. The advanced protocol structure enables the network to upgrade to HSDPA in the software and the HSDPA can be deployed in the whole network rapidly and reliably.

HSDPA Networking Policy

HSDPA Sharing CF with R99/R4
There are two policies for HSDPA sharing the CF with R99/R4: HSDPA shares the same CF with WCDMA R99/R4 and HSDPA sets up the independent network with different CF with WCDMA R99/R4. 1 HSDPA shares the CF with R99/R4 HSDPA and WCDMA work at the same frequency band and share the same CF, BS power, channelized codes. They do their own best in the uniform scheduling of the system, enabling the users to enjoy the overall network services. The advantages for the plan of HSDPA sharing the CF with WCDMA: WCDMA supports CS/PS services and HSDPA supports the high-speed data service shared CF and power, which makes the resources utilized to the most.
24 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

Flexible to select services and avoid such problems as UE cell selection and residence due to different CF. Supporting CS/PS concurrence services. Guaranteeing the same coverage as WCDMA low-speed data services. The link budget results indicate that when the BS transmission power is 40 dBm, the CS64K video phone service of the HSDPA and WCDMA have the same maximum pathloss. That is, when the remaining transmission power is abundant, the coverage range of the HSDPA service and WCDMA traditional services are same. The upgrade is easy and rapid. The cost is saved. The problems for the plan of HSDPA sharing the CF with WCDMA: How to allocate the power appropriately for WCDMA service and HSDPA service. How to allocate the code resources and how to schedule. The HSDPA users at the cell edge can perform the hard switchover or switch by transferring from CELL_DCH (HSPDSCH) state to CELL_DCH (DCH) state. Which switchover policy is better to guarantee the switchover success ratio in different switchover cases? Co-CF interference. When HSDPA users and R99 users share the same CF, the radio resources are shared, too. The configuration modes are the static configuration and dynamic configuration. The static configuration is that HSDPA and R99 allocate such radio resources as the power and the codes at the fixed proportion. The static configuration mode is simple and it can keep the system stable and reliable. This mode is usually applied in HSDPA Phase I. The dynamic configuration is that the system allocates the radio resources flexibly between HSDPA services and R99 service according to the load. The dynamic configuration mode is complicated. In this mode, the utilization ratio of the system resources is improved. This mode is usually applied in HSDPA Phase II. The trigger system is applicable to the dynamic configuration mode, such as, periodically or event triggering. The dynamic configuration is to change the radio resources proportion of R99 and HSDPA according to the actual cases. 2 HSDPA and R99/R4 use different CF

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

25

HSDPA Technology

HSDPA performs the networking with WCDMA R99/R4 with different CF and forms another layer of the network. To avoid the switchover between different CF bands, HSDPA only provides the high-speed data services. Usually, WCDMA data card users are only provided with PS domain service and the CS domain services are not supported. R99/R4 network performs the bearer solution on the voice service in CS domain independently. The guidance policy in PS domain is that the low-speed PS services go to R99/R4 first and the high-speed services gather on HSDPA. In this project, HSDPA and R99/R4 can perform the networking independently and they will not influence with each other. The problems when HSDPA uses the different CF with R99/R4 in the initial network construction phase: HSDPA needs one carrier allocated independently, so the cost for the network construction is high. The users are not so many in the initial phase, so R99/R4 and HSDPA can occupy a respective carrier. The sharing capacity is low and the overall network performance decreases. In the initial network construction, ZTE does not suggest this hetero-CF plan. When the network develops to a certain degree and the PS users increases step by step, a network can be set up with a dependent frequency band to support only PS domain data card. Meanwhile, attract more common mobile phone users with the coCF plan at other frequency bands.

Indoor HSDPA Planning

According to the experience of ZTE oversea WCDMA commercial network, most 3G users and data traffic are indoors. Therefore, the indoor system plays a very important part in the HSDPA network. In different kinds of large buildings, the building functions decide the type of the people inside it. Their mobile possession ratio and the utilization ratio are different. The objects of the indoor distributed system are the large buildings where the indoor signals have poor coverage, the traffic is large, and the requirements for the communication quality are high. When analyzing the indoor users, because of the difference of the user behaviors, make different estimations for different areas in the building and then sum them up. Decide whether to perform the HSDPA indoor distributed system according to the services. The fields to perform the HSDPA indoor
26 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

distributed system include the civil aviation airports, exhibition centers/conference centers/indoor gymnasiums, commercial office buildings, hotels. Combining with the experience of ZTE GSM and CDMA indoor distributed system construction, the following problems should be considered during the indoor HSDPA planning: 1. Extracting the signal source The extraction principle: Calculate the capacity requirements according to the user quantity and service requirements. Combing with the capacity index of the signal source, considering about the idle or occupied capacity of the surrounding BSs, using the corresponding signal source as the signal source of the indoor distributed system, the signal source are reasonably make use of. The indoor HSDPA can select the following signal sources: Macro cell, micro cell, RF remote, and pico cell. ZTE |suggests using Pico Cell and Pico RRU as HSDPA indoor signal source. They can be placed independently in the key districts indoors as HSDPA coverage, prevent from sharing the indoor distributed antenna system with other indoor system (WCDMA R99/GSM/PHS, etc.). In the case of indoor and without obstacles, Pico Cell can cover the area whose radius is 400 m. The indoor surroundings are complicated. Usually, in the case of one layer of walls, each Pico Cell covers the area whose radius is smaller than 40 m. In this case, a single carrier provides eighty voice users or sixty-four HSDPA users, which can satisfy the common indoor applications. Pico Node B is small and consumes low power. It is easy to install indoors. Pico Node B is a WCDMA Node B product that can satisfy the Pico Cell coverage. Pico Node B is equipped with the complete Uu and Iub interfaces, meeting 3GPP specifications. Pico RRU is a RF remote device that can be used with the baseband pool. Uu interface can meet 3GPP specifications. It does not have Iub interface. The data and control interaction is performed through the fiber and baseband pool connection, Pico Node B and Pico RRU belongs to Pico Cell series products. The difference is that Pico RRU does not have the baseband processing function and does not have the Iub interface. Pico RRU is easy to operate on and maintain. For other functions, Pico Node B and Pico Pico RRU have the same performances. Pico Cell and Pico RRU cover independently when there is larger user traffic. In this case, each layer uses several Pico Nodes B for the coverage. Each Pico Node B connects the RNC in the equipment through the network cable or the fiber. The advantages are: Every Pico Node B can provide services, which is very effective for the traffic in hot spots.

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

27

HSDPA Technology

It avoids a lot of engineering jobs of the indoor distributed system, such as, drilling holes on the wall, etc. It is most suitable when the real estate does not allow the construction. Saving the cost of the passive apparatus, such as, expensive RF feeders and leaked cables. More Pico Nodes B are used in the project. With the same cost, Pico Node B networking can obtain higher gains. 2. Indoor coverage system mode R99 indoor coverage system falls into the distributed antenna coverage system and the leaking cable coverage system. The distributed antenna coverage system falls into the passive coaxial distributed antenna system, active coaxial distributed antenna system, and fiber distributed antenna system. HSDPA has large transmitting power. Therefore, the power increase of a single HSDPA distributed antenna will result in the overall power increase of other antennas. Take care when using the indoor distributed antenna. In the initial phase of the network construction, cover from he outdoor to indoor through a certain sector signals of the outdoor macro cell. Set up the indoor coverage through the micro cell, RF remote, and pico cell in the buildings where abundant HSDPA are required. The equipment can prevent the overall power of several distributed antennas from ascending due to HSDPA. The cost is rather low. Especially the pico cells can be used greatly indoors. The above analysis proves that HSDPA indoor planning is different from R99 indoor planning. ZTE suggests using the micro cells and pico cells for HSDPA indoor planning and avoid the indoor coverage with the distributed antenna. Determine the key districts when making the HSDPA indoor planning, such as, the VIP rooms, conference rooms. The pico cells and micro cells with HSDPA can satisfy the requirements of the high-speed data services. R99 coverage can satisfy the common services. This plan is to configure HSDPA indoor system flexibly without changing the R99 indoor planning. Using the pico cells as HSDPA indoor system can save the cost and construct the network rapidly.

28

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

Influence of HSDPA Introduction on Current Network Planning

Influence on Code Resource Allocation
HSDPA is a high-speed shared downlink technology of WCDMA. One of its characteristics is the high-speed spreading spectrum code and multi-code transmission. Therefore, HSDPA asks for large code resources. The three dedicate physical channels of HSDPA are HSPDSCH, HS-SCCH, and HS-DPCCH. Their resources allocation has largest effect on the code resources of the whole cell. In R99, the downlink SF of CS12.2k service is 128. Excluding the common channel overhead, the system supports about 123 ~ 124 users. When the R99 is upgraded to HSDPA, some resources are allocated to HSDPA, so the previous R99 network will be affected. HS-PDSCH code resources are allocated from right to left. The occupies SF= 16 is 0 ~ 15. the cell common channels occupies eight SF= 256. In one TTI, one UE performing the HSDPA transmission needs at least one HS-SCCH (occupying SF = 128, equal to two SF = 256). One HS-SCCH needs at least one DPCCH (SF= 256, not supporting sharing, dedicate signaling). That is, one HSDPA UE needs three SF = 256. The HSDPA user occupying one code channel needs occupying the code resources equal to nine SF = 128 (HS-PDSCH + HS-SCCH) and one SF = 256 (DPCH). Calculating to 12.2 k voice user, it is equal to 9.5 users.
20 5 Ava b N m o SF 5 fo R 9 ila le u f 2 6 r 9

20 0

10 5

10 0

5 0

0 2

4 6 8 A ilale u oS1 f rHDA v b Nmf F6o SP a

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

Fig 0-9 Influence of Single HSDPA User Occupying HS-PDSCH Code Resources on R99

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

29

HSDPA Technology

Fig 0-9 indicates that a single HSDPA user consumes R99 code resources in the case of multi-code concurrence, supposing that this user has set up one HS-SCCH and one DPCCH. When the system does not allocate the code resources to HSDPA services, excluding the eight common channel code overhead whose SF is 256, there are 248 channelized codes whose SF = 16 for R99 services. More code tree resources whose SF is 16 are allocated to this user, and the code resources for R99 decreases linearly. When fifteen channelized codes whose SF is 16 are allocated to one HSDPA user, the code tree resources of this cell are used up and only five channelized codes whose SF is 256 are remained. Seeing the allocation of the code resources, R99 and HSDPA are in the linear relation in the code resource and they can interchange. In the initial phase of WCDMA network construction, R99 voice service and HSDPA data service do not have very strong requirements, so the static configuration mode is applicable to code resource allocation. Or, the foreground can perform the dynamic adjustment according to the change of the cell data throughput and user quantity. Usually, there are two dynamic allocation methods for the HSPDSCH quantity. One is to estimate the HS-PDSCH quantity according to the users requirements beforehand and adjust according to OMC configuration. This method is called as periodical adjustment. The other is to adjust the HS-PDSCH quantity dynamically by the foreground algorithm according to the proportion of the cell data throughput and voice services (co-CF supports HS-DSCH) or the packet data service user quantity (only supporting HS-DSCH). This method is called as the data throughput or user quantity adjustment.

Analysis on HSDPA Power Sharing

After the HSDPA function is introduced, two aspects of the power control methods are added: Allocation of HSDPA total power resources: Including HSDPA operation power allocation and dynamic allocation. The power control of HSDPA-related physical channels: The power control method of HS-PDSCH, HS-SCCH, and HSDPCCH. The location method of the HSDPA total power: RNC fixed allocation method: calculate the average data throughput in the corresponding areas beforehand. Estimate the quantity of HS-PDSCH to configure and
30 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

the corresponding power resources (the code resource should match the power resource). Configure the power percentage that HSDPA occupies in OMC. RNC dynamic allocation method: RNC allocates the initial HS-PDSCH And HSSCCH Total Power. When the system is running, RNC updates the HS-PDSCH And HS-SCCH Total Power dynamically because of the system load and the periodically triggering. Node B dynamic use: RNC does not allocate Node B with HS-PDSCH And HS-SCCH Total Power. Node B allocates the appropriate power to HSDPA according to the power that DPCH occupies. No matter which method is adopted to allocate the service power between HSDPA and R99, the final facto to affect the network traffic and user quantity is the power allocation proportion. In the initial phase of the network construction, the typical service of R99 is CS12.2 k voice service and that of the HSDPA is PS domain data services. The following will analyze the effect of HSDPA on R99 capacity from the power allocation aspect.
R 9C p b L s 9 a a ility o s 10 0

9 0 R99 User Num Percent %

8 0

7 0

6 0

5 0 H D Ah a y lo d S P ev a H D Alig t lo d SP h a

4 0

3 0 -1 3

-1 2

-1 1 -1 0 -9 -8 -7 T ta H D AP w r o e toB T P e (d ) o l S P o e ffs t s x wr B

-6

-5

-4

-3

Fig 0-10 Influence of HSDPA Power Allocation on R99 Capacity

Fig 0-10 indicates the influence that the different power allocated to HSDPA has on the R99 capacity. Supposing that R99 capacity uses

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

31

HSDPA Technology

the quantity of CS12.2 k voice users for the calculation, when the HSDPA power allocation is 0, the RR capacity reaches the maximum value, 100%. The more power is allocated to HSDPA, the smaller R99 capacity will grow. In Fig 0-10, the blue curve indicates the power resources preserved for HSDPA but the system does not bear the HSDPA services. The red curve indicates that the network bears the HSDPA services and the located power are all used. The two curves indicate two extreme cases. The space between the two curves indicates the R99 capacity that can be kept after the HSDPA power is allocated. For example, when the HSDPA power allocation offset is -5 dB, that is, the power allocated to HSDPA service is 38 dBm (43 5 = 38), R99 capacity can be kept at 60 ~ 85% of the maximum capacity. Thus, HSDPA has the effect on R99 and this effect is related to HSDPA power. In R99 network planning, it is usually planned to 50 ~ 75% of the load. When R99 network reaches the maximum capacity, the BS downlink power only occupies about 50%. That is, the remaining 50% BS power is preserved for the HSDPA service and R99 capacity will not decrease. However, if all the preserved power is sent for HSDPA service bearer, R99 capacity will get lost due to the co-CF interference.
R 9C p b L s 9 a a ility o s 10 0

9 0 R99 User Num Percent %

8 0

7 0

6 0

5 0 H D Ah ay lo d S P ev a H D Alig t lo d SP h a

4 0

3 0 -1 3

-1 2

-1 1

-0 1 9 -8 -7 6 T ta H D AP w r o e toB T P e (d ) o l S P o e ffs t s x wr B

-5

-4

-3

Fig 0-11 Influence of HSDPA Power Allocation on R99 Capacity (R99 Load 50%)

Fig 0-11 indicates the influence of HSDPA power resource allocation proportion on R99 capacity when R99 network downlink power load is at about 50%. R99 may contains more power
32 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

redundancies, so more power resources can be preserved for HSDPA and R99 capacity will not decrease suddenly. In Fig 0-11, the blue curve indicates when the preserved power resources are used for the HSDPA service transmission, the co-CF interference will occur on R99 users. The red curve shows the worse case that R99 capacity gets lost. Same as Fig 0-10, the space between the two curves indicates the R99 capacity loss that HSDPA services may bring. It is related to HSDPA service power. The lower R99 load is planned in the initial planning, the less R99 capacity will lose after HSDPA is introduced.

Influence of Channel Condition on HSDPA Network Performance

Theatrically, different load of the surrounding cells and different surroundings of the radio channels will have different influence on the HSDPA service throughput. The coverage of the interference factors in different throughput rate is as shown in Fig 0-12. The coverage of the orthognal factors in different throughput rate is as shown in Fig 0-13. When the HSDPA users are at the edge of the cell, the external interference becomes larger. You can study the system performances when the HSDPA users are at the edge of the cell by observing the change of Ior/Ioc.
6 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 Cll T r u h u ( b /s e ho g p t/ k it )

4 0 0 0 Ir c 3 o = / I o Ir c 1 o = / I o Ir c 0 o = / I o Ir co = / 1 I o Ir co = / 3 I o

3 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

1 0 0 0

0 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0 5 0 Ca a() ogt % v ee eR r

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

Fig 0-12 Influence of Interference Factor on Coverage Proportion in Specific Throughput

In Fig 0-12, the five curves (from up down, they are blue, red,

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

33

HSDPA Technology

green, light blue, pink) indicate the relation of the GHSDPA coverage rate and its throughput in the case of different interferences. When the radio surroundings are better, like the blue curve (Ior/Ioc = 3 dB), the throughput can support the wholenetwork coverage. When the radio surroundings are not good, like the pink curve (Ior/Ioc = -3 dB), the throughput is not within 0 ~ 100% of the effective coverage. Pay attention to the near end, such as, 0 ~ 30%. As shown in Fig 0-12, when the external interference that the users meet is little, HSDPA can support larger throughput when guaranteeing the certain coverage rate. To ensure the HSDPA resources made full use of, enable the UE in the favorable place to obtain the HSDPA resources through the admission control. For the UE far away from the BS or in the channel whose surrounding are bad, reduce the HSDPA information rate or switch to PS service for bearer on other dedicate channel.
70 0 0

60 0 0 C ll T r u h u k it/s e ho g p t/( b )

50 0 0

40 0 0

30 0 0

Ogl ar 0 roac =4 t n t . h Fo Ogl ar 0 roac =5 t n t . h Fo Ogl ar 0 roac =6 t n t . h Fo Ogl ar 0 roac =7 t n t . h Fo

20 0 0

10 0 0

0 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0 5 0 Crga( ) oaR % v et e e

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

Fig 0-13 Influence of Orthognal Factor on Coverage Proportion in Specific Throughput

In Fig 0-13, the five curves (from up down, they are blue, red, green, light blue, pink) indicate that the influence of the orthognal factors on the HSDPA is very obvious. Fig 0-13 indicates the curve of changing the orthognal factor when Ior/Ioc = 1 dB. In the above analysis, we have not given the absolute value of the HSDPA coverage radius, because this value gives limited reference when the channel surroundings, bearer services, and the antenna parameters change. However, to see the coverage of the low-speed HSDPA link, compare the emulate surroundings with the city surroundings, and compare the BS spaces and site distribution dense in the case of continuous coverage with R99 voice network.
34 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

From all above analysis, we can see that HSDPA has high requirements for the channel condition. The HSDPA throughput may change impetuously because of the change on the external interference factor and orthognal factor. Therefore, when the power allocation and the code resource allocation complete, the advantages of the HSDPA performances can develop best through the high-quality scheduling algorithm and switchover algorithm during the system operation.

Switchover Policy
HSDPA uses the service cell to upgrade, that is, the hard switchover. HS-PDSCH does not support the soft switchover, so there are no switchover gains. The HSDPA users at the cell edge can perform the hard switchover or switch from the CELL_DCH (HS-PDSCH) state to CELL_DCH (DCH) state.

1 9 8 7 DL Capability (kbps) 6 5 4 3 2 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

H R

S D 9 9

P P

A S

1 0

0 d

0 n

6 c e

0 ll _

8 r a

0 d

9 i u

0 s

1 %

is t a

/ c e

Fig 0-14 Comparison of HSDPA and R99 Traffic/Coverage

In Fig 0-14, we can see the difference of R99 (384k) and HSDPA in the coverage and throughput. The red real line indicates the R99 throughput. Because of the limited code resources, when UE is close to the BS, R99 throughput reaches the upper limit (7 384 K) and the throughout will not go up more. The red broken line indicates the R99 throughput without considering the limited code resources.

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

35

HSDPA Technology

In Fig 0-14, at the near end, HSDPA throughput is far better than R99 throughput. In the place of about 45% radius, HSDPA performance decreases to the level of R99. When the performance reaches 70%, it enters the R99 switchover area, so R99 obtains the switchover gains and the throughput gets the compensation. Therefore, the system can hold at a stable level. HSDPA does not have the switchover, so its throughput decreases sharp at the far end. A reasonable switchover policy can solve this problem. At the near end, users use HSDPA to increase the user data traffic. When the user moves away from the BS, switch the HSDPA service into DCH PS services. When the user moves to HSDPA service coverage area of another BS, switch the DCH PS service into HS-DSCH and switch back to HSDPA service. With the new switchover policy of HSDPA, the limited resources can be made best use of and the advantaged of HSDPA performance can be developed. The new switchover policy is the supplementary and extension of the previous R99 switchover policy, which bring as little performance loss to R99 network as possible.

Influence of HSDPA Introduction on Transmission Network

To introduce the HSDPA into WCDMA network construction in the initial phase, the requirements for the transmission resources of Iub interface increase a lot. In most places, the idle resources of the previous 2G network can not satisfy the requirements. The idea that 3G transmission borrows 2G transmission in Phase I and 2G transmission borrows 3G transmission in Phase II can not be set up. The transmission resources at Iub interface must be re-planned, for the transmission expansion or re-construction. No matter in the case of R99 co-CF or hetero-CF, some transmission resources should be preserved. HSDPA asks for more transmission resources, because Node B capacity increases and the user traffic model changes after the HSDPA is introduced. Cell throughput: R99 cell peak rate: 7 384 Kbps = 2.688 Mbps HSDPA cell peak rate: 15 960 Kbps = 14.4 Mbps After the HSDPA is introduced, the cell peak throughput increases to five times of the previous throughput. HSDPA cell peak rate of 3-carrier BS: 14.4 3 1.3 80% = 43.68 M In the formula, 1.3 is the factor after the transmission protocol overhead and 80% is the system load. The transmission bandwidth of Iub interface:
36 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

Considering about the traffic model, the quantity of the numbers distributed in the cell, the quantity of the Node B cells, and the traffic model are important in calculating the transmission bandwidth. A brief formula to calculate the Iub interface transmission bandwidth: Iub interface bandwidth (uni-directional) = Ncell (Nuser Ev Vv R + Nuser Ecs Vcs + Nuser Vps) (1 + Q)/{1/Y}
Thereinto:

Ncell is the quantity of the cells. Nuser is the quantity of the numbers distributed in the cell. Ev is the quantity of voice Erl of each user. Vv is the voice rate and R is the voice active factor. Ecs is the quantity of the video phone Erl of each user. Vcs is the rate of the video phones. Vps is the average data rate of each user. Q is the A transmission overhead. Y is the load factor. Conclusion: After the HSDPA is introduced, the cell peak throughput increases to five times of the previous throughput and the average throughput increases to twice. Considering about the peak rate and the traffic model, actual Iub transmission resources should take the value between theses two. In Phase I, it is preferred to preserve about five times of the transmission resources and preserve at least twice. Lastly, with the increase of HSDPA users and the decrease of the charge, more users will change the habits of using the service (including the voice services). Therefore, the traffic model will change and the transmission resources at all interfaces will be affected. Such effects we can not estimate now, so preserve abundant capacity when planning the transmission network and keep the well expansible capacity.

HSDPA Network Upgrade Evolution Policy

Equipment Upgrade Influence and Requirements
In 3GPP specifications, the introduction of the HSDPA is to add MAC-hs entity on the MAC layer. The MAC-hs entity locates on Node B, responsible for the HARQ operation and the corresponding

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

37

HSDPA Technology

scheduling. This change has the following effects on the network equipment. The following software functions are added onto Node B: HSDPA MAC functional module HSDPA FP functional module HSDPA control functional module HSDPA downlink processing module HSDPA uplink processing module The following software functions are added onto RNC: Modules related to HSDPA radio resource management HSDPA control plane processing module HSDPA user plane processing module Therefore, the equipment in the newly-constructed network should be prepared for updating to the HSDPA at any time. If the equipment hardware supports the smooth upgrade, the investment will not increase. After the HSDPA is introduces, the capacity requirements will increase. BS should support over two CFs and the mainstreaming BS should be expanded to support three CFs. HSDPA must consume the BS transmission power and channel processing resources. In Phase I, HSDPA services cover the hot spots. It shares the CF with R99 and then use the independent CF later. The following aspects should be taken into consideration for sharing the power amplifier resources and processing resources. Sharing the channel processing board resources: In one BS, the baseband resources are shared between different sectors of same CS, to increase the system soft capacity. When using the baseband pool + RF remote, the baseband resources are shared between different BSs in the unit of sector. The macro cell can share the baseband pool with the RRU attached to the macro cell. Sharing the power amplifier resources: Perform the multi-carrier power amplifier sharing in each sector Perform the multi-sector power amplifier sharing with the power amplifier resource pool The first method is to perform the multi-carrier combination in the digital intermediate frequency and to use only one transmit link to deal with the multi-carrier. Several carriers input the power amplifiers at the same time and share the power resources of the power amplifier. The total power of all carriers is the maximum rated power of the power amplifier. The power of each carrier can be set within this range randomly.
38 Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

Chapter 2 HSDPA Networking Policy and Network Planning

The second method is to use all the power amplifiers of the three sectors as one logic power amplifier. All CFs allocate the power to each power amplifier evenly through the power amplifier resource pool, so the power is equal on any power amplifier and the resources on any power amplifier can be taken full use of. This method brings some negative effects as well. The power amplifier resource pool uses the emulate apparatus, so it has larger effect on the carrier performance due to the large performance discretion, unbalanced range, and unbalanced phase. As a result, the EVM degrades because the due to the orthogonal of each CF goes bad. The interference between sectors increases. The performance of the whole network is affected. Lastly, the introduction of HSDPA makes the 3G network more attractive to the users and the number of users increases rapidly. Thus, the requirements of RNC/CN capacity and integration increase too. RNC/CN should support the smooth expansion and the effect on the network should be decreased to the best.

Network Evolution Policy

In Phase I of WCDMA network construction, R99 and R4 has no obvious differences at the radio side. With the increasing requirements of the users for the high-speed data services and the maturity of HSDPA technology, the radio network evolutes to HSDPA naturally. HSDPA technology evolutes too, so the following policies are applicable for the HSDPA introduction and evolution: 1. In Phase I, the HSDPA is introduced. Most data users are indoors and indoor data services consume a lot of outdoor BS power. Therefore, set up the HSDPA coverage indoors first and then connect all HSDPA coverage spots into pieces with the outdoor macro BS. Finally, all the city is covered. 2. The hardware has existed and the investment on the software upgrade is less. Therefore, in Phase II, medium/large cities and traffic trunks can be covered with HSDPA. 3. HSDPA evolutes phase by phase. It takes time for the network equipment and terminal to improve their supports of HSDPA. According to the requirements of the highspeed data services and operation, HSDPA evolution falls into two phases: Phase I: The network side supports ten code

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION

39

HSDPA Technology

bits and the cell downlink throughput is 7.2 Mbps. In Phase I, HSDPA services concentrate in the isolated islands, such as, indoor and hot spots. However, the cell traffic can reach the higher throughput. In Phase I, the terminal supports five code bits. The terminal develops faster than the network, so the frequent upgrading of the network should be taken into consideration. In Phase I, the network can satisfy the requirements of the operation and services within some time, which is more competitive compared with other technologies. Phase II: The network side supports fifteen code bits and the cell downlink throughput is 10.8 Mbps. In Phase II, the network can satisfy the requirements of the data service hot spots where the traffic is increasing further.

40

Confidential and Proprietary Information of ZTE CORPORATION