Science Module Form 2 - Chapter 4 Interdependence and Interactions

Science Module Form 2 - Chapter 4
Interdependence Among Living Organisms
Ecology : The study of interaction among organisms and the environment.
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
A group of
organisms with
same common
characteristics.
A group of
organisms of
the same
species living
together in a
habitat.
Combination of
different
population of
plants and
animals living
together in a
habitat.
Combination of
different
communities
and interaction
with non-living
things
(environment)
and living
things.
Example :
Habitat : Natural place where the organisms live and reproduce.
Species
Tiger, lion, deer. elephant
Birds, monkeys, squirrels
Tadpoles, eel
Dolphin, shark, fishes
Amoeba, Paramecium, Hydra
My blog : http://jomscorescience.blogspot
Habitat
jungle
tree
pond
sea
Fresh water pond
email : abianajaafar@yahoo.com
Interaction between Living Organisms
Interaction
between an
animal and
other
animals.
Intraspecies
Prey-predator
Interspecies
Competition
Interaction among organisms
in the same environment
competing for food, shelter,
light, water, space, minerals
and mates.
INTERACTION
Symbiosis
Commensalisms
Interaction between two
organisms in which one
benefits and the other is
not affected.
Examples:
Remora fish - shark
Interaction
Commensalisms
Mutualism
Parasitism
Mutualism
Parasitism

organisms in which both
benefit.

organisms in which one
benefits and the other is
harmed or killed.
Examples:
Examples:
Sea anemone hermit

crab
Consumer/commensal/parasite
Tape worm - human

Lice human
Host
Definition : a method to control the population of pests

in agriculture by using natural predators
Advantages
Disadvantages
Does not cause

Environmental Pollution
Wrong predator used

may kill useful organisms
Saves labour and cost
Difficult to obtain suitable

predators
Cannot build up
resistance
Predator used may upset

the ecosystem
Safe method as no
pesticide are used
Examples
Guppies are reared in
ponds to feed on the
eggs and larvae of
mosquitoes
Ladybird are used to feed
on Aphids
Snakes and owl are
reared in oil palm
plantations to kill rat
Food webs
Producers
Primary Consumers
Producers
Secondary consumers
Green plants which make their own food by photosynthesis
(a) Primary consumers are herbivores

(b) Secondary consumers are carnivores
(c) Tertiary consumers are bigger consumers
Consumers
Organisms that break down dead animal and plant materials

into simpler substances. eg: bacteria and fungi
Decomposers
Pyramids of numbers
Food Chain
Relative number of organisms at each level of a food chain.
Food Web
Pyramid of Numbers
Small
bird
Caterpillar
Paddy
Grasshopper
Rabbit
Plant
Snake
Tertiary consumers
Eagle
Snakes
Frog
Rats
Rat
Hawk
Snake
Paddy
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their own food from carbon
dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
Carbon
dioxid
e
+ wate Sun light

(chlorophyll
r
)
glucos + oxyge
e
n
Gas oxygen
product
Glucose which
is then turn into
starch
carbon dioxide
water
Exercise 4.1
Interdependence Among Living Organisms
1. Complete the following sentences with suitable words from the box.
Population
species
habitat
balanced
community
ecosystem
(a) A group of plants or animals resembling one another in form and

characteristics, and able to reproduce among themselves is called a
___________________.
(b) A ________________ is the area where an organisms lives.
(c) A group of organisms of the same kind living in a habitat forms a
________________.
(d) A ________________ is made up of many populations living together in a
particular place.
(e) An _________________ refers to a community of organisms living
together in a particular place with the non-living environment.
(f) When different communities interact with one another and their physical
environment, they form a _________________ ecosystem.
2. Predict three organisms you will be able to find in these habitats.
Habitat
Organisms
(a) Jungle
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b) Pond
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(c) Grassy field
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(d) Sea
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(
Exercise 4.2
Interaction between Living Organisms
Diagram 1
1. (a) Diagram 1 shows one type of interaction between organisms.
(i) The eagle is known as ______________________________________
(ii) The rabbit is known as ______________________________________
(b) Name the type of symbiosis below.
2. Diagram shows an interaction which exist in the root nodules of a leguminous

plant.
(a) Name the interaction involved.

___________________________________________________________
(b) Explain how the above interaction takes place.
___________________________________________________________
3. Diagram 2 shows the symbiotic interaction between a butterfly and a flower.
(a) What is the advantage gained by

(i)
the butterfly from the flower?
_____________________________________________________
(ii)
the flower from the butterfly?

_____________________________________________________
(b) State the type of symbiotic interaction that exists between the butterfly and
the flower.
___________________________________________________________
(c) A bird eats the butterfly at the moment the butterfly visiting the plant.
(i)
Build a food chain involving these organisms in the space provided

below.
_____________________________________________________
(ii)
State the primary consumer, secondary consumer and producer in

the food chain in 3 (c)(i).
Primary consumer : _____________________________________
Secondary consumer : ___________________________________
Tertiary consumer : _____________________________________
4. Match each of the following examples of relationships between organisms

with the correct type of interaction.
10
Exercise 4.3
Food Webs
1. The diagram shows the food web in a paddy field.
(a) Identify the following organisms in the above diagram by writing their
alphabets in the correct boxes provided.
Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
(b) Give two food chains to show the producer, primary consumer and
secondary consumer.
(i) ________________________________________________________
(ii) ________________________________________________________
(c) What happen if the population of owls in the food chain decreases?
(i) ________________________________________________________
(ii) ________________________________________________________
(d) Give a suggestion on how to increase the population of paddy fields.
___________________________________________________________
11
2. The diagram shows a food web in a maize farm.
(a) Label the components R, S, t and u in the above diagram using these
information.
Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
(b) If the populations of chickens and frogs decrease, what happens to the
population of :
(i) Maize
: _______________________________________________
(ii) Fox
: _______________________________________________
(iii) grasshopper
: __________________________________________
(c) Write two food chains from the food web above.
(i) ________________________________________________________
(ii) ________________________________________________________
3. The diagram below shows a complex food web.

Paddy plant
Bird
Snake
12
(a) Fill in the boxes in the above food web with the following:
Grasshopper
Frog
Rat
(b) Write a food chain in the box below based on the diagram.
(c) Which is the tertiary consumer?

___________________________________________________________
4. Diagram belows shows a food web.

Caterpillar
Bird
Snake
Grass
Grasshopper
Frog
(a) Write out all the food chains in the web.

(i) ________________________________________________________
(ii) ________________________________________________________
(iii) ________________________________________________________
(iv) ________________________________________________________
(b) Name the secondary consumers in the food web.
___________________________________________________________
(c) Table shows the number of organisms in an ecosystem.
Organisms
P
Q
R
S
Number
120
2 000
5
600
Based on the table construct a pyramid number.
13
5. The table below shows the number of four organisms.
Organisms
Grass
Frog
Grasshopper
Snake
Number
2 000
25
500
3
(a) Construct a pyramid of numbers to represent the above data.
(b) Draw a food chain to represent the above data.

___________________________________________________________
(c) The frogs are infected by a disease and all of them die. What will happen
to :
(i) the grasshopper?
________________________________________________________
(ii) the grass?
________________________________________________________
(iii) the snake?
________________________________________________________
14
6. Diagram below shows a food web in an agriculture farm.
(a) Which organism is a producer?

_____________________________________________________
(b) Explain your answer in (a)
_____________________________________________________
(c) Which animals are :
(i) Primary consumers : __________________________________
(ii) Secondary consumers : _______________________________
(d) Write all the food chains related to the food web above.
(i) ___________________________________________________
(ii) ___________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________
(e) If the grasshopper reproduces very fast, what could happen to:
(i) Plants : ____________________________________________
(ii) Frogs : _____________________________________________
(iii) Snakes : ___________________________________________
(iv) Rats : ______________________________________________
(f) State the interaction between an eagle and a snake in the above
food web.
_____________________________________________________
15
Exercise 4.4
Photosynthesis
1. The diagram below shows the process of photosynthesis.
(g) What is P, Q and R in the diagram?

P
: ___________
: ____________
: _________
(h) What is removed from the air during photosynthesis?

___________________________________________________________
(i) What happens to the excess of product R?
___________________________________________________________
(j) What role does green plant play in a food chain?
___________________________________________________________
2. Photosynthesis is a process that takes place in plants.

(a) Name the factors that are necessary for the process to take place.
(i) ________________________________________________________
(ii) ________________________________________________________
(iii) ________________________________________________________
(iv) ________________________________________________________
(b) Write a word equation to represent the process of photosynthesis.
16
(c) The above experiment is left under sunlight for two hours.
(i) Name the gas X.
________________________________________________________
(ii) How to test the presence of gas X?
________________________________________________________
3. (a) (i) What is photosynthesis?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(k)
Write an equation to represent photosynthesis

________________________________________________________
(b) The experiment below is carried out to show that carbon dioxide is
necessary for photosynthesis.
The green plants are kept in a dark place for 24 hours before they are
used in the experiment.
State the variable that is
(a) Constant : _______________________________________________
(b) Manipulated : ____________________________________________
(c) Responds : _______________________________________________
17
(c) One leaf from each plant is tested for the presence of starch after three
hours. What is the observation on the leaf from plant
(i) A : _____________________________________________________
(ii) B : _____________________________________________________
(d) What is the function of sodium hydroxide solution used?
___________________________________________________________
(e) Write a conclusion for the above experiment.
___________________________________________________________
(f) State another factor, beside carbon dioxide, that is needed in
photosynthesis.
___________________________________________________________
4. Diagram below shows the photosynthesis process of a green leaf.
(a) What is W, X, Y and Z?

W : _____________________
X : ______________________
Y : ________________________
Z : ________________________
(b) Complete the photosynthesis equation below.
(c) What will happen if one of the above factors is absent?

___________________________________________________________
18
5. The following experiment is used to find out whether sunlight is required for
photosynthesis.
A plant is left in a dark place for two days.
A black paper is used to cover some parts of the leaf as shown below.
(a) Why is the plant left in a dark place for two days?
___________________________________________________________
(b) What solution is used to test the presence of starch in the leaf?
___________________________________________________________
(c) Colour the part of the leaf that reacts to solution used?
(d) What happens to the part that reacts with the solution?
___________________________________________________________
(e) Write the word equation for photosynthesis.
___________________________________________________________
(f) In this experiment, give the variable that is :
(i) Manipulated : _____________________________________________
(ii) Responding : _____________________________________________
19
6. Diagram below shows the process of photosynthesis.
(a) Name the substances of photosynthesis in the spaces provided..

(b) What type of energy are absorbed by green plants?
___________________________________________________________
(c) Name the green pigment in the leaves that can absorb sunlight.
___________________________________________________________
(d) Give the plant cell structure that contains the green pigment.
___________________________________________________________
20
7. Diagram below shows a carbon cycle. What are P, Q, R, Sand T?
P : _______________________
Q : _______________________
R : _______________________
S : ________________________
T : ________________________
8. Diagarm below shows carbon cycle.
(g) Name the natural process X, Y and Z.

X : ____________________
Z : ____________________
Y : ________________________
(h) What gas is released by process X?

___________________________________________________________
(i) What gas is used up during process Z?
___________________________________________________________
(j) Name two agents that help decomposition.
___________________________________________________________
21
9. Complete the flowchart below

photosynthesis and respiration.
to
22
show
the
relationship
between

Science Module Form 2 - Chapter 4 Interdependence and Interactions

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Science Module Form 2 - Chapter 4 Interdependence and Interactions

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Science Module Form 2 - Chapter 4

Interdependence Among Living Organisms

Ecology : The study of interaction among organisms and the environment.

Habitat : Natural place where the organisms live and reproduce.

Interaction between Living Organisms