II.

The Cauchy-Riemann Equations

II.3: The Cauchy-Riemann Equations

1. Straightforward. 2. Show that u=sin x sinh y and v=cos x cosh y satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. Do you recognize the analytic function f =uiv ? (Determine its complex form.)
u v =cos x sinh y= . Now, to find the complex form of f, x y e y e y e y e y f xiy=sin x sinh y i cos x cosh y=sin x i cos x 2 2 y y y ix y =1/2 e [sin x i cos x ]e [sin x i cos x]=1/2 e ie e ie ix =1 /2i e yixeyix =i cos z .

f 3. Show that if f and are both analytic on a domain D, then f is constant. Let f =u x , yi v x , y . Since f is analytic, we have
u v u v = and = . On the other hand, x y y x =u x , yi v x , y is analytic, so u = v and u = v . We then see that v = v and f x y y x y y u u = . This implies that f ' 0. Thus, f is constant. x x

4. Show that if f is analytic on a domain D, and if f is constant, then f is constant. d d f z f 2 z f 2 z f z dz dz c f ' z Since f is Examine f = . Then, d f z = = . f 2 dz c f z analytic, f ' z is defined everywhere and if c0, d f z is defined everywhere. Thus, f is dz analytic, so by Q3, f is constant. If c = 0, then since f is constant, f = 0 and there is nothing to prove.

f 2

5. If f =uiv is analytic, then u= v= f '. First, u=u v , u y and v =v x , v y . Then, u= u 2u2 and v= v 2v 2 . Then, since f is x y x y analytic, we get that f ' xiy=v y i u y =u x i v x. Thus, f '= v y i u y v y i u y = v 2 u 2 . y y Equivalently, f '= u 2v 2 . Using the fact that u x =v y and u y =v x the equalities are apparent. x x

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The Cauchy-Riemann Equations

6. If f = u + iv is analytic on D, then v is obtained by rotating u by 90 . In particular, u and v are orthogonal. First, u= u x , u y and v=v x , v y . Using the Cauchy-Riemann equalities, we can write v=u y , u x . Then, u v=u x u y u yu x =0. Thus, u and v are orthogonal by definition, so u v . 7. Sketch the vector fields u and v for the following functions f = u + iv. (a) iz, (b) z 2 , (c) 1/z. (a) Since f z = z f xiy=xiy , f z =iz f xiy = yix . Here, u= y and v =x . Thus, u= 0,1 and v=1,0 .

II.3

The Cauchy-Riemann Equations

(b) First, f z = z 2 f xiy =x 2 y 2i 2 xy . Thus, u= x 2 y 2 and v =2 xy. Thus, u= 2 x ,2 y and v= 2 y , 2 x .

xiy x y x y = 2 2 i 2 2 . Here, u= 2 and v= 2 2 . 2 2 2 x y x y x y x y x y 2 2 2 2 x y 2 xy 2 xy y x , 2 2 2 and v= , 2 2 . Thus, u= 2 2 2 2 2 2 x y y x x y y x (c) First, f z =1/ z f xiy=

II.3

The Cauchy-Riemann Equations

8. Derive the polar form of the Cauchy-Riemann equations for u and v: u 1 v u v = , =r . r r r Check that for any integer m, the functions u r ei =r m cosm and v r e i =r m sin m satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. Since u and v are dependent on x and y which are in turn dependent on r and , the chain rule implies u r =u x x r u y y r , u =u x x u y y , v r =v x x r v y y r , and v =v x x v y y . Then, since x =r cos and y=r sin , we have x r =cos , x =r sin, y r =sin , y =r cos. Thus, u r =u x cos u y sin and v =r v x sin r v y cos . By the Cauchy-Riemann equations, u 1 v as desired. The other equality holds by making a u x =v y and u y =v x , so we see that = r r similar observation.