AL Applied Mathematics

Paper II - Marking Scheme

by

N.F. Yang

Applied Mathematics (Solutions)

1.

(a)

p ( x) =

( x 2)( x 3)
( x 1)( x 3)
( x 1)( x 2)
3
(sin ) +
(sin ) +
(sin )
(1 2)(1 3)
4 (2 1)(2 3)
2
(3 1)(3 2)
4

=(

2
1) x 2 + (4 2 2) x + (2 2 3)
2

where (1,3)

1
3

| ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) | | 3 cos

|
6
4
4

[1M]

1
3 2
| ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) | ( )
6
64 2

[1M]

| p(2.8) sin(

2.

[1M]

1
| ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) | | f (3) ( ) |
3!

(b) | p( x) f ( x) |=

[1M]

2.8
1
3
2
) | | (2.8 1)(2.8 2)(2.8 3) | ( )( )
4
6
64 2
< 0.017

[1M]

dx1
2
d 2 x1 4
= 2 ,
= .
dt
t
dt 2 t 3

(a)

d 2 x1
dx
4 10 6
+ 3t 1 + x1 = + = 0
2
dt
dt
t t t
Hence x1 (t ) is a solution of (*).

t 2

Qx =

(b)

[1M]

u
t

dx
u 1 du
= 2 +
dt
t
t dt
d 2 x 2u 2 du 1 d 2u
= 3 2 + 2
dt 2
t
t dt t dt
t 2 (

2u 2 du 1 d 2u
u 1 du
u
2 + 2 ) + 5t ( 2 + ) + 3( ) = 0
3
t
t dt t dt
t
t dt
t

[2M]

2u
du
d 2u 5u
du 3u
2 +t 2 +5 +
=0
t
dt
dt
t
dt
t
t
Put v =
t
N.F. Yang

d 2u
du
+3
=0
2
dt
dt

[1M]

du
,
dt

dv
+ 3v = 0
dt

[1M]
P.1

dv
dt
= 3
v
t
ln v = 3ln t + k

where k is constant

v = k 't
where k ' = ek
where k '' is constant
u = k '' t 2
2
1
Since
and 3 are linearly independent, the general solution of (*) is
t
t
y=

C1 C2
+ 3
t
t

where C1 and C2 are constants

[1M]

[1M]

(a) As long as u > 0, v > 0

du
=u+v
dt

(1)

dv
= vu
dt

(2)

Differentiate with respect to t,

d 2u du dv
du
=
+
= 2 2u
2
dt
dt dt
dt
Hence x satisfies the differential equation
u&& 2u& + 2u = 0
(3)
(b) When t = 0, u = 500 and u& = 500 + 500 = 1000 ,
u = 500et (cos t + sin t )

[1M]

[1M]

[1M]

= 500 2et sin(t + )

4
Similarly by elimination, y can be found to satisfy the differential equation
(4)
v&& 2v& + 2v = 0
When t = 0, v = 500 , v& = 500 500 = 0 ,

v = 500 2et sin( t ) ,

4
0t

N.F. Yang

[1M]

[1M]

[1M]

P.2

(c) For t >

, y = 0 and x satisfies the differential equation u& = u .

t
du
= dt ,
N u
/4

giving u = 500 2e / 4+t for t >

500 2et

.
500

/4
[1M+1M]

4.

kx

(a)

(1 x 3 ) n dx = 1

[1M]

1 1
k (1 x3 ) n d (1 x3 ) = 1
3 0
1

k (1 x3 ) n +1

=1
3 n + 1 0
k = 3(n + 1)
(b) (i)

[1M]

When k = 6,
n=1
1

E ( X ) = 6( x 3 x 5 )dx

[1M]

6 x4 6 x7
=

7 0
4
=

9
14

[1M]

Var ( X ) = E ( X 2 ) [ E ( X )]2
1
9
= 6( x 4 x 7 )dx ( ) 2
0
14

[1M]

6 x 5 6 x8
81
=

8 0 196
5
=

N.F. Yang

9
245

[1M]

P.3

(c)

f ( x) = 6( x 2 x5 )
f '( x) = 6(2 x 5 x 4 )
Put f '( x) = 0
x = 3 0.4 or 0
f "( x) = 6(2 20 x3 )

f "( 3 0.4) < 0

[1M]

and f "(0) > 0

[1M]

f ( x) attains a maximum at x = 3 0.4

So the mode is

5.

(a)

0.4

(3500 1.96 150,3500 + 1.96 150)

= (3206,3794)

[1M]
[1M]

(b) Let X be the daily production of factory,

X ~ N (6000,1502 + 2502 )
90% confidence interval for the daily production of factory is
(6000 1.645 1502 + 2502 , 6000 + 1.645 1502 + 2502 )
= (5520.4042, 6479.5958)
(c)

[1M]

P( X > 6500)
= P( Z >

6500 6000

1502 + 2502
= P( Z > 1.715)
= 0.5 [0.4564 +

[1M]

5
(0.4573 0.4564)]
10

= 0.0432

6.

[1M]

[1M]

Let X and Y be the scores of the students in F.6 and F.7 respectively,
(a)
P ( X > 68) P(Y > 68)
68 10
68 56
) P( Z >
)
10
6
= P( Z > 0.8) P( Z > 2)
= (0.5 0.2881)(0.5 0.4772)
= P( Z >

[1M]

= 0.0048

[1M]

N.F. Yang

P.4

(b)

X Y ~ N (4,102 + 62 )
P (0 < X Y < 6)
= P(

04

Z<

64

10 + 6
102 + 62
= P(0.343 < Z < 0.171)
2

[1M]

= 0.13421 + 0.06789

= 0.2021

[1M]

P(6 < X Y < 6)

(c)

= P(

6 4

<Z<

64

102 + 62
102 + 62
= P(0.857 < Z < 0.171)

[1M]

= 0.3092 + 0.06789

= 0.3771

7.

[1M]

Let x and y be the amounts of P and Q present at time t.

(a)

dx
= mx + ny
dt
dy
= ny + mx
dt

(b) (i)

[3M]

From the first equation,

d 2x
dx
dy
= m + n
2
dt
dt
dt

[1M]

d 2x
dx
+ m = n(ny + mx)
2
dt
dt

[1M]

d 2x
dx
dx
+ m = n( + mx) + mnx
2
dt
dt
dt

[1M]

d 2x
dx
+ ( m + n) = 0
2
dt
dt
The roots of the auxiliary equation 2 + (m + n) = 0 are 0 and (m + n) .

[1M]
[1M]

Thus two linear independent solutions for x are 1 and e ( m + n )t .

m
and ne ( m + n )t .
The corresponding solutions for y are
n
Thus

N.F. Yang

x = A + Be ( m + n ) t
m
y = A Bne ( m + n ) t
n

[1M]
[1M]

P.5

When t = 0, x = 3 and y = 0
A+ B = 3

m
A n Bn = 0
A=

By solving,
The solution is

[1M]

3n 2
3m
and B = 2
2
n +m
n +m
x=

3n 2
3mn ( m + n ) t
+ 2
e
2
n +m n +m

[1M]

y=

3mn
3mn 2 ( m + n )t

e
n2 + m n2 + m

[1M]

(ii) Note that m and n are positive. As t , e ( m + n )t 0

8.

(a)

g '( x) =

(i)

x =

3n 2
n2 + m

[1M]

y=

3mn
n2 + m

[1M]

1
2 1 + sin x
2

2sin x(cos x) =

1 sin 2 x 1 ,

| g '( x) |

sin 2x
2 1 + sin 2 x

1 + sin 2 x 1 ,

[1M]

[1+1M]

1
.
2

(ii) Let f ( x) = x g ( x)
f '( x) = 1 g '( x) > 0
f ( x) is a strictly increasing function.
f (1) = 1 g (1) 0.3069 < 0
f (2) = 2 g (2) 0.6484 > 0
f ( x) = 0 has exactly one root in [1, 2]

[1M]

[1M]

i.e. E has exactly one root in [1, 2]

(b) (i)

g ( x) = 1 + sin 2 x
Since 0 sin 2 x 1 , 1 g ( x) 2

[1M]

If x0 [1, 2] , x1 = g ( x0 ) [1, 2]
Inductively, xr = g ( xr 1 ) [1, 2]
N.F. Yang

r .
P.6

[1M]

1
(ii) | e1 |=| e0 g '( 0 ) | ( ) | e0 |
2

[1M]

1
1
| e2 |=| e1 g '(1 ) | ( ) | e1 | ( ) 2 | e0 |
2
2

[1M]

Inductively,
1
1
1
| er | ( ) | er 1 | ( ) 2 | er 2 | L ( ) r | e0 |
2
2
2

[1M]

1
(iii) lim | en || e0 | lim( ) n = 0
n
n 2

lim | en |= 0
n

(c)

[1M]

i.e. lim xn = s .

[1M]

xr

g ( xr )

| g ( xr ) xr |

1.3

1.388684405

0.088684405

1.388684405

1.402569166

0.013884761

1.402569166

1.404266922

0.001697756

1.404266922

1.404465509

0.000198588

1.404465509

1.40448861

2.31004 105

1.40448861

1.404491295

2.68537 106

1.404491295

1.404491607

3.12146 107

x6 = 1.404491

9.

[2M]
[1M]

(a) Let t = x xr

f (t )dt h [ c1 f ( h) + c2 f (0) + c3 f ( h) ]

(1)

[1M]

Since (1) is exact for f (t ) = 1 , f (t ) = 2t and f (t ) = 5t 4 ,

dt = 2h = h(c1 + c2 + c3 )

(2)

[1M]

2tdt = 0 = h(2c1h + 2c3 h) (3)

[1M]

5t 4 dt = 2h5 = h(5c1h 4 + 5c3 h 4 ) (4)

[1M]

1
8
By solving, c1 = c3 = , c2 = .
5
5

xr +1

xr 1

N.F. Yang

f ( x)dx

[1M]

h
[ f ( xr 1 ) + 8 f ( xr ) + f ( xr +1 )]
5
P.7

(b) Let t = x xr , the given formula is reduced to

f (t )dt h [ a1 f (0) + a2 f ( h) ] + h 2 [b1 f '(0) + b2 f '(h) ]

(5)

[1M]

Putting f (t ) = 1, 2t ,3t 2 , 4t 3

dt = h = h(a1 + a2 )

2tdt = h 2 = h[2a2 h] + h 2 [2b1 + 2b2 ]

(7)

[1M]

5t 4 dt = h5 = h[5a2 h 4 ] + h 2 [20b2 h3 ]

(8)

[1M]

6t 5 dt = h 6 = h[6a2 h5 ] + h 2 [30b2 h 4 ]

(9)

[1M]

By solving, a1 =

2
1
1
1
, a2 = , b1 = , b2 = .
3
3
5
30

[1M]

1
1
2

f ( x)dx h f ( xr ) + f ( xr +1 ) + h 2 f '( xr )
f '( xr +1 )
3
30
3

xr +1

xr

(c)

(6)

1
1
2

f (t )dt h f (0) + f (h) + h 2 f '(0)

f '(h)
3
30
3

6
If f (t ) = t , the error is

h 6 h2
h7
6
5
(
)
(6
)
t
dt

h
+
h
=
0
3
30
105
For any f (t ) ,
h

[1M]

f (6) ( ) 6
t , [0, h]
6!
where p5 (t ) is a polynomial in t with degree 5.
f (t ) = p5 (t ) +

[1M]

the error for f (t ) is

1
1
2

f (t )dt h f (0) + f (h) h 2 f '(0)

f '(h)
3
30
3

(6)
7
7
f ( ) h
h
=

=
f (6) ( )
6! 105 75600
Putting t = x xr ,

[2M]

1
1
h7
2

f ( x)dx = h f ( xr ) + f ( xr +1 ) + h 2 f '( xr )
f '( xr +1 ) +
f ( 6) ( ) [1M]
xr
3
3
5
30
75600

for xr xr +1 .

xr +1

h7
f (6) ( ) for xr xr +1
75600

N.F. Yang

P.8

10. (a) Without lost of generality, we assume that X is the winner, Y is the loser and Z is the
pausing player in the nth match so that
xn = P(X is the final victory)
= P(X wins Z in the (n + 1)th game
+ P(X losses Z in the (n + 1)th game and the loser X will be the final victory)

[1M]

3 1
+ yn +1
4 4
yn = P(Y is the final victory)
=

= P(X losses Z in the (n + 1)th game and the pausing player Y in the (n + 1)th game will
be the final victory)
[1M]
1
zn +1
4
zn = P(Z is the final victory)
=

= P(Z wins X in the (n + 1)th game and the winner Z will be the final victory)
=

(b) (i)

[1M]

1
xn +1
4
Let X, Y and Z be the events that A, B and C wins a game respectively.
Assume that A is the winner of the first game so that
x1 =

3 1 3 3
1 3
+ ( ) ( ) + ( )6 ( ) + L
4 4 4
4 4

[1M]

3
4
=
1
1 ( )3
4
=

(ii) xn =

N.F. Yang

16
21

[1M]

3 1
+ yn +1
4 4

3 1 1
+ ( zn + 2 )
4 4 4

3 1 1
+ ( xn +3 )
4 16 4

3 1
+ xn +3
4 64

[1M]

[1M]

P.9

(iii) Since xn = k1 (4n ) + k2 , we have

k1 (4n ) + k2 ==

3 1
+ [k1 (4n +3 ) + k2 ]
4 64

xn = k1 (4n ) +
Since x1 =
xn =

16
21

[1M]

16
21

16
21

16
21

16
16
= 4k1 +
21
21

i.e. k1 = 0

for n 1 .

[1M]
[1M]

Hence zn =

1
1 16 4
xn +1 = =
4
4 21 21

[1M]

yn =

1
1
1 4
zn +1 = =
4
4 21 21

[1M]

and

(c)

i.e. k2 =

P(X will be the final victory)

= P(X wins the 1st game and will be the final victory)
+ P(X loses the 1st game and will be the final victory)
3
1
3 16 1 1 49
= x1 + y1 = + =
4
4
4 21 4 21 84

[1M]

1
3
1 16 3 1 19
P(B will be the final victory) = x1 + y1 = + =
4
4
4 21 4 21 84

[1M]

P(C will be the final victory) =

16 4
=
84 21

[1M]

11. (a) Let X (in minutes) be the late time,

X ~ N ( , 2 )
P ( X < 0) = 0.1003
P( Z <

) = 0.1003

= 1.280 (1)

[1M]

P ( X 4) = 0.1793
P( Z

) = 0.1793

= 0.918 (2)

By solving (1) and (2),

N.F. Yang

[1M]

= 2.33 and = 1.82

P.10

[1M]

(b) (i)

x=

x = 15.3 = 1.275

[1M]

12
12
H 0 : = 2.33

[1M]

H1 : < 2.33
under H 0 , X ~ N (2.33,

1.822
)
12

test statistic is
z=

1.275 2.33
= 2.0080
1.82
12

[2M]

Since z < 1.645 we reject H 0 at the 5% significance level.

[1M]

i.e. ' is less than the estimate of in (a) at the 5% significance level.
(ii) By (b)(i), we reject H 0 at the 5% significance level if the test statistic
z=

x 2.33
< 1.645
1.82 / 12

i.e. x < 2.33 1.645

1.82
= 1.4657
12

[1M]

H 0 : = 2.33
H1 : = 0
1.822
)
12
= P(Type II error) = P(accept H 0 | H1 )

Under H1 , X ~ N (0,

= P( X 1.4657)
1.4657 0
= P( Z
)
1.82 / 12
= P( Z 2.7897)

[1M]

= 0.0026

[1M]

[2M]

(iii) A 99% confidence interval for ' is

x 2.575

= 1.275 2.575

1.82
12

i.e. (-0.0779, 2.6279)

N.F. Yang

[1M]
[1M]

P.11