Biology Class IX

Chapter # 1

Chapter # 1

Introduction to Biology
Biology
The Scientific study of living organisms is called Biology. The word biology is derived from two Greek words "bios" meaning life and "logos" meaning thought, discourse, reasoning or study. It means that all aspects of life and every type of living organism are discussed in biology. There are two major divisions of biology according to nature of organisms i.e.

Botany:
It is the study of all aspect of plant (either microscopic or macroscopic)

Zoology:
It is the study of all aspect of Animals (either microscopic or macroscopic)

Microbiology:
It is the study of all organisms which can not be seen with the naked eye but can only be seen with the help of microscope. Such organisms are referred as Microorganisms which may be either plants or animals.

Branches of Biology
Biology is divided into following branches according to area of study.

Morphology
The study of form and structure of external parts of living organisms is called morphology.

Anatomy:
The study of internal parts of living organism is called anatomy.

Histology
The study of structure and function of tissues with the help of the microscope is called Histology.

Cell Biology (Cytology)

The study of structure and functions of cell and its organelles is called Cell Biology ot Cytology.

Physiology
The study of functions performed by different parts of living organism is called Physiology.

Ecology or Environmental Biology

The study of organisms in relation to each other and their environment is called Ecology or Environmental Biology.

Taxonomy
Taxonomy is that branch of biology which deals with the classification of living organisms into groups and subgroups on the basis of similarities and differences. It also deals with the identification and naming of organisms. 1 Prepared by JAVED ARSHAD
Subject Specialist

Biology Class IX

Chapter # 1

Embryology
The study of development of embryo (i.e. development of organism from fertilized egg or zygote till complete formation before birth) is called embryology.

Genetics
The study of inheritance of characters from parents to their offspring is called genetics. This inheritance is brought about by DNA and Genes, hence it is also known as study of genes.

Paleontology
The body parts of ancient organisms or their impressions preserved in rocks are called fossils. The study of fossils is called paleontology. The study of fossils of plants is called Palaeobotany while the study of fossils of animals is called Palaeozoology.

Biochemistry
The study of chemical composition of living sthings and chemical reactions taking place in living organisms is called biochemistry. These reactions are biologically known as Metabolism which may be constructive or destructive.

Biotechnology
It is the branch of biology which deals with the techniques and processes for the welfare of human beings e.g. Blood or urine test, x-ray, ultrasound, use of machinery in agriculture, use of disinfectants, use of radioactive radiations for the treatment of dangerous diseases and methods of preservations of food etc.

Relationship of Biology with other branches of Sciences

Although various fields of science such as Biology, Physics, Chemistry, etc. are different with one another by contents, but these are branches of natural science, and basic methodology of all of them are similar, hence the interrelationship of these branches cannot be denied.

Biophysics
The relationship between biology and physics is termed as Biophysics. Basically present development and importance of biology is due to biophysics. Importance of biophysics is also discussed under biotechnology.

Biochemistry
The study of chemical composition of living things and different chemical reacting occurring in them such as synthesis and breaking down of carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids etc and many other chemical reactions in cells of organisms is called biochemistry.

Biometry
It is basically relationship between biology and mathematics in which data obtained from observations and experiments on living organism is analyzed by various statistical methods. This is called Biometry.

Behavioural Biology:
It is the study based on the behaviour of organism. In fact it is intersection biochemistry, physiology, genetics, ecology and evolution.

Prepared by JAVED ARSHAD

Subject Specialist

Biology Class IX

Chapter # 1

Biosociology:
It is the study of social behaviour of organisms. It also connects biology to the social sciences and humanities. Q.2 Has Holy Quran explained the significance of animals and plants? Explain your answer with reference to Quranic Ayah. Yes, The significance of animals and plants has been explained by Almighty Allah through our Holy book Quran. In this context, a few of the Ayah are quoted below. "And Allah has created every animal from water. Of them there are some that creep on their bellies, some that walk on two legs, and some that walk on four. Allah creates what He pleases. he has power over all things." (Sura Nur 24, Ayah 45) "And verily to cattle too will ye find an instructive sign. From what is within their bodies, between excretions and blood. We produce, for your drink, milk, pure and agreeable, to those who drink it". (Sura nahal 16, Ayah 66) "And the Lord taught the Bee to build its cells in hills, on trees and in man's habitations". "Then to eat of all the produce (of the earth) and find with skills the spacious path of its Lord, their issues from their bodies a drink of varying colours. wherein is healing for men; verily in this is a sign for those who give thought." (Sura nahal 16, Ayah 68-69) "And from the fruit of the date palm and the vine ye get out whole some drink and food, behold, in this also is a sign for those who are wise". "And in the earth are tracts and (Diverse through) neigbouring gardens of vines and fields sown with corn and palm trees growing out of single roots or otherwise: Watered with the same water: Yet some of them We make more excellent that others to eat". (Sura Al Ra'ad 13, Ayah 4) "He sends down water from the sky and with it brings forth the buds of every plant. From these We bring forth green foliage and close growing grain, palm trees laden with clusters of dates within reach, vineyards and olive groves and pomegranates (which are) alike and different. Behold their fruits when they bear fruit and ripen surely to these there are sign for true believers". (Sura Anam 6, Ayah 99) Q. 3 How did the Muslim scientists contribute towards the development of Biology? OR Write a brief essay on the contribution of Muslim in the field of biology. Muslims have made important contribution in the field of Biology. Although Europeans claims that the present day science is due to their contribution only but in fact Muslims had started studying science right from the first century Hijra and they were pioneer of several fields of biology. Uncountable members of Muslims participated in the development and promotion of Biology and they have played a great role in this regard. Contribution of some Muslim scientists is tabulated below:-

Ans.

Ans.

Prepared by JAVED ARSHAD

Subject Specialist

Biology Class IX Scientist

Chapter # 1 Period Book(s) Ferrous Al-Hikma Topic of Book(s) Zoology, psychology, Astronomy Philosophy. Other Achievements One of the Muslim pioneer of and medicine.

Ali bin Rabban 882-899 Tubri. (Altubra) A.D. Muhammad Zakria Razi Bin 864-925 A.D.

He is considered to be a renowned Tabib of the Islamic world. Al - Farabi 870-950 Kitab-i-Nabatiat, Plants Renowned Hakim A.D. Kitab-ulAnimals and Surgeon of the Haywanat Islamic world. Abul Qasim Al 936-1004 Al-Tasreef He was renowned Zahravi A.D. surgeon. He invented instruments for operations. He was famous for the removal of stone from the urinary bladder. Ibn-ul-Haitham 965-1039 Kitab-ul-Manazir, He was first of the A.D. Mizan-ul-Hikma most outstanding Optician. First man who located retina as the seat of vision. Abu Ali Sina 980-1037 Kitab-ush-shifa, Medicines & rules An outstanding A.D. Al-Qanun Fi-at- of medication. Physician. He Aibb, Al- Qanun identified Tuberculosis (T.B.), Meningitis and other such inflammations. He was also expert in mathematics, astronomy, physics and paleontology. Zia Uddin Ibn-ul- 1181-1248 Aljamia Fe Al- Study of A greatest Muslim Baitar A.D. Advia Almujarda medicinal plants. Botanist and Pharmacist. He identified 1400 new herbs. Abdul Malik Al-Kahil, Horses He was regarded as Asmai Al-Ibi, Camels a specialist in As sha, Sheep animals and plant Al-Wahoosh Wild animals science. Prepared by JAVED ARSHAD
Subject Specialist

Al-Mansoori, AlIsrar, Al-Hadi

Biology Class IX Khalaqul Insan Ali Bin Isa Mankind

Chapter # 1 A well known eye specialist. Worked on structure, function and the diseases of the eye. Described 130 diseases of eye. He has also give prescription of the food helpful in the cure of eye diseases. He worked on the movement of fish in river Dajlah in a scientific manner,. He worked on life pattern of ants. A Botanist. He explained different kinds of trees, creepers and shrubs.

Al - Jahiz

Kitab-ulHaywanat

Animals

Abu Hanifa Al- 9th Daturi century

Al-Nabatat

Plants

Kamal-ud-Din Al- 14th Damiri century Abul Qasim Majreeti

Kitab-ul-Haywan Races in Animals

Animals Animal species He worked on animal species which are well known in Europe.

Q. 4

Give contribution of some Modern (Non-Muslim) scientists in the field of Biology.

There is long list of non-Muslim scientists who contributed a lot in the field of biology. But, the following scientists are very well known.

William Harvey
(1578-1657 A.D) He described the blood circulation in human body.

Carolous Linnaeus
(1507-1778 A.D ) He described the blood circulation in human body.

Carolous Linnaeus
(1578-1657 A.D.) He gave a system of binomial nomenclature. He is known as father of taxonomy.

Schlelden and Schwann

Scheiden (1838) studied the cells of plants and Schwann (1839) studied the cells of animals. They proposed the cell theory. Prepared by JAVED ARSHAD
Subject Specialist

Biology Class IX

Chapter # 1

Louis Pasteur
(1822-1895 A.D) He proved that microbes are found in the air which spoils the food items.

Edward Jennar
(1796 A.D) He invented method of vaccination against Small Pox.

Robert Koch
(1845-1910 A.D.) He discovered bacteria as causes of main diseases like Tuberculosis.

Joseph Lister
(1860 A.D) He made antiseptic medicines like Iodine and Carbolic acid.

Charles Darwin
(1859 A.D) Book: Origin of Species by Natural Selection Contribution: He explained concept of evolution in his book.

Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884 A.D) He conducted experiments on Pea plants. He formulated the laws of inheritance. He is known as father of modern genetics.

William Lawrence and William Henry

(1882 A.D) They discovered X-ray crystallography to understand the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DN). They were father and son.

Francis Crick and James Watson

(1953 A.D) He discovered the double helix model of DNA and proved that DNA is found in cells of all living organisms. Q.4 Ans. Explain the scientific methods of study in Biology. OR Discuss the methodology of Biology. OR Briefly describe Biological Techniques. Although Biology is a distinct branch of science and it has a particular methodology in several aspects, but actually Biology is a branch of natural science and like other branches of science, research techniques or methodology is same. It consists of following main steps.

1- Observation :The very first step is observation whether it is done with the naked eye or by an instrument. 2- Collection of Facts (Data):Then collection of facts (Data collection) is an important and essential requirement of scientific studies. 3- Hypothesis:After observation and on the bases of collected facts (data) next step is to make a hypothesis or intelligent guess as to what may be possible answers to particular questions. 4- To Deduce conclusion:In the light of collected facts and hypothesis, conclusions should be drowning to start experimental work properly. 5- Experimentation:Hypothesis and conclusions are tested by performing experiments. If experimentation supports a conclusion, it should be accepted, otherwise rejected. If rejected, more facts 6 Prepared by JAVED ARSHAD
Subject Specialist

Biology Class IX Chapter # 1 are collected and whole procedure is repeated again in different manners. 6- THEORY:If the results of experiments support and prove the hypothesis, then the hypothesis become a Theory which is proved facts. otherwise hypothesis reject and research will restart with some more and new information. Q.5 How is the study of biology important for a healthy and advanced society? OR Discuss the importance of Biology in human society. Ans. Biology has made an enormous impact on human welfare and in improving quality of life. Study of biology creates scientific approach in students and they do not believe in superstitions, and they also realize the importance of living things. On the other hand, biology contribute a significant role in the various aspects of our society, such as:  Study of biology helps in improving hygienic conditions and to control diseases and improving immunity.  Study of biology plays a significant role in agriculture. It makes possible the production of better varieties of crops, vegetables and fruits. It also provides the knowledge to control pests as well as other diseases of crops.  Study of biology helps in the production of more food and of better quality.  Study of biology helps to develop the verities of plants and animals to obtain the fiber of good quality for clothing.  Study of biology helps biologists to develop ways and means for important of forest trees to manufacture the furniture and use as fuel.  Study of Biology helps to improve environmental conditions and make it pollution free.  Genetic engineering is one of the latest field of biology that plays very significant role in modern development of biology. In recombinant DNA technique, alternation of gene, DNA of an organism is carried out to seek benefit for mankind. It provide solution of not only hereditary diseases in human being but many inherited diseases can now be diagnosed in an unborn child. Q. Ans. What do you know about origin of life?

ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH:We have no knowledge of life except on the earth. But thought that it may be present elsewhere in the universe. Some theories about origin of .life on the earth have been put forward with the passage of time e.g. Special Creation theory, Spontaneous Generation theory, Cosmozoic theory, Naturalistic theory etc. but two theories became most popular as Abiogenesis and Biogenesis.

ABIOGENESIS:This theory maintains that "life could be originated spontaneously by the combination of lifeless (non living) and inorganic matter". This theory was actually based on such observations as growth of fungus on bread pieces and the appearance of maggots on dead bodies of animals. The idea of Abiogenesis was popular from the time of Aristotle. Aristotle wrote in his book "Historia Animalum" that although fishes are generally produced from eggs, there are some which are formed from mud. BIOGENESIS:This theory of origin of life maintains that Life can only be originated from prePrepared by JAVED ARSHAD
Subject Specialist

Biology Class IX Chapter # 1 existing living things. It is commonly understood as all living things originate from pre-existing living things OR life always comes from life". Francisco Redi was an Italian scientist who proves Biogenesis experimentally. Actually Redi analyzed Abiogenesis and on experimental basis, he negated the idea of Abiogenesis. REDI'S EXPERIMENTS:Francisco Redi performed several experiments to check the truth of the idea Biogenesis (and to disprove the idea of Abiogenesis). EXPERIMENT # 1 Redi took a set of four jars and placed the meet of different animals in the jars and sealed them and kept them for few days. Observation: No maggot was appeared in these jars. EXPERIMENT # 2 He took another set of four jars and places the meet in them and kept them open and kept them for few days. Observation: After few days Redi observed that maggots were appeared these four jars EXPERIMENT # 3 In another experiment Redi took four jars and placed the meet of different animals in them (as in previous experiment) and cover the mouth of jars with gauze to allow free air for few days. Observation: After few days Redi observed that flies kept visiting on the mouth and around the jars but could not enter in them due to net or gauze. No maggots appeared in the meat but the eggs laid on the gauze hatched into maggots. CONCLUSION: From these experiments Redi concluded that maggots come from the eggs of insects (flies) and not from the meet. Flies attracts by the smell of spoiled meet. No smell was come out from the sealed jars, so no fly was attracted toward them and no maggot appeared in the meat. These experiments provided evidence supporting the idea that life always comes from life". Q. What do you know about Pastures Experiment? Ans. In 1864, Louis Pasture performed an experiment in support of Biogenesis. He took some flasks which had long and curved (Slightly S shaped) necks. In these flasks, he added fermentable infusion (a solution of water, sugar and yeast) and left their mouths open. Then the contents of the flasks were boiled and let steam released out of the neck of the flasks, then allowed to cool them. He left some of the flasks in this condition while in few, he broke up the curved mouths. Observation: He Observed that no life was produced in the flasks with curved neck even after the lapse of several days while the contents of the flaks with broken necks was contaminated and microorganisms were produced within 48 hours. Conclusion: He concluded that in the flasks with curved necks, microorganisms entering along with Prepared by JAVED ARSHAD
Subject Specialist

Biology Class IX Chapter # 1 incoming air got stuck up with the curved neck and not reached up to the infusion while in the flasks with broken necks, microorganisms directly comes to contact with the infusion so it was contaminated. By this experiment He rejected spontaneous generation and favour the Biogenesis. Q. What do you know about Needhams Experiment? Ans. In 1748, Needham performed an experiment in support of Abiogenesis. He boiled meat in water, pour the gravy in the bottles and closed the mouths of the bottles with cork, and Left them for a few days. Observation: After few days he observed that many microorganisms were produced in these covered bottles. This observation again excited the believers of Abiogenesis to support their idea.

Prepared by JAVED ARSHAD

Subject Specialist