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Press, 1968,p.11. (19) (20) ( 41 )

. . C. Geertz, lslam observed, New Haven: Yale Univ. . ( )

52 ) ) : Varieties of Urben Experience in.l. lapidus(ed) Middle Eastern cities, California Univ. Press, (1969). .

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. Modern Egyptian . : Lane, Man- ners and Customs of the Snouck Hurgonje, Mekka in the Later Part of the 19th Century.

) Liteacy in Theory and Practice, 1984 (23)

B. V. Street.

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222

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( : A. A. Bennigsen and S. E. Winbush, Muslim National Communism in the sovent Union, Chicago, Chicsgo Univ, Press, 1979.

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. (32) .

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(24

3) : R. Williams Television: Technology and Cultural form, London, Fontana,1974. (39) ) philosophie et les science, Paris, 1981, p. 68. (40) : : . : L lslam La

) .( 196 -192 1983 11 1973

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