TM No.

Technical Memorandum No. 7

CENTRAL UTAH WATER CONSERVANCY DISTRICT DUSCHESNE VALLEY WTP EXPANSION PROJECT Preliminary Design
Technical Memorandum No. 7 DRAFT
To: From: Cort Lambson, CUWCD Project Manager Pete Kreft, MWH Matt Moughamian, MWH December 01, 2006 TM-7: Rapid Mix and Flocculation Facilities

Date: Subject:

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Duchesne Valley Water Treatment Plant (DVWTP) will be expanded to provide 8.0 mgd of treated water from its current 4.0 mgd nominal capacity. The existing direct filtration plant has a pumped jet diffusion rapid mixer (also referred to as a flash mixer) at the inlet to the flocculation basins. The flocculation basins use mechanical, vertical mixers. This existing rapid mix and flocculation system has provided effective pretreatment for the shallow-depth automatic backwashing filters for the past 26 years. The existing plant was designed to be expanded to 8.0 mgd via the addition of a parallel flocculation basin while continuing to use the existing flash mixer. However, the existing filter system is out-dated, the media depth is too shallow, and is therefore inadequate to meet the Districts needs for the expanded plant. TM-4 reviews alternative treatment processes and recommends that the expanded DVWTP continue to use direct filtration as the primary suspended solids removal process preceded by ozonation for multiple water quality benefits. As explained in TM-9 and TM-11, the District prefers a modern deep-bed, granular-media filter system that will significantly raise the plants hydraulic gradeline and process structure heights. These improvements makes it very challenging, if not impossible, to continue using the existing flocculation basin for the expanded plant. Coupled with the use of ozonation prior to flocculation, the existing flash mix system will also need to be replaced. This TM reviews rapid mix and flocculation alternatives and recommends the preferred systems. This TM also briefly addresses the planning for a future clarification process, if the DVWTP ever needs to incorporate conventional treatment for some reason.

Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design

Page 1

Technical Memorandum No. 7 Rapid Mix and Flocculation Improvements

DRAFT December, 2006

RAPID MIXING Process Description Flash (rapid) mixing is a critical component of the water treatment process. It is necessary to quickly and completely disperse coagulant chemicals into the raw water stream, thus allowing the formation of a flocculated particle that can be removed via sedimentation (if conventional treatment is practiced) and filtration. Metal coagulants, such as alum and ferric chloride, require instantaneous flash mixing since their hydrolysis occurs within seconds, and subsequent charge destabilization and adsorption of colloids and suspended solids is immediate. The flash mix step is located immediately ahead of the flocculation step in the treatment process train. Mixing is also required for other chemicals, such as coagulant aids, pH adjustment compounds and oxidants/disinfectants, but the mixing process need not be instantaneous. In these cases, it is important that the chemicals be thoroughly mixed throughout the flow stream prior to the following process step and prior to process water quality monitoring. The sequence of chemical addition will be vital to optimum chemical consumption and process effectiveness. To this end, multiple chemical addition locations are proposed for some chemicals to provide flexibility in the chemical addition sequence. Flash Mix Alternatives Evaluation Several methods are available to provide chemical mixing and coagulation including: In-line static flash mixing Mechanical turbine flash mixing Pumped jet diffusion flash mixing Hydraulic flash mixing

The evaluation of the flash mixing options will focus on performance, reliability, simplicity, flexibility and location. The flash mixing system will be constructed with a capacity range of 2 to 8 mgd to cover the range of flows to be treated by the expanded DVWTP. This new flash mix system will be located downstream of the preozone contact basin and prior to the new flocculation basins. In-line Static Flash Mixing In-line static mixers are fabricated, motionless elements that are placed inside the conduit that carries the fluid that is to be mixed. In-line static mixers are very effective systems for flash mixing when plant production rates are somewhat constant. However, in-line static mixers typically have no more than about a 2:1 turndown ratio because the mixing efficiency is a function of fluid velocity. Headloss is also an issue in that a headloss of 2 to 5 feet could be expected for this application. In-line static mixers are considered to be very reliable as there are no moving parts, and are also relatively inexpensive in terms of capital, operation and maintenance costs.
Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design Page 2

Technical Memorandum No. 7 Rapid Mix and Flocculation Improvements

DRAFT December, 2006

In-line static mixers would provide good flash mixing under many operating scenarios. However, these systems produce significant headloss and would require at least two units for adequate turndown. The added headloss from this mixing system would require that the water level in the upstream ozone contact basin be raised that much higher above the water level in the flocculation basins. For these reasons, this option is eliminated from further consideration. Mechanical Turbine Flash Mixing High-speed mechanical turbine mixers are frequently used for flash mix applications. The turbines can be employed in two different configurations for this purpose, in-line and deckmounted. Each configuration is discussed below. In-line Turbine Flash Mixers. In-line turbine flash mixers employ a motor-driven propeller mixer set directly within the fluid conveyance pipe. A typical in-line turbine mixer would be set in a constricted portion of the pipeline to increase flow velocity to aid in chemical mixing. The restriction of the pipeline and physical obstruction of the propeller mixer tend to introduce significant headloss. The reliability of in-line turbine mixers is sensitive to the durability of the belt-driven propellers and the associated housing. This system produces significant headloss, requires substantial maintenance on the drive unit and is energy intensive. For these reasons, this option was eliminated from further consideration. Deck-Mounted Vertical Turbine Flash Mixer. Deck-mounted vertical turbine flash mixer systems are prevalent in water treatment plants. These flash mixing systems typically consist of an un-pressurized mix chamber with a deck-mounted mixing drive connected to a shaft and impeller. Vertical turbine flash mix systems are energy intensive. Typical energy inputs range from 0.8 to 1.0 hp/mgd of treatment capacity. Therefore, a vertical turbine flash mixer for the DVWTP would require a 7.5-hp, or greater, drive. Although vertical turbine flash mixers are commonly applied in water treatment plants, they have many shortcomings. Turbine flash mixing systems have greater power requirements than do jet diffusion flash mixers and are not as efficient due to back mixing (i.e., a higher dose of coagulant is required to achieve the same coagulation effect). Vertical turbine flash mix systems are often subject to short-circuiting and may be prone to shaft problems and gear drive failures. For these reasons, a deck-mounted vertical turbine flash mixing system is not recommended for the DVWTP. Pumped Jet Diffusion Flash Mixing Pumped jet diffusion flash mixing systems utilize a high velocity jet of water to impart the flash mixing energy to the process flow. Most frequently, the source of the water jet is a sidestream delivered by an off-line pump. The mixing jet is delivered into the main process stream with a mixing nozzle or with a specially designed deflection cone. The existing DVWTP uses a pumped jet diffusion system with a horizontal centrifugal pump providing the side-stream flow that discharges counter-current to the main flow as it exits the raw water pipeline into the
Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design Page 3

Technical Memorandum No. 7 Rapid Mix and Flocculation Improvements

DRAFT December, 2006

flocculation basin inlet channel. Another possible configuration can use vertical turbine pump(s) instead of a horizontal centrifugal pump. The primary metal salt coagulant (alum or ferric chloride) would be introduced into the jet stream as it exits the mixing nozzle. Pumped jet diffusion mixing offers many advantages over mechanical turbine flash mixing, such as achieving instantaneous mixing in a smaller volume that more closely resembles ideal plug flow conditions and creating less headloss than other systems because the mixing nozzle is small and unobtrusive. A pumped diffusion flash mixing system also offers the ability to modulate mixing with a throttling valve or variable frequency drive, if desired. The Districts Utah Valley WTP uses a pumped jet diffusion mixing system. The sidestream pumped flow for these types of systems is typically in the 2.5 to 5% range of raw water flow. For an 8.3 mgd maximum raw water flow, the sidestream flow would be in the range of 150 to 300 gpm. With a deflection cone, the jet diffusion flash mix system would use about a 2-hp pump. Using a commercial mixing nozzle system, pump horsepower would be closer to 3-hp based upon a 300 gpm sidestream flow (~5% of 8.3 mgd). Clogging due to coagulant scaling at the mixing nozzle is a possible problem with pumped jet diffusion mixing systems. Clogging may be caused by dilute metal salt coagulant scale. Alum and ferric solutions should not be diluted beyond one and five percent, respectively, if carrier water is added to the flow-stream. To avoid scaling, a separate line would convey the alum or ferric solution to the end of the nozzle for mixing with the jet as it leaves the nozzle. Hydraulic Flash Mixing Hydraulic flash mixing takes advantage of turbulence created by water treatment plant structures. Many water treatment plants receive raw water from an elevated supply and require a flowcontrol valve to dissipate energy (head). Hydraulic-mixing efficiency is a function of the headloss created by the flow-control valve. Since the DVWTP receives raw water from a pumped system with variable speed drive pumps, it will not require a flow-control valve. Also, because a hydraulic mixing system requires headloss, it would further raise the height of the upstream ozone contact basins similar to the in-line static mixer system. Therefore, hydraulic flash mixing is not recommended for the DVWTP. Summary and Conclusions The recommended flash mixing system for the DVWTP is a pumped jet diffusion flash mixing system, with a single injection point located downstream of the ozone contact basin and upstream of the flocculation basin. The pumped diffusion flash mixer will consist of two (2) of 3-hp end-suction pump (one duty and one standby) located in the Influent Flow Control Structure gallery, with associated jet nozzle(s) located in the 24-inch diameter ozonated water supply line. The 24-inch piping will also supply some additional mixing of the coagulant and polymer, prior to the water entering the flocculation basins. Primary coagulant addition will also be provided for via a stand-by in-pipe diffuser if the pump system is ever out for maintenance. The coagulated water will discharge from the 24-inch pipe
Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design Page 4

Technical Memorandum No. 7 Rapid Mix and Flocculation Improvements

DRAFT December, 2006

into the flocculation basin influent channel. The following chemicals will be added to the ozonated water pipeline at the flash mix area: Chlorine solution Spare (possibly for future acid) Cationic polymer coagulant aid (upstream of primary coagulant) Primary coagulant (at flash mix nozzle) Cationic polymer (downstream of primary coagulant) Powdered activated carbon

TM-8 describes the recommended chemical systems for the expanded DVWTP. Primary design criteria for the pumped diffusion flash mixing system are shown in Table 7-1.

Table 7-1 Flash Mix Preliminary Design Criteria Raw Water Flow Range (mgd) Type of Sidestream Pumps No. of Pumps Equivalent Flash Mix Pipe Diameter (inch) Sidestream Flow (% of Main Stream Flow at 8.3 mgd) Pump Flow Range (gpm) Pump Flow TDH (ft) Sidestream Pump Power (hp) Mixing Zone Pipe Diameters G value (sec ) Absol. Viscosity of Water at 5 C (lb-s/ft ) Jet Nozzle Discharge Velocity (fps)
o 2 -1

2.0 to 8.3 End-suction centrifugal, constant speed, 1200 rpm) 1 duty + 1 standby 24 5 150 to 280 25 to 30 3 1.0 (typ. between 0.5 to 2.0 diameters) 750 - 1,000 3.172 x 10-5 20 - 30

Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design

Page 5

Technical Memorandum No. 7 Rapid Mix and Flocculation Improvements

DRAFT December, 2006

FLOCCULATION Process Description The goal of flocculation for a direct filtration plant is to develop stable and durable floc that can be filtered by the granular media filter. The floc must be able to penetrate into and adhere within the media to promote long filter runs between backwashes. For a conventional plant, the goal of flocculation is to produce a settleable floc that can be removed in the sedimentation basins with limited floc carryover to the filters. The mixing energy and mixing time requirements can be significantly different for direct filtration and conventional treatment. Direct filtration usually requires higher mixing energies and shorter mixing times compared to conventional treatment, depending on site-specific conditions including water quality parameters such as turbidity and temperature. Due to the low turbidity of Starvation Reservoir and the long history of successful performance of the existing plant, the expanded DVWTP is recommended to remain a direct filtration plant while incorporating preozonation for multiple water quality benefits. Space is being allocated on the site and within the hydraulic profile for a future clarification process if drinking water rules or changes in water quality ever require this additional process. Therefore, this TM focuses on flocculation requirements for the direct filtration plant. Based on past plant experience and the Districts desire to maintain maximum flexibility, coupled with the very cold water that occurs during winter operations, 30 minutes of flocculation is recommended for the expanded DVWTP. The District prefers to maintain the State (UDEQ) minimum flocculation time of 30 minutes for a direct filtration plant rather than try to demonstrate the feasibility of a shorter flocculation time via pilot studies. The expanded plant will likely be operated at high capacity (4 to 6 mgd) during the cold winter periods and therefore the District prefers a more-conservative design which provides maximum operating flexibility. Hydraulic and mechanical flocculation have been evaluated and the results are presented below. Flocculation Alternatives Evaluation Hydraulic Flocculation Hydraulic flocculation uses hydraulic headloss associated with changes in flow direction to provide the necessary mixing energy. Normally, this type of system has no, or very limited, mechanical components. Usually, one to two feet of headloss is required to achieve optimal flocculation. Hydraulic flocculation is advantageous when there are relatively stable flow requirements and stable raw water quality, because once the basin is constructed, the mixing energy is strictly a function of flow rate and water temperature. However, the DVWTP will treat water that varies between 2C and 20C. This range of temperature alone results in a 30 percent variation in mixing energy (velocity gradient). In addition, the variability in plant flow rates can result in a rather large fluctuation in basin flows. A basin designed to produce 70 sec-1 of first stage mixing energy at 8.0 mgd would only produce 10 sec1 when operating at 2.0 mgd (the expected minimum plant flow). Hydraulic flocculation was eliminated from further consideration because it does not provide the flexibility necessary to meet the treatment objectives. Also, the
Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design Page 6

Technical Memorandum No. 7 Rapid Mix and Flocculation Improvements

DRAFT December, 2006

headloss requirement for hydraulic flocculation would require that the upstream ozone contact basins have a higher water level compared to other options, thereby increasing construction costs and pumping costs. Horizontal Shaft Flocculators Horizontal shaft configurations, with shafts parallel to flow and spanning multiple stages, were not considered for this project due to limitations in operational flexibility and costs. Horizontal shafts can be oriented perpendicular to flow, with a single shaft operating all of the paddles in one stage of a basin. Horizontal flocculators in this configuration provide some advantages over vertical flocculation. Horizontal flocculators are efficient and effective flocculators with a proven track history. However, there is a relatively high level of maintenance associated with horizontal flocculators because of the long drive shafts, submerged bearings and painted steel frames, and either wall seals that must be maintained or submerged chains. Horizontal flocculators are not commonly used for direct filtration plants. Vertical Shaft Flocculators Vertical flocculators use efficient, hydrofoil blades to generate mixing energy and have a proven track record for both small and large water treatment plants. The existing DVWTP has successfully used vertical-shaft flocculators (with smaller, higher speed pitched blade turbines) for over 25 years. The main disadvantage of the vertical shaft configuration is the increased number of flocculators, motors and gearboxes compared to the horizontal configuration. However, there are no submerged bearings or chains to maintain and individual flocculators can be repaired without taking a basin out of service. In addition, there are no extended heavy shafts to maintain, all submerged equipment is stainless steel construction, and the low speed mixers require lower maintenance. Recommended Flocculation Type Vertical-shaft flocculators with hydrofoils are recommended for the expanded DVWTP due to proven experience, similarities to the Utah Valley WTP and Ashley Valley WTP, the stainless steel construction, lack of submerged bearings and chains, and increased flexibility. In addition, the stainless steel construction of the flocculators may be needed to protect the flocculator equipment against any small residuals of dissolved ozone that may be present in these basins. The District prefers to have the flocculation basins at least partially open to the atmosphere, rather than completely covered as the existing basins are, to allow for visual inspection of the floc and flocculator performance. Final design of the basins will balance this operational need of the District with the other main needs (mainly, to provide thermal protection for the basins for the severe winter cold conditions and also the concrete cover provides structural integrity to help tie the long parallel tall walls of the floc basins together.

Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design

Page 7

Technical Memorandum No. 7 Rapid Mix and Flocculation Improvements

DRAFT December, 2006

POTENTIAL USE OF EXISTING FLOCCULATION BASINS As mentioned previously, the existing DVWTP flocculation system was designed to add a second basin to expand the plant capacity from 4 mgd to 8 mgd. The existing flocculation basin (divided into 2 cells with 3 stages each) provides 30 minutes of detention time at 4 mgd with a total volume of about 84,000 gallons. Each stage is separated by a concrete over-under baffle wall. A total of 6 vertical-shaft, variable speed flocculators, each with a 1.5 hp motor, are installed. A concrete deck covers the entire basin with access hatches at the inlet and outlet channels. The existing flocculation basin has a sloped top deck with a difference in elevation of about 1 foot from the west side to the east side. According to the 1980 design drawings of the existing plant, the basins have a maximum water surface elevation of about 5,828 and a floor top-of-slab elevation of about 5,815. The nominal water depth is 13 feet. The operators note that the basin can not completely drain by gravity to the backwash ponds as about 2 to 3 feet of water will remain in the basin when they are drained to full backwash ponds. The proposed hydraulic profile for the expanded plant, per TM-11, requires that the maximum water surface elevation in the flocculation basins be approximately 5,838.2 feet. This elevation is approximately 10 feet higher than the maximum water surface elevation in the existing flocculation basin. Much of this increased water depth is due to: Allowance of 2.3 ft of extra head for a possible future clarification process, Allowance of about 1.0 ft extra head associated with the filter influent flow split weirs, Extra head-loss associated with the deep bed filters, Allowance of 1.0 ft of extra head for the possible future UV system at 8 mgd

(See the Hydraulic Profile in TM-11.) Given these requirements, it is structurally infeasible to use the existing basin for the expanded flocculation basins due to this increased water depth. Thus, it is not recommended to try to retrofit the existing flocculation basins to serve as basins for the expanded plants flocculation system. However, the basins size and elevation allows it to be considered for other potential uses for the expanded plant. Two such potential uses include: Storage and equalization of filter-to-waste (FTW) water prior to recycling, and Storage and equalization of dirty waste backwash water (WWW) prior to entering the backwash ponds

This latter possibility is not desirable due to problems with solids accumulation in the bottom of these basins if they were to be used for WWW. In addition, it has been decided that washwater equalization is not required; the WWW will be sent directly to the washwater/sludge ponds without equalization. Therefore, it is recommended that the existing flocculation basins be used to equalize and recycle the FTW water only. Assuming a maximum filter-to-waste volume of 29,000 gallons (4.8 gpm/sf x 240 sf x 25 minutes), the existing flocculation basin can store approximately 2.9 FTW volumes when completely full. To allow FTW water to flow by gravity
Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design Page 8

Technical Memorandum No. 7 Rapid Mix and Flocculation Improvements

DRAFT December, 2006

to the existing flocculation basin while maintaining the full 84,000 gallon storage capacity, the water surface elevation in the new filters needs to remain at or above elevation 5,834 feet. (This allows a total of 6 feet of headloss to drive FTW water through the filter media and effluent FTW piping to the new FTW equalization basin, which is more than adequate assuming a water surface elevation of 5,828 in this FTW equalization basin.) TM-11 shows that the hydraulic profile planned on for the new expanded plant has a constant water surface elevation of 5834.4 over the filters. TM-10 reviews and recommends residuals and solids handling processes for the expanded plant. The potential use of the existing flocculation basin for these purposes is discussed therein. FUTURE CLARIFICATION Even though clarification will not be included in the expanded DVWTP, the District prefers to plan for this process if needed or required in the future. Potential reasons for adding clarification in the future include: Changes in raw water quality including higher turbidity, TOC, and microbials, More-frequent and higher algae concentrations in raw water, More-stringent drinking water regulations including enhanced TOC and/or microbial removals

There are multiple clarification techniques which could be considered with a range of treatment benefits, costs, and space requirements including: Horizontal flow sedimentation, with or without plates/tubes Dissolved air flotation (DAF) Ballasted sedimentation (Actiflo)

In order to make full utilization of the new flocculation basins being planned as part of this direct filtration plant, and given the constraint that the new preozone process will likely use a simple and effective static mixing process to drive ozone gas into solution, this future clarification process is most practical to be added after the flocculation process. For this new process, a total calculated head of 1.5 feet is required for the future clarifiers; thus an allowance of 2.25 feet is provided in the plants hydraulic profile. Therefore, the top decks of the ozone contact basin and flocculation basins will end up being about 3.3 feet higher than the filter deck. FLOCCULATION CONFIGURATION Number of Cells and Stages The new flocculation basin for the expanded DVWTP will be divided into two trains of 4.15 mgd capacity each train, similar to the existing basins. This will allow one train to be out of service for maintenance while still allowing the plant to operate at a flow of at least 4.15 mgd, (or potentially higher if a temporary waiver were obtained from Utah DEQ on the minimum 30 minute requirement for flocculation HRT with direct filtration plants.) Each cell of the new
Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design Page 9

Technical Memorandum No. 7 Rapid Mix and Flocculation Improvements

DRAFT December, 2006

basin will be configured with multiple stages to optimize hydraulic contact/mixing time and to provide tapered flocculation if needed. It is recommended to provide 3 stages, similar to the existing basin, for these purposes. Four flocculation stages might be desired for conventional treatment to promote settleable floc formation, but is not necessary for direct filtration. Two flocculation stages is considered insufficient to create good floc under the normal cold water (2oC) conditions. Each stage will use a parallel flow configuration (as discussed later in this section) and will be separated by concrete over-under design baffle walls. Therefore, the new flocculation basin will have six individual flocculators (3 flocculators in each of the 2 trains). Ideally, each vertical flocculator stage within a train will be designed to be as close to cubical as possible, with equal length, width and depth. In order to achieve a hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 10 minutes in each stage at a maximum flow of 4.15 mgd, a total volume of 28,800 gallons is required. Given that the hydraulic profile and site constraints are currently dictating a water depth of about 19.4 feet check current profile in these floc basins, this leads to the following dimensions: Length = 14 Width = 14 Avg water depth = 18.5 to 19.4? being determined Stage volume = 28,800 gal Stage HRT = 10.0 minutes at 4.15 mgd

Actual floc basin and chemical feed storage area layout considerations are forcing a slightly modified stage dimensions of 13 ft wide x 15 ft length for optimal construction efficiencies. The resulting surface area of the basins is the same as that of perfect 14 ft x 14 ft basins. A hanging baffle cut-off wall will be constructed ahead of the first stage of each floc train in order to attempt to capture any residual off-gas which may get carried over from the ozone contact basin. Each of the six flocculators should be equipped with a 2 hp motor to provide a maximum G value of 100 sec-1. Each motor will be equipped with a variable frequency drive (VFD) to provide optimum mixing flexibility. Flow Split between Floc Basin Trains Process flow must be split from a single flash mix pipe to the two trains of the flocculation basin for the expanded plant. An effective and fairly accurate flow split at design capacity is important to process performance. For a plant of this size, it is generally not practical to split the flow between multiple basins using individual modulating valves and flow meters for each cell. The capital, operations and maintenance costs associated with effective piping configurations, accurate meters, and instrumentation are extensive and unnecessary. Using a weir box for flow distribution adds additional headloss which is undesirable.

Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design

Page 10

Technical Memorandum No. 7 Rapid Mix and Flocculation Improvements

DRAFT December, 2006

For the DVWTP project, a very simple flow split approach of using a symmetrical Tee and piping configuration will be utilized to insure a balanced flow split (+/- 5%) between each of the two flocculation trains. Flow Configuration Flow through the floc basins can either be parallel (from inlet to outlet in a straight line parallel to the basin exterior walls) or serpentine (from inlet to outlet in a back and forth direction perpendicular to the basin exterior walls). The existing DVWTP flocculation basins utilize a parallel flow configuration. Perforated baffles between stages in the parallel arrangement minimize short-circuiting through the basin. A variation of the parallel flow / perforated baffles is to use alternating over-and-under baffles with alternating upward and downward pumping flocculators to develop a pseudo-countercurrent flow pattern. For serpentine flow, concrete walls create serpentine flow and short-circuiting is minimized by creating a longer flow path (high length-to-width ratio). The potential advantages of using a more-costly serpentine flow path, such as reduced short-circuiting, increased ability to taper flocculation energy and ease of feeding flocculant aid, are not as important for a direct filtration flocculation system compared to a conventional treatment flocculation system. Therefore, a parallel flow path, with over-under baffle walls, is recommended for the expanded DVWTP. Use of inlet weirs for flow split require additional headloss compared to inlet valves, but are desirable if ozone gas remains dissolved in the water and needs one more chance to off-gas prior to the floc basins. Provision of an inlet weir provides a good opportunity to create a 4-inch to 6inch drop where additional off gassing can occur, as well as providing a very uniform flow across the width of each floc basin. A hanging baffle wall will be installed downstream of this inlet weir to help capture any extra off-gas, which will be piped to the ozone destruct units. Effluent from each cell of the flocculation basin will discharge over individual weirs into a common flocculation basin effluent channel. This channel will convey water to the filter inlet channel. The channel design will allow for an additional 2.25 feet of headloss for a future clarification process between the flocculation basins and filters. Summary and Conclusions The recommended flocculation system for the DVWTP is a two-train basin, with three stages per train, using a parallel flow configuration with intermediate over-under baffle walls. Inlet butterfly valves, inlet weirs, and outlet weirs provide flow split and flow isolation functions. Six hydrofoil flocculators are recommended, each with 2 hp motors and individual VFDs for optimum flexibility. The flocculated water will discharge over the outlet weirs to a common effluent channel that will tie directly into the filter inlet channel.

Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design

Page 11

Technical Memorandum No. 7 Rapid Mix and Flocculation Improvements

DRAFT December, 2006

Table 7-2 Flocculation Basin Preliminary Design Criteria

Flow Range (mgd) Flocculation HRT at Max. Flow (min) No. of Trains Max Design Flow per Train (mgd) No. of Stages per Train Flocculation Vol. (per stage & per train) (gal) Stage Length x Width Dimensions (ft x ft) Water Depth each Stage (ft) G value at 2 C (sec ) Number and Type of Flocculator Flocculator Speed Max Flocculator Power, each (hp)
o -1

2.0 to 8.3 30 2 4.15 3 28,800 and 86,400 15 x 13 ~19.5 40 to 100 6 with Hydrofoil Variable Speed Drive 2

PRELIMINARY CONSTRUCTION COST OPINION Table ES-2 of the Executive Summary presents a concept level construction cost opinion for the new rapid mix system, flow metering system, and flocculation systems for the expanded. DVWTP. This opinion will be updated with greater detail in the final predesign report for the DVWTP Expansion Project. The costs to retrofit the existing flocculation basins for equalization and recycle of filter-to-waste are also presented in Table ES-2 of the Executive Summary.

Central Utah Water Conservancy District Duchesne Valley WTP Expansion Project - Preliminary Design

Page 12