PROJECT IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Submitted to: Mrs. Ethel M. Gayona

Submitted by: Shalimar B. Baruang

VIRAL PATH OGEN IC

Varicella-zoster virus
- Is one of eight herpes viruses known to infect humans (and other
vertebrates). It commonly causes chicken-pox in children and Herpes zoster (shingles) in adults and rarely in children. Varicella-zoster virus is known by many names, including: chickenpox virus, varicella virus, zoster virus, and human herpes virus type 3 (HHV-3). The virus is very susceptible to disinfectants, notably sodium hypochlorite. Within the human body it can be treated by a number of drugs and therapeutic agents including acyclovir for the chicken pox, famciclovir, valaciclovir for the shingles, zoster-immune globulin (ZIG), and vidarabine. VZV immune globulin is also a treatment.

Human immunodeficiency virus -Is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that
causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),[1][2] a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows lifethreatening opportunistic infections andcancers to thrive. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth (perinatal transmission). Screening of blood products for HIV has largely eliminated transmission through blood transfusions or infected blood products in the developed world.

Influenza A and B viruses -

Dengue virus -Is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus.
Other members of the same family include yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus.[11] Most are transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes or ticks), and are therefore also referred to as arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses). The dengue virus genome (genetic material) contains about 11,000 nucleotide bases, which codefor the three different types of protein molecules (C, prM and E) that form the virus particle and seven other types of protein molecules (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5) that are only found in infected host cells and are required for replication of the virus. There are four strains of the virus, which are called serotypes, and these are referred to as DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. All four serotypes can cause the full

spectrum of disease. Infection with one serotype is believed to produce lifelong immunity to that serotype but only short term protection against the others.

BACTERIAL PATHOGE NIC AGENTS

Vibrio cholera
is a gram negative comma-shaped bacterium with a polar flagellum that causes cholera in humans.[1][2] V. cholerae and other species of thegenus Vibrio belong to the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria. There are two majorbiotypes of V. cholerae identified by hemaggluttination testing, classical and El Tor, and numerous serogroups. The classical biotype is found only in Bangladesh, whereas the El Tor is found throughout the world.[citation needed] V. cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch, working independently thirty years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease.

Neisseria gonorhoea -also known as gonococci (plural),

or gonococcus (singular), is a species of Gram-negative coffee beanshaped diplococci bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea.N. gonorrhoea was first described by Albert Neisser in 1879. Are fastidious Gram-negative cocci that require nutrient supplementation to grow in laboratory cultures. Specifically, they grow on chocolate agar with carbon dioxide. These cocci are facultatively intracellular and typically appear in pairs (diplococci), in the shape of coffee beans. Of the eleven species of Neisseria that colonize humans, only two are pathogens. N. gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhoea and is transmitted via sexual contact.

Haemophilus influenza
formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenzapandemic. A member of the Pasteurellaceae family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as afacultative anaerobe.[1] H. influenzae was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933, when the viral etiology of the flu became apparent. Still, H. influenzae is responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases. H. influenzae was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing project was completed and published in 1995.

E.coli enterotoxin strains -

Clostridium tetani -is a rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium of the genus Clostridium.

Like otherClostridium species, it is Gram-positive, and its appearance on a gram stain resembles tennis rackets or drumsticks.[1] C. tetani is found as spores in soil or in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. C. tetani produces a potent biological toxin, tetanospasmin, and is the causative agent of tetanus, a disease characterized by painful muscular spasms that can lead to respiratory failure and, in up to 40% of cases, death.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis -is a pathogenic bacterial species in the

genusMycobacterium and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis. [1] First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on the cell surface (primarily mycolic acid), which makes the cells impervious to Gram staining so acid-fastdetection techniques are used instead. The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highlyaerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalianrespiratory system, MTB infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for TB are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, and chest radiographs.[1]

The M. tuberculosis genome was sequenced in 1998.

Salmonella typhi -