Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Why Tourism?
Tourism an Economic and Social Phenomenon Over the decades, tourism has experienced continued growth and deepening diversification to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. Modern tourism is closely linked to development and encompasses a growing number of new destinations. These dynamics have turned tourism into a key driver for socio-economic progress.
6
Today, the business volume of tourism equals or even surpasses that of oil exports, food products or automobiles. Tourism has become one of the major players in international commerce, and represents at the same time one of the main income sources for many developing countries. This growth goes hand in hand with an increasing diversification and competition among destinations. This global spread of tourism in industrialised and developed states has produced economic and employment benefits in many related sectors - from construction to agriculture or telecommunications. The contribution of tourism to economic well-being depends on the quality and the revenues of the tourism offer. UNWTO assists destinations in their sustainable positioning in ever more complex national and international markets. As the UN agency dedicated to tourism, UNWTO points out that particularly developing countries stand to benefit from sustainable tourism and acts to help make this a reality. Key numbers:
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From 1950 to 2005, interna onal tourism arrivals expanded at an annual rate of 6.5%, growing from 25 million to 806 million travellers. The income generated by these arrivals grew at an even stronger rate reaching 11.2% during the same period, outgrowing the world economy, reaching around US$ 680 billion in 2005. While in 1950 the top 15 des na ons absorbed 88% of interna onal arrivals, in 1970 the propor on was 75% and decreased to 57% in 2005, re ec ng the emergence of new des na ons, many of them in developing countries.
International tourist arrivals are estimated to have declined worldwide by 4% in 2009 to 880 million; In 2009, international tourism generated US$ 852 billion ( 611 billion) in export earnings; UNWTO forecasts a growth in international tourist arrivals of between 3% and 4% in 2010; By 2020 international arrivals are expected to surpass 1.5 billion people
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IBIS
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(2.75)
nm
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*Pro Forma Martinair. Reconciliation table available in results presentation. **EBITDAR: operating income/ (loss) before amortization, provisions and operating leases. ***Adjusted for the portion of operating leases corresponding to financial costs (34%).
13.
31 M
( .)
2010 .
( ) 5,921 2,407 1,223 2,393 2,372 1,173 15,489 .
123 23 11
A A
/ / /
22 50 15 244
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, 48,492 50% ), .
, Air France-KLM . ( 50 , ).
( 244 ,
2010/ 2011 .
2011 AIR FRANCE-KLM GROUP ( RPK (Revenue pax-kilometers(%) ) , 14,665 77.6% 13,979 77.7% (-0.1) 5,051 2010 4,779 % 5.7% 4.9%
E ( RPK (Revenue pax-kilometers) , 2,637 (%) 66.4% 2,423 63.6% 2.8 3,400 3,169 7.3% 8.8%
.) ,
554
541
2.5% 2.8%
/ ( ) , 3,639 (%) 84.6% 3,425 86.1% (-1.5) 429 412 4.1% 6.3%
/ ( RPK (Revenue pax-kilometers.) , 2,133 (%) 74.6% 2,104 75.4% (-0.8) 393 394 (0.2%) 1.4%
/ ( RPK (Revenue pax-kilometers.) , 1,994 (%) 85.6% 1,882 84.0% 1.6 275 263 4.6% 6.0%
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, 2010 2011 . . 2011 . 5,051 RPK (Revenue pax-kilometres). ( load factor ) . RPK. 1,7%) , -0,8%. . -
5,7 %. . 0,01% -
5%
((-1,5%)
13.
??? ( )
? 2010-2011 .
.)
.)
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, AIR FRANCE-KLM ,
HEEDERS: 1-OGUM , PARK AND ZHAN, Globalization and Strategic Alliances,Pergamon ,2000, .252 2- (Buhalis &Laws, 2001).
.18
3-
/
. , ).
7- ourism in the age of alliances, mergers and acquisitions , str.56 , 2000g. 8- Youssef
Hansen (1994 . .416)
9- http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/business/15hotels.html?_r=1
consulting and services organization focused on the hotel, restaurant, shared ownership, gamin 10 Pascal Briodin, Conference Proceedings-Tourism and The Trends Towards Consolidation,Montreal, 2000. ,p.65 11 http://www.personal.psu.edu/jwo3/Hotel%20Brand%20Market%20Value%20Article.pdf
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
www.ehotelier.com http://www.mkg-hospitality.com/ http://www.hotel-online.com/ www.hospitalitynet.org http://www.propertyweek.com _ www.pata.org www.hotelnewsnow.com www.IATA.ORG http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/JDPAContent/CorpComm/News/content/R eleases/pdf/2009121-asdf.pdf http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/business/15hotels.html?_r=1 http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/world-share-ofinternational-tourist-arrivals-2010
http://www.economywatch.com/world-country/airports.html http://www.icao.int/DevelopmentForum/Forum_06/Presentations/Cherry.pdf
http://www.oag.com/graphics/lowcostcarriers.pdf
http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/04/20/340853/special -reportlow-cost-carriers-coming-of-age.html
www.ghotw.com
http:/ www.garsonline.de/Downloads/070616/Holtz_Alliances_GARS.pdf
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