, AIR FRANCE KLM

: , , , , . . . , , . , . , , . , .

, ,

, , .

. -

. , , .

Why Tourism?
Tourism an Economic and Social Phenomenon Over the decades, tourism has experienced continued growth and deepening diversification to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. Modern tourism is closely linked to development and encompasses a growing number of new destinations. These dynamics have turned tourism into a key driver for socio-economic progress.
6

Today, the business volume of tourism equals or even surpasses that of oil exports, food products or automobiles. Tourism has become one of the major players in international commerce, and represents at the same time one of the main income sources for many developing countries. This growth goes hand in hand with an increasing diversification and competition among destinations. This global spread of tourism in industrialised and developed states has produced economic and employment benefits in many related sectors - from construction to agriculture or telecommunications. The contribution of tourism to economic well-being depends on the quality and the revenues of the tourism offer. UNWTO assists destinations in their sustainable positioning in ever more complex national and international markets. As the UN agency dedicated to tourism, UNWTO points out that particularly developing countries stand to benefit from sustainable tourism and acts to help make this a reality. Key numbers:
y y y

From 1950 to 2005, interna onal tourism arrivals expanded at an annual rate of 6.5%, growing from 25 million to 806 million travellers. The income generated by these arrivals grew at an even stronger rate reaching 11.2% during the same period, outgrowing the world economy, reaching around US$ 680 billion in 2005. While in 1950 the top 15 des na ons absorbed 88% of interna onal arrivals, in 1970 the propor on was 75% and decreased to 57% in 2005, re ec ng the emergence of new des na ons, many of them in developing countries.

Current developments & forecasts:

y y y y

International tourist arrivals are estimated to have declined worldwide by 4% in 2009 to 880 million; In 2009, international tourism generated US$ 852 billion ( 611 billion) in export earnings; UNWTO forecasts a growth in international tourist arrivals of between 3% and 4% in 2010; By 2020 international arrivals are expected to surpass 1.5 billion people

1.

I .1

I .1.1

. , , . , , . . , , . . . , . . , . , Rothschild Asset Management , .... , . . KPMG , . I .1.2 . . , , . . 3

y

, ,

: , ,

, .
y y

. ( , ).

, . % . , , 68

. , , , , . , , , , , ,

, . , ,

. .

, . , , , , AIRBUS A380. US$1.2 , . , , , , . . , , . , , , 13,000 , . .(

, AIRBUS A380 , 550 -650 ). . 20 16,000 , . 20

. ,

, . , , . ,

, . , . , , . . . , , . , . .) , . , ( , , , . , ,

I .2

I .2.1

, . , and-spoke

80-

90 . .hub. , . . , , . , . ,

. , , .

( DOT), , . , .

25% . . 49.9% , , 25% .

, . 50% . . . , . , 1978 ., . . 8 Star Alliance. , , , , . ,a , 10% 30 % ,

, .

. ,

. .

80.

. KLM 1988 . 1995 .

North West Airline

, . :

(code-sharing)

, .

I .2.2

:
y y

Nonequity strategic alliance Equity strategic alliance

1

, ,

Non

equity

strategic alliances . , , , . -

, , . . . code-sharing ( ).

interlining(

( interlining) , . . . , , , . . , , ,

(code-sharing) 70% , . . . , code-sharing, . . .

, , Equity strategic alliance , , . .? ( 9). , , . .

code share , , . , . code share , . . share ,

: , code share . -

(hubs)

code .

, . , . , share , . code ,

. ( . , . ), . ,

. . code sharing , ,

. , .

. ,

. Sabena, Swissair . .

American Airlines , 6, . ,2000 .

, (resource sharing alliances) . . , , ,

. .

I .2.3

, . . ( . . , . . , SKYTEAM. . , . , , . : ONEWORLD, 61% STARALLIANCE , , ). ,

1.

. / .
Adria, Aegean , Air Canada, Air China, Air New Zealand, ANA, Asiana Airlines, Austrian airlines, Blue One, BMI, Brussels Airlines, Continental, Croatia airlines, Egypt Airlines, LOT, Lufthansa, SAS, Singapore airlines, South African airlines, SPAN AIR, Swiss, TAM, Tap Portugal, Thai, Turkish, United airlines, US Airways Future members: Air India, Ethiopian airlines, Olympic airways,Avianca-TACA, Copa Airlines

.$

Star alliance 1997 .

1172

627,52

156.8

Oneworld 1999 .

American Airlines,British Airways Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Iberia Japan Airlines, LAN ,Malv, xicana,Qantas,Royal Jordanian Future members : S7Airlines, Air Berlin Kingfisher airlines ,

871

340

90

Skyteam 2000 .

Aeroflot,Aeromxico,Air Europa, Air France, Al Italia, China Southern,Czech Airlines,Delta, Kenya Airways, Korean Air, Tarom, Vietnam Airlines Future members: Aerolineas Argentinas, China Airlines, China Eastern , Garuda Indonesia

898

385

97.9

Tuk sa sloja edna cherta I pod neq da pisha ot koq godina sa dannite ???? (str.12 ot uchebnika)

, , Skyteam Oneword ,

Staralliance e .

, l S , . , . t .

, ( . S t , l

St

lli ) .S t

(28% )

. ( 14%) , 5%

Oneworld ( 32%).

( Royal Jordanian Airline, Oneworld). : mirates, Qatar Airways, Gulf Air, Etihad Airways, Saubi Arabian Airlines, EL AL.

ONEWORLD

(British Airways ,

1999, American Airlines)

, . 2010 . British Airways ,IBERIA

American Airlines . 2010 . British Airways, Iberia , . , , . Oneworld, SkyTeam. . 7 . Star Alliance , American Airli nes. 400 . , -

Oneworld

STAR ALLIANCE
Star alliance , , : . , , .

 ,

: . Lufthansa, Austrian (2010 )

, Swiss Airlines

  ; ; ; ;

, ;

 .

Star alliance .

1172

181

SKYTEAM

2000 , SKYTEAM Star alliance. , ( : . Roissy-Charles-de-Gaulle Airport) . . Air Maroc . .). 13 , SKYTEAM

, ,

. (Caring more about you ).

( Al Italia, Czech Airlines, Aeroflot, Roya l , . SKYTEAM ,

I .2.4

, ,

. , , , , , , I.2.5 code sharing /

y y y y

. . . . , . //// .14

I.2.6

, . 50-60% , , . , . , , . . , , , , . , , , . ,

, . . , .

. . , .

, . .

. , .

, . , . , . , , .

. , , , , .

, , , , . , -

, .

I .3

, . ,
2.

. (World Wide Web)

. , .

, 1993 . . ), ( GDS) , 1993 ., , ( , ( GDS) , , . , , . , ( incoming , -

agents), . -

, . , , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , .

, , ,

. , ,

I .3.1
TUI AG TUI 1968 . , , 1997

)
.

a , Preussag . , Preussag TUI, -

. Carlson U.K. Thomson Travel, Thomas Cook. Nouvelles Frontieres, Preussag ,

, -

Thomas Cook 2 . , , Preussag , , 2000, Preussag 6% 34% 2002. Accor Club Mediterranee , Nouvelles Frontieres. 2000 , Preussag Maritz Travel Company( ),Internet Britannic Travel( ), : TQ3 Travel Solutions,

Travel Group(

2001, TUI AG ), Protravel( 9 .

2007 . TUI AG Tui Travel PLC, 150 3500 ). ,79

First Choice Holidays PLC . 50,000 . 18 28 , ( 285 113,6 . 120 , 10 163,000 71,000 .

, 12 2009 . TUI AG ( .2010 ).

Condor&Neckermann Touristik AG C&N Touristik AG e 1998 , , Karstadt Quelle , ), Lufthansa). . Karstadt Quelle e . , , . -

- NUR Touristik GmbH( Condor Flugdienst GmbH ( 50%

2000, C&N Touristik AG , Aquatour, Albatros, Havas Tourisme (American Express Havas Voyage Affaires, , 2000 . Thomas Cook 885 , Preussag , , Thomson Travel( ). 2002, Thomas Cook , C&N Thomas Cook Group PLC, .

Airtours, Neckermann, Condor, Ving, Direct Holidays , ,

Thomas Cook, Sunset, My Sunquest -

. 19 22 . .

97

32,000

21 . .

Japan Travel Bureau 1912, Japan Travel Bureau(JTB) . JTB, , . , , 2/3 . ,

, JTB

Carlson Companies Carlson Companies . , , . : .

, , ,

American Express , , 22.1 . business-to-business . . 50-50 , Amex Amex

Carlson Wagonlit Travel, Accor, 140 , . 2001, Carls n Wagonlit Travel JTB-CWT Business Travel Solutions. , Rider-BTI Travel Rider Travel Group, Hogg Robinson, Hogg Robinson 2001.

Carlson Companies 3000 11 , 1 Japan Travel Bureau, , . . . ,

Rider-BTI 51%

1998

, , Rider-BTI, Hogg Robinson,

. BTI-Canada ,

, Business Travel International Worldwide ,

REWE REWE, . 400 51% LTU Touristik, REWE Touristik. Swissair , . . 14 . 325,000 50 , . DER, 2000, , . 1999,

Accor Accor e : , (26%), . , (6%). 4100 Accor , (68%), , .

Airtours Airtours all-inclusive , . 1997 Carnival 200, 2000, , , ,

80% , Costa-Paquet. 50%

Sun. 1998 TSI.

1998

FTI Direct Holiday. Hotetur, 1999 -2000 FTI, Airtours , , ,

, 25.1%

, Costa. Carnival, Airtours.

2002 . Airtours International , Premiair

MyTravel Group plc., MyTravel Airways.

Kuoni Kuoni 1906 .) BTI 85% Cook, NUR. , 49% , 95 . . 51% , , 2001, : . Thomas ( , -

, .

. . Carlson Companies e :

, , , ,

. , .

, , .

, , , , , . ,

(ASTA) Orbitz, .

Travelocity.com

, Expedia.

. Rosenbluth , , .

American Express, Carlson -

. .

, , , . Airtours , Travel Services , ,

International(TSI). , , Airtours , .

Airtours ,

1997, Vacation Express 1998 , North American Leisure Group(NALG). 2000, Navigant International, GTS Global Travel Solutions, 145 . . 635 . ,

Suntrip,

Navigant 3 ,

, .

. , . Transat A.T. Transat A.T. Inc , Transat : , Air Transat, , 3.5 , , . . , 60 40 . , , 90 Transat A.T. . 27 , , . 22 . 63%

Transat . 200,- Look Voyages(99.2%),Brok`Air,Star Airlines(51.4%),Anyway,Club Voyages -France, Clubs Lookea Vacances Air Transat France, , Jonview Corporation, . 2001, Transat . . Marlin Travel.

, Transat A.T. upmarket , Transat 35 100 . . , . . , . , Transat

Revatours, ,

, , World

. of Vacations Tourgreece,

Transat Look Voyages, 40%

Transat

Transat Consultour, 400 Consultour , . .

. , , , , 63% . , 1990 .

90 ,

1000

5000 . 1997

. , Gem Travel, Vacation.com, 8500 . Vacation.com GEM Cruiselink, SPACE, AURA, Crown Travel Group, TIME, Consortium and Consolidated Travel Services. 20 000 9000 IATA . , , , , , : . 60% . . ,

I .3.3.

. , , , 2001 , . , , 50 . , , , , , 2000 . . 59 . , Travelocity, Expedia Orbitz , , Travelocity) , , 1,5% (Expedia) 2001 , 20% . 2007 . , , , - , Forrester Research , e        ) . , , . . 2000 . 30 . : . , 2001 . 1,3% ( 40 , , Orbitz ). . $86 . . 3.2% ( , , , (TIA) . 2004 , , , 33% 20 84 .

( -

, 8 2003 . it . . 138 . . . . 2006 ., . 2011 . , 38% 2006- 2011 . .

. 128 .

, . , . . , , ( ). . . - . , -

47% 34% 9% 10%

, . . , 2010 .

Googl -(Googl )

, ;Orbitz, Expedia).

MapQuest

Expedia. O 15 ( Priceline.com ;Tripadvisor

4.

12.10.2010 .

12.11.2010 .
Google Map 17,16% MapQuest 6,61%
Expedia 2,99% Southwest Airlines 2,76% Yahoo!Maps 1,97%

Priceline.com 1,90% Bingmaps 1,84% Tripadvisor 1,50%

Yahoo!Travel 1,47% Orbitz 1,35%

. , PhocusWright , . , .
4

CAD$8.5

CAD$25

, , .

PhocusWright,

, .

. , , . ,

. , . 2010 .

, 10% PhoCusWright . 17% ). , 36%. (19.50%), 2008 . ( 54%), 2007 -2008 . 58.4 . ( 64% (15%), ,

22.5%

(7.5%),

- -

(4%).

. 2/3( .

, 67% ) . , 48% 2011 . , -(19%), 20% 2011 . 31%

5.4 2008 .

. 26% 3

2008 .

2001 . RESEARCH , $200 . Despegar.com , , , Yahoo! , . . 50% , , . JUPITER

PhoCusWright, ( , - . ), , , , ,

$17.7 . 2007 . $41.7 . 2011 . .

, . , . I.3.4.

, Tripadvisor, Expedia, Travelocity 2010 Zuji. ,

2011 .

/GDS/ , - , ) . . 60 , ) , ( , . , (

. , . ,
: -AMADEUS -GALILEO -SABRE -WORLDSPAN

( ), Axess ( ), Tapas (Ko ) Abacus ( . , , , , . -

Infini ),

, . .

4.
K -

Sabre Worldspan SystemOne Gemini Galileo International

22% 10% ( N/A Amadeus)

American Delta, Northwest, TWA Continental Air Canada, Canadian United, USAir, British Airways, SwissAir, KLM, Alitalia, Olympic, Air Canada, Aer Lingus, Austrian, Air Portugal Air France, Lufthansa Iberia, SAS (merged with Continental's SystemOne) Cathay Pacific, Singapore, Malaysia, Philipine, Royal Brunei, China Airlines All Nippon

/E

22%

Amadeus

27%

Abacus Infini A Axess 9% Topas Southern Cross

Japan Airlines Korean Airlines Australian, Ansett Airlines

Fantasia Qantas Airlines SITA A , (a Gets N/A , ),

*
Amadeus 1987 . , . 50 . - -

100% ,

..

, 10 500 , ,

Amadeus 57 000

( Scandinavian Airlines), . 200 58 000 , , . 50% to Amadeus Data Processing.

SABRE . . Galileo, Sabre Worldspan. e-Travel, Inc. , Oracle Corporation . 2001 , 2000 . Vacation.com , , . Galileo. ,

Onetravel,

Galileo International Galileo International 1993 .

: Aer Lingus, Air Canada, Alitalia, Austrian Airlines, British Airways, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Olympic Airlines, Swissair, TAP Air Portugal, United Airlines US Airways. , , , . Galileo International , : . 2001 . Cendant Corporation , , Galileo International $2.9 . 116 , 45 000 . 500 , 227 , 33 - 368 . Galileo , . 2000 . Galileo - TRIP.com 2006 . , Travelport, 46% $269 . Galileo, Worldspan. . , ,

Sabre 40 Sabre , Sabre 45 , , , Sabre . 60(80 ) . Sabre

. , ,9 1996 . Sabre Travelocity.com. . Sabre , , . 2007 . Sabre Holdings Texas Pacific Group $3 . Silver Lake Partners 2008 . . Sabre , , , Sabre 70% - Travelocity.com , Get There.com $300 700 , 229 , Sabre 400 33 60 000 , 55 000 . , . .Sabre

, 52

- -

$5

Worldspan Worldspan 1990 . Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlines Trans World Airlines. Delta Air Lines, Inc. (40%), Northwest Airlines (34%), American Airlines, Inc. (26%).Worldspan , . Worldspan 20 000 90 . 420 , 210 40 - , 39 . , Worldspan , Worldspan Worldspan . ePricingSM, , , Worldspan 2006 . 16.9% Worldspan . Worldspan , . 31% . 2001 . - Orbitz, , 2002 . ,

I.3.5 A

, , , , , . . , ,

, 5%, ( , ,

. . , 1 %. , ,

(wholesalers)

. , AIRTOURS), . Condor & Neckermann Touristik , . , . ,

Preussag , .

, . 67% . . , 5, 4. . , , . , . , . 76% 80% , , 5-

. .

2004 . Club Mditerrane , ccor. Nouvelles Frontires 2000 . AG. , Corsairfly . , Degriftour Lastminute, a Havas Tourisme , C&N Touristik. , . , -

Club Med , TUI Corsair, - Fram, Airtours.

merican Express,

Preussag

C&N Touristik.

. , .

5. 2008 ,($ .)

, , . -

I.4

I.4.1 , . , . . , 77% , . : : Expedia, Voyages-sncf.com, Travelocity, Orbitz, CheapTickets, Priceline, CheapOair and Hotwire.com. , SABRE, Amadeus CRS, Galileo CRS Worldspan. , / GDS/ , , . Orbitz WorldHotel-Link. . TripAdvisor SideStep. Kayak.com, . Expedia, 70% . 1997 . ,

y y y y y y

: Expedia, Inc., US$2.937 . (2008 .) Sabre Holdings , . (2008 .) Voyages-sncf.com Opodo 1.3 Priceline.com Orbitz Worldwide, Inc. , US$870 . (2008 .) Expedia.com, Hotels.com, Hotwire.com Travelocity.com, lastminute.com . -. US$2.9

2.23 . (2008 .) . (2008 ) US$1.9 . (2008 .) Orbitz.com, CheapTickets, ebookers

. - revenue

. .

, Travelocity.com 10 -

Expedia

:???? : Expedia

: Travelocity : 1996 . : , ,

: 1996 . : :USA Networks :$2,937 . . ( 2008 .) ,

: Sabre Holdins Corporation :$2,9 . ( 2008 .)

, , .

, . , $30 , .

, . . . Orbitz Orbitz Travelocity . Air Lines, Northwest Airlines, United Airlines, American Airlines , 1999 . , - , , 10 ,000 6, , , .

. , ,

Expedia -Continental Airlines , Delta $145 . 455 . , -

. .

, , , , , .

(ASTA) , . 2003 .

Hotwire Orbitz, West ( , . , Sabre, Hotwire. 70% 2001 . US Airways) Hotwire 2000 . : American, Northwest, Continental , America - . Sabre $75

United Airlines. Scient Corporations. Travelocity.com , ( Orbitz Hotwire ) .

Opodo Orbitz, -

-Opodo. British Airways, Air France, Alitalia, Iberia, KLM, Lufthansa, Aer Lingus, Austrian Airlines Finnair. , 99,4% . 500 , , - , , , . . 2008 ., Opodo 1.3 . 13 . I.4.2. . , , , , . , Marroitt,Choice, Best Western , . . 2000 . , , .. . , Hyatt Starwood, Accor, Hilton . : Hilton, Forte , , .

, ($3.5 Accor 3,500 , Accor . 80% ccor . , , WorldRes Europe . WorldRes.com Inc., . , . ). . 400,000 88 38 ),

19%

Pegasus Solutions. , 100, 000 REZsolutions, . 40 ,000 . .

I.5 A

,
, . , , , . ,

. , . . . . . , ,

, . 333 . $110 . 2008 . . , 2000 ., 103.23 . . . , 176 , , . : 26% $51 . 2007 . , 2000 . $33 435 29%

50 , , Fujita . ). , , , Southern Sun Hotels , , (Dorint&Maritim , Scandic Hotels

. , Jolly .

I.5.1

( hotel groups)

. , 6). 10. . Wyndham Hotel Group, Tryp Hotels 17Sol Meli. Wyndham Hotel Group . Lodging Econometrics 2010 . . 2009 , 360, 000 10 502009 . . 2010 . arriott International. T 106 /2009 /. (

IHG (InterContinental Hotels Group)

1,7% . . ,

2009

2009

2008

2008

1.

2. 3.

InterContinental Hotels Group PLC , Wyndham Hotel Group, Marriott International Inc., Hilton Worldwide, Accor Hospitality, Choice Hotels International Inc.,

646,679

4438

619,851

4186

597,674 595,461

7114 3420

592,880 560 ,681

7043 3178

4. 5. 6.

585,060 499,456 487410,

3530 4120 6021

545,725 478,975 472,526

3265 3982 5827

7. 8

9.

Best Western International, Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Inc., Carlson Hotels Worldwide,

308,477 298,522

4048 992

305,000 248,000

4000 942

159,756

1058

151,077

1013

10.

Hyatt Hotels Corp.,

: www.hotelsmag.com

122,317

424

114,332

375

. . /. Accor Hospitality. , ,

, 10 ,

/8 InterContinental Hotels Group PLC ,

7 10/2009 /.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Wyndham Hotel Group, Choice Hotels International Inc., InterContinental Hotels Group PLC , Accor Hospitality, Best Western International, Hilton Worldwide, Marriott International Inc., Groupe du Louvre, Carlson Hotels Worldwide, Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Inc., : www.hotelsmag.com

7114 6021 4438 4120 4048 3530 3420 1097 1058 992

, ,

7 6. 1100 .

.
Accor Hospitality - Groupe du

Louvre,

2007 -2009 . InterContinental Hotel s Group

, . 2008 . Express by Holiday Inn., 5,2%

Crowne Plaza.
Marriott International , -

Courtyard

Residence Inn Scandic,

20 000 . , Hampton Inn

2007 . .

Garden Inn outside America.

Accor . Hotel. Sofitel, Novotel . Pullman Mercure,

, Motel 6, Ibis, Mercure All Seasons,

Etap

Choice International , Comfort Inn Quality, Best Western, . 3,4%. 1000 1,8 %. 8 20.

. , Starw od Hotels group(8) - Westin Sheraton, Carlson Hospitality group 2008 . . Hyatt Hotels ,

(2008 .)

/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17

18.

Best Western Holiday INN Comfort Inn & Comfort Suites Marr ott Hotels & Resorts Hilton Hotels& Resorts Express by Holiday Inn Days Inn of America Hampton Inn Sheraton Hotels & Resorts Super 8 Motels Quality Inns &Hotels Courtyard Ramada Wordwide Motel 6 Mercure Hyatt Hotels Radisson Hotels
IBIS

Best Western InterContinental Hotels Group /IHG/ Choice International Marriott International Hilton Hotels IHG Wyndham Hotel Group Hilton Hotels Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Wyndham Hotel Group Choice International Marriott International Wyndham Hotel Group Accor Accor Global Hyatt Carlson Hotels Worldwide/REZIDOR
Accor

19. 20.

Crown Plaza Hotels & Resorts Novotel Hotels

IHG Accor

Travel and Tourism Analyst 250 000 1000 . . , :InterContinental Hotels Group /IHG/, Accor, Carlson Hotels Worldwide, Best Western, Wyndham Hotel Group,Marriott International Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Inc. . , . , Wyndham Hotel Group . Sol Melia Accor. . , InterContinental Hotels Group , InterContinental Hotels Group Accor, Carlson Hotels Worldwide Wyndham Hotel Group, , 125 ,

, . ,

18,7

. 5: -

, 147,000 , ,

32%. 68% ,

2009 .

. . 6% , , , , , , . .last minute . . -

, . , . , hub-and-spoke system, , , . , 8. 10. Marriott, : ,

/2010 /

2009 . 2010

2010 .

2009 . %

1/2 2/3 3/2 4/4 5/6 6/5 7/7 8/8 9/10 10/9

Accor Best Western IHG Groupe DuLouvre NH Hoteles Sol Melia Carlson/Rezidor TUI Hilton Worldwide Whitbread

2234 1289 554 995 353 203 228 167 163 579

2215 1264 548 855 306 204 218 166 152 572

243 004 87 017 86 084 71 544 50 077 45 960 44 471 41 079 39 713 39 142

240 752 84 248 84 646 59 490 43 695 45 082 42 777 41 209 38 275 38 695

0,9% 3.3% 1.7% 20.3% 16.20% 1.9% 4.0% -0.3% 3.8% 1.2%

: DataBase MKG Hospitality( Accor 2TUI. , 0,3% , Golden Tulip NH Hoteles ) ( 1)

.2010 .

(2). . Groupe DuLouvre, Carlson/Rezidor , , . 2 : Louvre Hotels 5 -

Hesperia,

. , Mercure,Formula 1 16 . , , Accor /IHG/. Sol Melia , . . 17, 100 450 . ,

100 -

, . InterContinental Hotels Group ,

, , ,

2008 . , , ,

. , .

, .
6

, , . , . 2009 . Wyndham Hotel Group, Choice Hotels Internationa, Best Western International, Hilton WorldWide, Marriott International, Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Hyatt Hotels . . . , . Choice International , 10 000 1 . 2010 . 2009 . 6021 487 . .

, . : . . , , Accor, . Red Roofs Inn 1999 . , ,

60-70% Starwood InterContinental Hotels Group , , 2 15 1000 1000 , 10 .

Accor,Marriott, . 1 1000 1000

. Hotels Group,Carlson Hyatt , . , Wyndham Hotel Group . 2010 . ( DR). 16,4% . (33%) e (RevPar) . ( ( ), ). , , . 100,000 ( , ) , ( , (31,9%) , 1,6% $146. (RevPar) , , -

Accor, InterContinental

71,4% 24,5% (+39,5%),

), ( ) InterContinental Hotels Group .

Taj Hotels Resorts & Palaces , 62,000 , ,

. , . ; Hyatt Accor 5 8 , IHG 40 , . , 800 , ,

400,000 50 . , . 150 . ,

12

(CNTA),

40 1000 .

IHG

Marroitt,

, InterContinental Hotels Group ,50% , 46,135 , 148 2010 . 29% $137 . . 12 % . .

Indigo. 2010 .

132 . ,

, , . , , . ,

. , . . , . . , . , . , , , ,

50% 20%

, ( , . , . . . . , . , , ). , , ,

2.

II.1

, 8090Skyteam Oneworld. -

. -Staralliance,

code share 20. , , . , , . : , . . , , ,

. , -

, IT

. . . II.1.1

, -

: , , , 2000 . 7 $100 200 ,

). 1.9 .

( Airline Business 11%

II.1.2

. . , , . , . , . , , , , . -, . , , . , Youssef Hansen
8

II.1.3

, .

(CRS) , -

, stuffing). , . ,

(code-sharing flights)

( screen ,

. . , . Staralliance .

II.1.4 , , , , . . . , . ,

. ,

2007 . , . Alaska Airlines, Continental

Delta Airlines.

. , ( , , II.1.5 . .). ,

, . , , , , . . 20% 2 . Staralliance . . , . , , , (code-sharing) 17%. . 4,9%, ), 1,5% ( 1,5%. 20% . , . , 8, , . . , . , , , , , , . , , :

II.1.6

. . , . , , , , ,

. , , 8000 , . , . 0,01% . . . service fee , . , , 7 % . ASTA (American Society of Travel Agents) 1995-2000 . .

II.1.7 , , . , , . , , . , , , . , . ,

, , , . ,

, . . , .

II.1.8 , , .

. , . -

, , , .

II.2

II.2.1

, , . . , , . , , -

; .

, , .

, . , ( , . .). . , , ,

, . . . , -

II.2.2 , , , . . . , , , , . ,

. , , , -

. , .

II.3.

II.3.1.

, , , . , .

II.3.2.

, . , . ? , .
9

. , , , ,

2010 .,

and Starwood , . , , (franchise fee). , .

Marriott ,

, . . . ,

, . Marriott - Marriotts Autograph Collection, , A , Collection hotels Kessler Collection, Celebration Hotel Grand Bohemian Hotel , . Autograph . , . 25%, ,

II.3.3. , . . , , , , , , , . II.3.4. . , . , -

, , , 2010 , . .

. .

, , ,

II.4.

? , . , . . , , ,

II.4.1

, . ,

, ,

, , . , , ,

, .

, ( , ( , , , ,

, , , , . ,

, , . .)

. .)

5.

* (Revenue Passenger Kilometre RKP) * :European Environment Agency /www.eea.europa.eu /

, . , 2010 . ,

2010 . 38% .

1- o . -

6,4% . , (+15%), (+13%), (+10%), (-7,5%),

2009 .- 7,6% , , , .

(+24,5%), (+11%), (+10,5%), (+12,5%), (+16,5%). (-9,5%), (-9,5%), (-6%). , .

37,6% 28,8%
14,2% 11,5%

4,1% 3,8%

5,6% .

15

8.

2010 .

3,7%

 



Environm nt Agenc /

.eea.europa.eu /

" &'"

'

)0 )( "' $&%

$#"!

, , .

. , . ,

40,9%

7,5% 2,6%
6,1% 0,5%

7,2%
31,4%

. 102008/2009 ( .)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

. 2009 .( 74,2 54,9 52,2 50,9 43,2

.)

. 2008 . ( 79,2 57,9 57,2 53,0 42,7

.)

6.
7. 8. 9. 10.

28,0
25,5 24,2 23,6 21,5

30,1
25,4 25,0 24,9 22,6

-UNWTO World Tourism Barometer 2009 . . . . 2009 . ). . 2009 . 23,6 103-5 . 2008 ., (+0,5 . . , 25,4 . . 2008 . +0,1

World Tourism Organization), , . , 2008 . 2010 .,

UNWTO World Tourism Barometer (United Nations , 2010 . , 4,2% 2009 . 2010 ., 642 2009 .(+7%) . 4% 1 . ., 2008 ., , 2011 . 40 .

, , .

. , 14% , 2010 . ,

(+3%) 2010 .

(+4%), .

(+4%), (+2%). ( -3%)

. , Star Alliance, , : , . , Sky Team ,

, United . Lufthansa, Air France

, ,

!10 , , , . , Lufthansa United, Star Alliance. , . . Airbus A33D0 , -

II.4.2.

, . . ,

. -

. . , , Airways,American Airlines,Lufthansa). . 60 . 50 . $5 . . . ( Etihad , Airways,Qatar

, . . , . , . Los Angeles Times , 4, , . (Dallas/Fort Worth DFW) 1970 . 148%. , , , , . . , . , . . , . , , , , ,

, . . , , , , . , . , . Intrawest Mont Tremblant Whistler Intrawest Mont Trem lan , Canadian Pacific(Fairmont Delta), Westin Resort , . , , .

Marriott Residence Inn . ,

, . , , .

II.4.3

, . ( ) , , , . .

, , . . , , . , . ,

, : ;

; . , , . , . . . , , , , , , . . . ,

***********

*********

3.

, , .

, ,

, , .

. , , , . .

III.1.

III.1.

, . , , , ( ) . . , , . , , . , . ( ) , ( frequent flyer

programs), ,

). . ,

, .

. , .

III.2.

. . . ,

. ,

:   ( ticketless , , ( GDS), , .       , 40 . . , , , . . . . ; . / connecting flights/, . travel), .

OAG(Official Airline Guide),

Ryanair

Air Berlin, Easyjet, .

2004 ., . . , . , , , . Ryanair Southwest Airline . , Ryanair , . Easyjet . , 88 . , . , , , 3 , . Ryanair , . Easyjet. , . , , . -120 , Easyjet , , -

, , - Ryanair London Luton. . easyJet British Airways. , British Airways London Stansted, easyJet

- GO, KLM,

Ryanair.

2001 . British Airways Easyjet. ( Buzz),

Ryanair.

. 17 %

IBERIA , . Snowflake, . SAS AIRLINES LOT

POLISH AIRLINES - Centralwings. 2004 . . , . Gulf Traveller, Gulf Air, . , 2005 . , , Air Arabia, . , , . , , . . , , . . asyJet. Boeing, , , . Ryanair 70 , , , , , 2007 . ,

. Jazeera Airways,

, Royal Air Maroc Atlas Blue,

2005 . Ryanair 225 .

III.3. , , , . , , . . , , .

. , , , AAdvantage , . Hertz, Airlines , (Mileage Plus) . . , , . . Frequent-stay programs). , , . - - Hertz . . , . : . . , , . , , ( . .upgrade), - , , Hyatt. - American Airlines(1981 ). : , , - .

United 5000

, . , , :           ( , ( ( , ) ( ) ) ) . -

III.2.

, . . , . . , . . , ( . , . , . ) . , , , , , . ,

. ,

, .

, -

. , :    -

. :
y y

. , . , . , . . . , . . /user-friendly/, . , . ,

. Satellite System) , -

GPRS

(GNSS-Global Navigation , W-LAN(Wireless Local Area Networks) .

. . , , . theme tours. , , , . . ( )

III.3.
, . , . ,

III.3.1.

. . . . . , . , .
11

, , .

, .

. , . , , 85% . , ,

, . , , . . , . , ,

20-25%

, -

, , . . . , , , . . . . , 83% . 50% . . . , . , , ,

III.3.2.

. , . , . , ,

, .

, . , . . InterContinental ( Marriott . Starwood , , ,

. -

) ,

(RevPAR). Great Hotels , , ,

of the World . , , , Premuim , ,

. . : Great Hotels of the World Luxury Collection Classic Collection . Great Hotels of the World Great Hotels of the World , 250 . , ,

(Find your niche), . Facebook, Twitter, You

Tube

Flickr , , Great Hotels of the World Facebook .

The Leading Hotels of The World Hotels of The Words . , . 430

The Small Luxury -

4.

AIR FRANCE

KLM (ROYAL DUTCH AIRLIN S)

IV.1.

2-

AIR FRANCE Air France e 7 1933 , 4(of Air Orient, Air Union, Compagnie Socit Gnrale de Transport Arien (Compagnie . 98 53 400 , . . 61 Charles De Gaulle . . . Air France . , . ,

Internationale de Navigation Arienne (CIDNA), (SGTA) , Gnrale Aropostale). , 183 .

26

1945 .

Air France SE-161 Languedoc

1952 .

1946 . . , . Lockheed Constellations , , 1953 .

60. AIR FRANCE . 1974 , Paris-Charles De Gaulle (CDG), 5. Boeing 747 , Caravelle Boeing 707, . AIR FRANCE

300

500

AIRBUS A300 .

1976 . Air France -

Concorde . .

1999 . France, 72% 2,4 . 22 Airlines, Aeromexico Skyteam. Korean Airlines, StarAlliance. -

. Air . 2000 . Air France, Delta Skyteam 13 9 4-

. 302003 . Air France KLM

Air France-KLM.

2004 .

Air France KLM

2004 .

ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES /KLM /

KLM , 2010 . 33 . Amsterdam Schiphol , a 125 . 63 . 17 . , . ( ( 21 1946 . . 10 . , 1958 . . , , 1967-68 . , . 7,62 . Schiphol Airport, . Boeing 747-200B , , ). , ), , 1929 . 1920 . 1926 . 7 1919 ., . . , . ,

8020% . -

90. Airlines,

, 1989 ., (World .

Northwest

Business Class )

IV.2.

AIR FRANCE AIR FRANCE-KLM

KLM

KLM and Air France . 2 ( ). , , , ,

, . 2003 , Air France-KLM . , , 244 . , 100,000 105

, . , 73,5 . 625 . , , (Chales De Gaulle) (Schiphol airport).

Northwest

. (codeshare agreements) Continental Airlines , . AF-KLM

2007 . (14,7 % ).

50% 8 ) . .Dutch Foundation ( 36,3% , (voting rights), . 2007 . -

9.

AIR FRANCE/KLM

: www.garsonline.d

2007 . . and Amsterdam-Schiphol ). .

(two-hub strategy around Paris-Charles de Gaulle , ,

10.

AIR FRANCE/KLM

2007 .

: www.garsonline.d

10.
AIR FRANCE KLM 302010 .

AIR FRANCE Group* KLM Group* ( , ) 104 145 125 6 380 * Transavia Martinair 61 46 67 4 178 165 191 192 10 558

: www.corporate.airfrance.com

10.

310 )
Air France 41,333 / 15,081 4,272 60,686 KLM 17,668 8,325 2,707 28,700

2009 .(

Air France 9,000 1,209 1,296 11,505

KLM 5,014 1,506 956 7,476

**

: www.corporate.airfrance.com

*Air France subsidiaries : AFSL, BritAir, Blue Link, CityJet, CRMA, Regional, Groupe Servair (ACNA, Bruno Pegorier, OAT, Servair SA), Sodexi representing approximately 70% of Air France subsidiaries headcount. **KLM subsidiaries: CSC India, Cynific, KLM Catering Services, KES (KLM Equipment Services), KHS (KLM Health Services), KLM Cityhopper 5UK and BV), Transavia, KLM Ground Services Limited, KLM UK Engineering Limited, representing approximately 96% of KLM subsidiaries headcount.

Embark

. , . . . Air France. Air France . AIR FRANCE-KLM :

y

, ,

( )
y

Air France

( )

Air France. Air France . 5 9-

2007 . Ai r France .

AIR FRANCE-KLM. , , , Skyteam , . 15 -10 -2 -3 , , : . . . , ,

: mbark

, . AIR FRANCE-KLM, , . . : , ). , , Air France-KLM ( 5 , . Embark ,

. . , . Skyteam.

AIR FRANCE-KLM 100% .

, , . , . .Air France-KLM , 200 .

. , , Skyteam . Air France-KLM , , . , .

, .

Building on its solid fundamentals and robust balance sheet, the Group is pursing a strategy of profitable growth together with a sustainable development policy based on respect of its commitments to environmental advances and social progress.

12 .
Air France-KLM 31 2009 -2010 .

31 2010 20,994 / EBITDAR** / (loss) Operating income/ , 1,111

31 2009* 24,693 2,275

% (-15.0) (51.2)

(1,285)

(186)

nm

/ Adjusted operating income/(loss)*** / Net income/(loss),group share Earnings/(loss) per share

(1,040)

45

nm

(1,559)

(811)

(91.5)

(5.30)

(2.75)

nm

: www.airfranceklm-finance.com

*Pro Forma Martinair. Reconciliation table available in results presentation. **EBITDAR: operating income/ (loss) before amortization, provisions and operating leases. ***Adjusted for the portion of operating leases corresponding to financial costs (34%).

13.

AIR FRANCE KLM

31 M
( .)

2010 .
( ) 5,921 2,407 1,223 2,393 2,372 1,173 15,489 .

123 23 11

48,492 6,835 2,181 5,397 5,484 3,005 71,394

A A

/ / /

22 50 15 244

: www.corporate.airfrance.com

, 48,492 50% ), .

, Air France-KLM . ( 50 , ).

( 244 ,

, . (5,92 . . , 2,29 2,27 . . . ) , 2,4

2010/ 2011 .

2011 AIR FRANCE-KLM GROUP ( RPK (Revenue pax-kilometers(%) ) , 14,665 77.6% 13,979 77.7% (-0.1) 5,051 2010 4,779 % 5.7% 4.9%

E ( RPK (Revenue pax-kilometers) , 2,637 (%) 66.4% 2,423 63.6% 2.8 3,400 3,169 7.3% 8.8%

( RPK (Revenue pax-kilometers-

.) ,

554

541

2.5% 2.8%

4,263 (%) 78.3%

4,145 80.1% (-1.7)

/ ( ) , 3,639 (%) 84.6% 3,425 86.1% (-1.5) 429 412 4.1% 6.3%

RPK (Revenue pax-kilometers-

/ ( RPK (Revenue pax-kilometers.) , 2,133 (%) 74.6% 2,104 75.4% (-0.8) 393 394 (0.2%) 1.4%

/ ( RPK (Revenue pax-kilometers.) , 1,994 (%) 85.6% 1,882 84.0% 1.6 275 263 4.6% 6.0%

: www.corporate.airfrance.com

, 2010 2011 . . 2011 . 5,051 RPK (Revenue pax-kilometres). ( load factor ) . RPK. 1,7%) , -0,8%. . -

5,7 %. . 0,01% -

5%

((-1,5%)

13.

??? ( )

? 2010-2011 .

Passenger business for the first half of 2010 -2011

6 (RPK (ASK 30105,739 126,993 83,3% ( , .) ( . ) 9,493 9,061 2010 .

.)
.)

: www.corporate.airfrance.com

, AIR FRANCE-KLM ,

2010 -2011 . 83%. 9,061 ..

HEEDERS: 1-OGUM , PARK AND ZHAN, Globalization and Strategic Alliances,Pergamon ,2000, .252 2- (Buhalis &Laws, 2001).

.18

3-

. . 19 ot uchebnika ( 4-www.phocuswright.com / .21

, 23

/
. , ).

5- International Air Transport Association airport

6HVS (

7- ourism in the age of alliances, mergers and acquisitions , str.56 , 2000g. 8- Youssef
Hansen (1994 . .416)

9- http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/business/15hotels.html?_r=1

consulting and services organization focused on the hotel, restaurant, shared ownership, gamin 10 Pascal Briodin, Conference Proceedings-Tourism and The Trends Towards Consolidation,Montreal, 2000. ,p.65 11 http://www.personal.psu.edu/jwo3/Hotel%20Brand%20Market%20Value%20Article.pdf

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

www.ehotelier.com http://www.mkg-hospitality.com/ http://www.hotel-online.com/ www.hospitalitynet.org http://www.propertyweek.com _ www.pata.org www.hotelnewsnow.com www.IATA.ORG http://businesscenter.jdpower.com/JDPAContent/CorpComm/News/content/R eleases/pdf/2009121-asdf.pdf http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/business/15hotels.html?_r=1 http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/world-share-ofinternational-tourist-arrivals-2010

http://www.ftnnews.com/aviation/11140-global-air-passenger-traffic-up-by7-in-november.html http://www.centreforaviation.com/news/2010/12/17/worlds-airports-reportrobust-traffic-results-in-oct-2010-on-track-for-full-year-growth-of-6/page1 www.unwto.org

http://www.economywatch.com/world-country/airports.html http://www.icao.int/DevelopmentForum/Forum_06/Presentations/Cherry.pdf

http://www.oag.com/graphics/lowcostcarriers.pdf

http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/04/20/340853/special -reportlow-cost-carriers-coming-of-age.html

http://communication.howstuffworks.com/ff-programs.htm http://www.personal.psu.edu/jwo3/Hotel%20Brand%20Market%20Value %20Article.pdf

www.ghotw.com

http:/ www.garsonline.de/Downloads/070616/Holtz_Alliances_GARS.pdf

www.corporate.airfrance.com www.airfranceklm-finance.com