Science y a synchronized body of knowledge based on facts gathered through observations, experimentations, and experiences to formulate a verified conclusion/law

Primary Branches: 1] Social Science y deals on the human behaviour primarily on cultural Measurement is the process of comparing a quantity to and social aspects a standard 2] Applied Science y application of theoretical sciences Measurement during the early times 3] Natural Science English (?) Philippine y deals with the understanding and description of nature Unit Equivalence Unit Equivalence a] Biological Sciences length from b] Physical Sciences middle finger Cubit Dama width of palm to elbow Physics 7 palms y a branch of the Physical Sciences width of a width of the y from the Latin word, physika, which means nature Palm Dali finger (not palm y study of matter and energy and their interactions the thumb) width of the Uncia Talampakan foot length Branches of Physics: thumb 1] Classical Physics Foot 12 uncias Timuro finger length y traditional topics discovered/formulated before the length form th beginning of 20 century nose to Yard Hakbang one stride y concerned if matter and energy is in normal condition middle finger 2] Modern Physics Dakot one handful th ~ from 20 century up to now one jar Gusi ~ extreme conditions (specific) Some known fields of the two branches of Physics Classical Modern Mechanics (Motion) Quantum Optics (Light) Astrophysics Acoustics (Sound) Plasma Thermodynamics (Heat) Low-temperature Condensed Matter Bose-Einstein Condensate Trivia: The dimensions of the Noahs ark was 300 cubits long, 50 cubits wide; and 30 cubits high.

0.005 90.005 1 500.00 5 000 2 5 000 3 5.2610

1 5 5 1 4 3

wherein: a actual value t theoretical value (true value) Precision y nearness of the values to each other y calculated using Percentage Difference n xi -x i=1 xi x 100% wherein x= n

A Physical Quantity is any quantity that can be measured and has magnitude a] Scalar quantities are quantities described by magnitude only b] Vector quantities are quantities described by magnitude and direction y usually represented by an arrow y to name a vector an arrow is put on the vector name (example: X)

Head represents the direction of the arrow Length proportional to the magnitude of the vector Tail origin of the vector Properties of Vectors 1] Equality A=B if both vectors have the same magnitude and direction 2] Addition C=A+B wherein the addends are called components (di ) and the sum is called resultant vector (dR ) 3] Subtraction C=A-B 4] Negative of a Vector A=-B if A = - B and |A| faces in the opposite direction 5] Multiplication by a Scalar Constant B=kA and the vector lengthens if k>1 or shortens if 0k<1 and faces the other side if k is negative

Scientific Notation is a practical way of writing too large Accuracy y nearness of the values to the true value or too small values y calculated using Percentage Error y format: A10B a-t y t 100% Significant Figures Rules and Examples Example SF 1 52 741 5 The last two zeros are called trailing zeroes 2 502 741 6 Notice the last three barred zeros

Vector Addition is a process of combining vectors to have a single vector

Scalar Types of vector addition: 1] Graphical Method uses skill in proper scaling a] Polygon (Tail-to-head) method y the tail of the second vector is drawn connected to the arrow of the vector y the dR is drawn connecting the tail of the first vector to the arrow of the last vector b] Parallelogram method y all the tails of the vector will start at the origin y dR is the diagonal of the parallelogram y the limitation of parallelogram method is that it can only get the dR of two vectors 2] Analytical Method uses mathematical computations a] Law of Sine/Cosine i] Law of Sine a sin = b sin = c sin ii] Law of Cosine c2 =a2 +b2 -(2ab) (cos b] Components Method i] Approach 1 ii] Approach 2 1] Distance y total path covered y magnitude of displacement 3] Speed y measure of how fast something is moving y rate at which distance is covered d y v= wherein [v] is speed, [d] t is total distance covered, [t] is total time elapsed a] may be instantaneous if speed is given at any instant b] or average if the formula [total distance] d vi +vf v= = = is
[total time] t 2

Vector 2] Displacement y separation of an object to a reference point y [final position][initial position]

6] solve [t] in equation 3

t=

vf -vi a

substitute in equations 1 and 2

d=

vi +vf

vf -vi a

used Motion is change in position with respect to a reference frame y motion is relative y objects move with respect to, or in relation to something (reference frame) y reference frame is a physical entity to which position Six Kinematic Equations and motion of an object is relative Mechanics is the study of motion ~ change in motion ~ reference frame being considered ~ three kinds: 1] Rectilinear y straight line 2] Curvilinear y curved line 3] Angular y with certain angle 1] Statics y focuses on the way forces combined to produce equilibrium 2] Dynamics y factors or causes of motion 3] Kinematics y focuses on the motion of an object y five (5) kinematic concepts: v= d t v +v 2] Average Speed: v= i f 2 v -v 3] Acceleration: a= f i t Derived Equations: 4] solve [d] in equation 1 substitute equation 2 5] solve [vf ] from equation 3 substitute to equation 4 simplify Basic Equations: 1] Speed:

until Late 16 Century: heavier objects would fall faster than lighter objects y may also be Galileo Galilei conducted an experiment that proves the instantaneous or definition above wrong average y was famous for the legendary Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment y he conducted an experiment of rolling two balls of different mass on an inclined plane and observed that 5] Acceleration the two balls landed to the base at the same time y change in speed, direction, or both v v -v in the absence effect y a= = f i t t of air resistance heavy and light objects would fall at the (vacuum) same tine moving object will maintain its motion friction unless acted upon by an external force
t

4] Velocity y how fast an object is moving and in what direction y rate of change in position of an object d y v= +[direction]

simplify

d=

v2 -v2 i f 2a

th

2 vf =ta+vf 2vi +ta d=t 2 2 d=tvi + at 2

d=t

d=tv vi +vf

Free fall gravity is the only thing that affects a falling object other factors: air resistance mass y when an object is dropped it starts from rest and gains speed as it falls y g-9.8 m 2 wherein [g] is the acceleration due to gravity s y Christian Huygens discovered the value of g Equations concerning gravity: Original # Equation Equation v -v a= f i t v -v 1 Equation 3 g= f i t vf =vi +gt

d=t 2 Equation 4 y=t

vi +vf vi +vf
i

2 2 2 2 Hint in memorizing: a= v t

4] t1 =

-viy

5] t1 =

viy

9.8 m

s2

6] t1 =

viy

g =

vi sin

2 d=tv + at

Equation 5

y=tvi +

gt2

d= 4 Equation 6 y=

v2 -v2 i f 2a

Getting the value of t2 (projectile has landed) 2v sin t2 =2t1 = i g Getting the maximum height (given: initial velocity and angle) gt2 gt2 1] ymax =viy t+ 2] ymax = 2 2
2

4] g 2 ymax = v2 sin2 iy g
2

v2 -v2 i f 2a

viy sin g

v2 =2g( y)+v2 i f

Summary of Kinematic Equations Type of motion stationary object constant velocity constant acceleration Displacement constant Velocity 0 constant

A projectile motion is a combination of vertical component with constant acceleration and horizontal 3] ymax = component with constant velocity that are independent to each other y vertical component = constant a = g = 9.8 m 2 s y horizontal component = constant v = 0 m 2 v2 sin2 s 5] ymax = iy y Components: 2g Acceleration 1] the projectile is the object thrown with an initial velocity and acted upon by gravity 0 2] the trajectory is the parabolic path travelled by the Getting the Range: projectile 3] the maximum height (ymax) is the highest point of 1] R=vix t 0 the trajectory with a velocity of 0 m s 2v2 cos sin ix constant 4] the range (R) is the total horizontal distance 3] R= g travelled [rise]

2] R= vix cos 4] v2 R= ix sin 2

2vi sin g

Formulas: [run]) y velocity is the slope of the graph of displacement against Equation 3 time y acceleration is the slope of the graph of velocity against time Equation 5 Given Formul a v= d t x=t y=d x=t y=v x=t y=a Equation 6

Graphical analysis of motion (recap: slope =

a=

vf -vi

t vf =at+v1
2

d=vi t+ at 2 v2 +v2 i f
2 2 2a vf =vi +2ad

vfx =vix vfy =viy +gt R=vix t gt2 ymax =viy t+ 2 v2 =v2 ix fx v2 =v2 +2gy iy fy

Trivia: To achieve the maximum range, must be 45 if there is no air resistance. Less than 45 if there is air resistance.

d=

vix =vi cos

viy =vi sin

Getting the value of t1 (maximum height is reached) 1] vfy =viy +gt1 2] 0=viy +gt1 3] gt1 =-viy

According to Aristotle during the 4 century BC, there are two types of motion: 1] Natural y movement is either straight up or down y objects seek their natural resting places 2] Violent y imposed motion/external force y result to forces that are pulled/push

th

Therefore, force is necessary to keep an object moving. However, Galileo disproved Aristotles observations and 3 created another observation. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion Isaac Newton created the three laws of motion: 1] Law of Inertia y an object at rest remains at rest while an object at motion remains at motion unless acted upon by an external force y net force is the sum of all the forces acted on an object 2] Law of Acceleration y F=ma 3] Law of Interaction / Action-Reaction y for every action there is an equal (magnitude) but opposite (direction) reaction y only occurs in pairs

Check it here: http://zonalandeducation.com/mstm/physics/mechanics/forc es/galileo/galileoInertia.html

Force y friction is directly proportional to the force pressing the y push or pull two surfaces together o causes an object at rest to start moving o causes a moving object to change its direction Ff S FN Ff is frictional force o causes a moving object to stop Ff = K FN FN is normal force  may be balanced (Fnet =0) Fapp is applied force Ff  may be unbalanced (Fnet 0) = FN is the coefficient of  may be non-contact/field S y action at a distance force static friction y doesnt need a direct contact is the coefficient of Ff =Fapp (if direction of force is K y examples: kinetic friction horizontal) y gravitational, magnetic, electrical other symbol for Fnet is is the coefficient of  may be contact (eta) friction y needs a direct contact y examples: Normal force is the pressing force between two objects y spring/elastic force, tensional force, friction/air FBD or free body diagram resistance y a diagram that shows all the forces acting on an object Friction y treats objects as points and the forces as arrows y is the force that resists motion whenever two materials or media are in contact with each other and are sliding or rolling over each other y force that resists motion whenever two materials are in contact y main causes: y (mechanical/physical level) mechanical interlocking of irregularities on the two surfaces in contact y (atomic level) attractive forces between the surfaces representative atoms y types of friction: y static friction includes all cases in which the frictional force is enough to prevent relative motion between surfaces in contact y sliding or kinetic friction occurs when there is relative motion at the interface of the surfaces in contact y rolling friction takes place when one surface rotates as it moves over another surface but doesnt slip nor slide the area of contact Principles of friction: y friction acts parallel to the surfaces that are in contact and is in the direction opposite to the motion of the object y friction depends on the nature of materials in contact and the smoothness of the surfaces y sliding friction is usually less than starting friction y sliding friction is practically independent of speed y friction is practically independent on the area of contact