Final

Overview of Composites
Ply Mechanics
Classical Laminates Theory
Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters
Notes on Laminates Optimization

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor
January 2010
Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()
Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS
January 2010
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Overview of Composites
Ply Mechanics
Summary
1 2 3 4
Overview of Composites Ply mechanics Classical Laminates Theory Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters
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Overview of Composites 1
Ply Mechanics
Denition
Composite materials (Latin: componere) A macroscopic combination of two or more distinct materials into one with the intent of surpressing undesirable properties of the constituent materials in favour of desirable properties
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Ply Mechanics
At Macro Level
Isotropic The same properties in all directions (Metals, plastics, concrete, etc) Anisotropic Dierent properties in dierent directions (Wood, reinforced concrete, bre composites, bone, and almost all natural building materials) An example would be the dependence of Youngs modulus on the direction of load
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Ply Mechanics
Laminates composites
Combination of two or more constituent materials on a macroscopic examination to produce a new material with enhanced properties: Fibers (carbon, glass, Kevlar) and matrix (Epoxy resin)
Strength and stiness are proportional to the amount of bers in the matrix (Fiber volume fraction) The reinforcing bers provide the useful engineering properties e.g., strength and stiness); whereas the matrix serves to protect and stabilize the bers while transferring loads among the bers predominantly through shear.
Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor () Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS January 2010 5 / 46
Ply Mechanics
Stacking Sequence
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Ply Mechanics
Mirror symetry?
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Ply Mechanics
Coupling terms
When the local coordinate changes : some terms of Compliance matrix are dierent of Zero (Distortion of right angle)
For anistropic material, Stress-Strain Equations depend on Coordinate.

Ply Mechanics
Stress and Strain in a laminate
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Ply Mechanics
Equivalent material
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Ply Mechanics
Simple rules: Mixture Law
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Ply Mechanics
Elasticity Review: stress tensor
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Ply Mechanics
stress tensor: Matrix notation
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Ply Mechanics
Plane stress assumption
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Ply Mechanics
strain tensor: Matrix notation
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Ply Mechanics
Stress-Strain Equations in Material Coordinate

In material coordinate, we can calculate: any load cases (in plane) is a combination of these 3 cases
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Ply Mechanics
Normal strain in coupon along O1 (Material Coordinate

When loading is normal to face 1 (normal stress 1 ) , the structure elongates along O1 ( 1 ) and shortens along O2 ( 2 ).
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Ply Mechanics
Shear Loading
Under pure shearing force 12 ,no 1 and 2 appears. G12 (shear modulus) is dened by : 12 = 2G12 12
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Ply Mechanics
Stiness Equations in Material Coordinate

any load cases (in plane) creating 1 , 2 , 12 is a combination of these elementary cases: 10 0 1 1 0 0 1/E1 21 1 1 E2 A @ 2 A @ 2 A = @ 12 1/E2 0 E1 2 12 12 0 0 1/G12 equivalent to (Hookes Law): [ ]=[S][], where [S] is the Compliance Matrix (9 terms) Multiplying by S 1 , : []=[Q][ ] we can obtain: [Q ] Reduced Stiness Matrix in the orthotropic coordinate: 0 1 E1 12 E2 0 E2 0 A [Q ] = @ 12 E2 0 0 G12 avec =
1 112 21
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Ply Mechanics
Hookes Law for a 2D Angle Lamina

From local to global coordinate ?
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Ply Mechanics
Coordinate Transformations
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Ply Mechanics
Coordinate Transformations
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Ply Mechanics
Stress Transformation
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Ply Mechanics
Strain Transformation
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Ply Mechanics
Stress-Strain relationship in Global Coordinate
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Ply Mechanics
Stress-Strain relationship in Global Coordinate

Multiplying by [T ]1
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Ply Mechanics
Stiness and Compliance Matrix in Global Coordinate
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Ply Mechanics
Exemple 1
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Ply Mechanics
Macromechanics
Nx = normal force resultant in the x direction (per unit length) Nxy = shear force resultant (per unit length) Mx = bending moment resultant in the yz plane (per unit length) Mxy = twisting moment resultant (per unit length)
Ply Mechanics
Displacement eld
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Ply Mechanics
Strain in the laminate
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Ply Mechanics
Strain in the laminate for each layer
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Ply Mechanics
Plate resultant forces
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Ply Mechanics
Constitutive equation for laminated plate
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Ply Mechanics
Laminate stiness matrix
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Ply Mechanics
ABD?
18 terms are governing: A = [in-plane stiness matrix] D = [bending stiness matrix] B = [bending-extension coupling matrix] B=0 if symetrical vs middle plan
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Ply Mechanics
Aij, Bij, Dij Coecients

Aij, Bij, Dij depends on thickness, orientation, stacking and materials properties of each ply.
where zk are ply coordinate (sup and inf) (i,j=1,2,6) IS THERE ANY COMPACT FORM OF THIS COMPLEX PROBLEM EXISTING ???????
Ply Mechanics
Optimal Fibers Orientation
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Ply Mechanics
Lamination parameters
Lamination parameters are a compact representation of the stacking sequence. Miki, Tsa and Pagano carried out this representation of the mechanical behaviour of a laminate by decomposing the material-dependent part and the stacking-sequence dependent part, ending up with : 5 so-called material invariants or Tsa -Pagano parameters {Ui }i=1...5 that only depend on the material properties (E11 , E22 , G12 and 12 the longitudinal, transerve and shear moduli and the Poissons ratio)
A B D 12 so-called lamination parameters {1,2,3,4} , {1,2,3,4} , {1,2,3,4} that only depend on the stacking sequence (ber orientations and number of plies).
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Ply Mechanics
The knowledge of both U and is enough to derive the constitutive law of the material. More precisely, they allow ud to compute the ABD stiness tensor where : A is the in-plane stiness tensor that describe the tensile compressive behaviour of the material D is the out-of-plane stiness tensor that describe the exural behaviour B is the coupling stiness tensor
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Ply Mechanics
Their denition is :
A {1,2,3,4} =
1 h 1 h 1 h
h/2
{cos(2(z)), cos(4(z)), sin(2(z)), sin(4(z))}dz (1)

h/2 h/2
B {1,2,3,4} =
{cos(2(z)), cos(4(z)), sin(2(z)), sin(4(z))}zdz

h/2
(2)
h/2 D {1,2,3,4} =
{cos(2(z)), cos(4(z)), sin(2(z)), sin(4(z))}z 2 dz

h/2
(3) where h denotes the thickness of the laminate and the orientation of ber at height z [h/2, h/2]. It is a general denition of . For laminate composite it turns down to a simple nite sum of Nplies terms
Ply Mechanics
Knowing these lamination parameters stiness tensors can be obtained by I 1 1 I11 I I22 1 1 I12 0 0 = I66 0 0 I16 0 I /2 3 I I26 0 3 /2 where I stands for A, B and D.
and the material invariants U. The

I 2 I 2 I 1 I 2 I 4 I 4
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 U 0 1 U2 0 U 1 3 U4 0 U5 0
(4)
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Ply Mechanics
Lamination parameters based lay-up optimization
The lamination parameters oers another representation of the stacking sequence They represent the stacking sequence description through 12 variables, no matter how many plies there are. A lot of work has been done on describing the feasible design space for lamination parameters : Miki, Diaconu, Weaver... and the boundaries may be described with a closed form expression. Recently Weaver and al. carried out an implicit relationship to describe to feasible space for any set of arbitrary orientations. They can be used to build up surrogate model.
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Ply Mechanics
Figure: Exemple of feasible design space into the lamination parameter representation
Ply Mechanics
Lamination parameter based lay-up optimization

This representation has been used with dierent optimization techniques: Evolutionnary techniques : Haftka, Leriche, Todoroki... Gradient based techniques : Herencia, Kere other metaheuristics (SA, AC...) : Todoroki Nonetheless, once an optimum has been found in the lamination parameters space, we have to nd a corresponding stacking sequence This is not trivial and in the litterature, this problem is usually solved with evolutionnary techniques. though some author derived original methods : Todoroki used for instance a brounch-and-bound that is based on the fractal structure of the lamination parameters space.
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Ply Mechanics
Others representations
Note that this representation is not the only one to be used for lay-up optimization We can use directly the reduced stiness tensors A and D and use continous techniques (gradient descente techniques) (Adams, Herencia,...). Note that we still have the post-identication problem. There also exists an equivalent representation used by Vanucci : the polar form
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Final

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Overview of Composites

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Notes on Laminates Optimization

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

For anistropic material, Stress-Strain Equations depend on Coordinate.

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Stress and Strain in a laminate

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Simple rules: Mixture Law

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Elasticity Review: stress tensor

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

stress tensor: Matrix notation

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

Plane stress assumption

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()

Workshop 2.3 MAAXIMUS

Classical Laminates Theory

Laminates optimization: laminated Parameters

strain tensor: Matrix notation

Joseph Morlier / Dimitri Bettebghor ()