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The Module contains the Basics of Radio Wave Propagation Characteristics, Link Engineering Parameters, Freznel zone consideration, Rain Attenuation, Reliability criterion, Hi-Lo concept of frequency planning and basics of PDH and SDH MUXs.
By: Alok K. Tiwari Head Network Planning Idea Cellular Ltd, UP (East)
Alok K. Tiwari
TRANSMISSION
Planning and Optimization
Alok K. Tiwari
Contents
Link Budget and other parameters of a reliable MW link Radio wave propagation characteristics Rain attenuation Hi-Lo concept Frequency Planning and Threshold Degradation Basics about PDH and SDH MUXs
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TRANSMISSION
Transportation of information (Data) from Source (Tx) to Destination (Rx).
Tx
Media
Rx
(Radio)
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A Radio Link
The fundamental aim of a radio link is to deliver sufficient signal power to the receiver at the far end of the link to achieve some performance objective. For a data transmission system, this objective is usually specified as a minimum bit error rate (BER). In the receiver demodulator, the BER is a function of the signal to noise ratio (SNR). At the frequencies under consideration here, the noise power is often dominated by the internal receiver noise; however, this is not always the case, especially at the lower (VHF) end of the range.
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In addition, the noise may also include significant power from interfering signals, necessitating the delivery of higher signal power to the receiver than would be the case under more ideal circumstances (i.e., back-to-back through an attenuator). If the channel contains multipath, this may also have a major impact on the BER.
Let us focus on predicting the signal power which will be available to the receiver
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- Lr Pr Tx/Rx (IDU)
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The benchmark by which we measure the loss in a transmission link is the loss that would be expected in free space - in other words, the loss that would occur in a region which is free of all objects that might absorb or reflect radio energy. And mathematically, FREE SPACE LOSS is expressed as: FSL (dB) = 32.4 + 20*LOG(f) + 20*LOG(D) Where, f : Frequency of Operation, in MHz D: Hop length, in Km OR, FSL (dB) = 92.45 + 20*LOG(f) + 20*LOG(D) Where, f : Frequency of Operation, in GHz D: Hop length, in Km
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Antenna
Theoretical
Focus
Practical
Antenna Gain
Focal length f BW d D
Antenna Gain: G (dBi) = 17.82 + 20*Log (Dia in Mtr) + 20*Log (Freq. in GHz)
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Path Loss on Line of Sight Links Line of Sight (LOS):the antennas at the ends of the link can see each other, at least in a radio sense.
In many cases, radio LOS equates to optical LOS: youre at the location of the antenna at one end of the link, and with the unaided eye or binoculars, you can see the antenna (or its future site) at the other end of the link. In other cases, we may still have an LOS path even though we cant see the other end visually: This is because the radio horizon extends beyond the optical horizon. Radio waves follow slightly curved paths in the atmosphere, but if there is a direct path between the antennas which doesnt pass through any obstacles, then we still have radio LOS.
Optical LOS
Radio LOS
Optical LOS
Does having LOS mean that the path loss will be equal to the free space case which we have just considered? In some cases, the answer is yes, but it is definitely not a sure thing. There are three mechanisms which may cause the path loss to differ from the free space case: Refraction in the earths atmosphere, which alters the trajectory of radio waves, and which can change with time. Alok K. Tiwari 12
Diffraction effects resulting from objects near the direct path. Reflections from objects, which may be either near or far from the direct path. Atmospheric Refraction : Under normal circumstances, the index of refraction decreases monotonically with increasing height (gaseous density decreases with increasing altitude), which causes the radio waves emanating from the transmitter to bend slightly downwards towards the earths surface instead of following a straight line. Under normal conditions, the gradient in refractivity index is such that real world propagation is equivalent to straight-line propagation over an earth whose radius is greater than the real one by a factor of 4/3 - thus the often-heard term 4/3 earth radius in discussions of terrestrial propagation.
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In superrefraction, the rays bend more than normal and the radio horizon is extended Ducting. In subrefraction, in which the bending of the rays is less than normal, thus shortening the radio horizon and reducing the clearance over obstacles along the path. This may lead to increased path loss, and possibly even an outage.
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DIFFRACTION
0-3 0-2 0-1 0 1 02 03
O B S T A C L E
Power Density dB
Object Position
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d d2 d1
Direct Path : AB, the actual Hop Length d Diffracted Path : ACB = d1 + d2 (ACB) (AB ) = Path Difference = (D = nP/2,
For the first Fresnel zone, n = 1 and the path length differs by P/2 (i.e., a 180 phase reversal with respect to the direct path). For most practical purposes, only the first Fresnel zone need be considered. A radio path has first Fresnel zone clearance if, as shown in Fig. objects capable of causing significant diffraction can not penetrate the corresponding ellipsoid.
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in mtr.
where d1 and d2 are the distances ( in mtr) from the tip of the obstacle to the two ends of the radio link and f is frquency in GHz.
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Effects of Rain, Snow and Fog The loss of LOS paths may sometimes be affected by weather conditions (other than the refraction effects which have already been mentioned). Rain and fog (clouds) become a significant source of attenuation only when we get well into the microwave region. Attenuation from fog only becomes noticeable (i.e., attenuation of the order of 1 dB or more) above about 30 GHz. Snow is in this category as well. Rain attenuation becomes significant for > 10 GHz, where a heavy rainfall may cause additional path loss.
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Microwave Links Parameters Free Space Loss FSL (db)= 92.45 + 20*LOG( fGHz*dKm ) Propagation Loss The propagation loss relative to the free-space loss is the sum the following contributions: attenuation due to atmospheric gases ( Considearble for > 15 Ghz) multipath fading attenuation due to precipitation NORMAL RADIO PATH : In a normal Radio Path, Net Path Loss = FSL + Aa + Lf1 + Lf2 + Lb + Lo Where, Aa = attenuation due to atmospheric gases, Lf1 & Lf2 = feeder loss in dB Lb = branching loss in dB (circulators, filters) Lo = other loss in dB (e.g. attenuators , degradation of threshold)
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Signal strength received at Receiver is given by RSL(dBm) = Pt(dBm) Net Path Loss(dB) + Gt
(dBi)
+ Gr
(dBi)
FADING MARGIN : The difference between normal received signal level and the receiver threshold level is called the fading margin: FM
(dB)
= RSL
(dBm)
PTh
(dBm)
{ - PThdeg }
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Where,
Effective Path Length, d = actual path legth
= Specific Rain Attenuation k and Eare regression coefficients that have been calculated for oblate spheroid raindrops for a range of frequencies. These parameters are appropriate to the polarization. These regression coefficients are given in ITU-R Rec. 838 [2.]. It should be noted that the specific attenuation is lowest for the vertical polarization.
R - the rain intensity in mm/h not exceeded for more than 0.01% of the worst month.
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Radio Threshold : It is the minimum RSL which a radio Receiver can receive with a specified BER ( Generally: 10e-6 as Low BER & 10e-3 as High BER). It is sometimes termed as Radio Sensitivity. Threshold Degradation : It describes how much the cumulative interference will decrease the radios sensitivity.It is based on the equation where interference is considered to cause extra internal noise for radio equipment.
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Unreliability Equations
Unreliability caused by Rain : It is given by Prain ( < 0.005 %) Unreliability caused by Equipment : Pe
( <0.0022831 % single - end)
Ps outage due to selective fading Pxp reduction of the cross polar discrimination Total Annual Unavailability :PURe = PT + PE + PR Total Annual Availability :PRe = 100 - PURe
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FRQUENCY PLANNING Connectivity Terminology Chain Star Mixed Ring / Loop Hi / Lo Concept Frequency selection / Polarization selection Done by Tool
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Total TRX = 12 One TRX = 8 Ch. Of 16 Kbps each One TRX = 2 Ch. Of 64 kbps in E1 12 TRX = 24 Ch. in E1 TRXSIG (LAPD-Sig) : 16 Kbps for each TRX 12 TRX => 16*12/64 = 3 Ch. in E1 BCFSIG (OMU) : 16 Kbps Total Requirement : 24+3 = 27 Ch. of E1 plus 16 Kbps (2 bits) for OMU. Rest will carry no traffic.
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8 2 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 28 2
TRX MAPPING
2 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T r r T T T r 2 2
2 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T r r T T 9T r r i k a a 2 T T 22 T 2 T 2 T T 2 T T 2 T T 2 T T 2 T T 2 T T 92 T 9 T 2 T T 2 T T 22 T 2 T r r 2 T T T r r T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T r r T T T r r T 2 2 T T T T T T T 9 9 T T T 2 2 T T T T T T T T T T T T T 2 9 2
2 2
9 9
9 9
9 2 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 29
2 2
2 2
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T T
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Interfaces Ultrasite
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3 3 T T 0 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Q1 speed Modem numbers 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
TRANSMISSION PLANNING
BCFID
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- Lt Pt Tx/Rx
Atmospheric Loss
- Lr Rx Tx/Rx
MUX
MUX
Figure : Simplified block diagram of the transmitter (a) and receiver (b) of a wireless communication system.
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PDH MUX
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PDH Hierarchy
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SDH MUX
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SDH Hierarchy
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Frequency Bands
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Optimization
Hi Lo Violation Interference minimization
1. Increase in Tx Ant dia 2. Decrease in Tx power 3. Hi Lo swap, if possible
Propose loop split when capacity exceeds 16E1. Introduce SDH radio in Access Network introducing multiple Hub in a single SDH ring.
Vertical Polarization
Planning Longer Hops with Vertical Polarization if freq.>10 GHz to minimize the Rain Attenuation.
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