[A]

Preliminaries A. Biblical reference: 1 John 5:7-8 B. Greek text involved in variation as found in UBS4: 7o[ti trei/j eivsin oi` marturou/ntej( 8to. pneu/ma kai. to. u[dwr kai. to. ai]ma( kai. oi` trei/j eivj to. e[n eivsin) C. Literal rendering: because three are which testify (are testifying), the spirit and the water and the blood, and the three in the one are D. NRSV rendering: 7There are three that testify:* 8the Spirit and the water and the blood, and these three agree. E. NKJV rendering: 7For there are three that bear witness [in heaven: the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit; and these three are one. 8And there are three that bear witness on earth:] the Spirit, the water, and the blood; and these three agree as one. F. NASB rendering: 7For there are three that testify: 8the Spirit and the water and the blood; and the three are in agreement. G. ESV rendering: 7For there are three that testify: 8the Spirit and the water and the blood; and these three agree. H. Delineation of problem: 1. List any alternative readings: a. marturou/ntej evn tw/ ouvranw/( o` path.r o` lo,goj kai. to. a[gion pneu/ma( kai. ou-toi oi` trei/j e[n eivsin) 8kai. trei/j ei,sin oi` marturou/ntej evn th/ gh/ ( to/ pneu/ma kai. to. u[dwr kai. to. ai-ma i. omit kai. oi` trei/j ))) eivsin b. testimonium dicunt (or: dunt) in terra, spiritus (or: spiritus et) aqua et sanguis, et hi tres unum sunt in Christo Iesu. 8et tres sunt, qui testimonium diunt in caelo, pater, verbum et spiritus 2. Label each alternative as to the kind of variation is involved (e.g., omission, addition, transposition of words, substitution) a. Addition (congruent with Latin reading) i. Addition to UBS but omission from first alternative b. Addition 3. Translate the alternatives so as to bring out the differences in meaning each conveys Alternative Readings Kind of Variation Translation marturou/ntej evn tw/ Addition which testify in the heaven, the Father the Word and the ouvranw/( o` path.r o` Holy Spirit, and these the three lo,goj kai. to. a[gion one are. and three are the ones pneu/ma( kai. ou-toi oi` 8 which testify in the earth, the trei/j e[n eivsin) kai. Spirit and the water and the trei/j ei,sin oi` blood marturou/ntej evn th/ gh/( to/ pneu/ma kai. to. I.

u[dwr kai. to. ai[ma testimonium dicunt (or: dunt) in terra, spiritus (or: spiritus et) aqua et sanguis, et hi tres unum sunt in Christo Iesu. 8et tres sunt, qui testimonium diunt in caelo, pater, verbum et spiritus

Addition

give witness (literally: speak evidence) on earth: the spirit, the water, and the blood, and these three are one in Christ Jesus. There are three that give witness (literally: speak evidence) in heaven: the Father, the word, and the spirit

II. [A]

External Evidence A. Accumulation of Evidence Readings

Evidence

a A B (Y 1844 1852 marturou/sin) 048

vid

Alt. Reading 1 Alt. Reading 2

33 81 322 323 426 945 1067 1175 1241 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1739 1846 1881 2138 2298 2344 2464 Byz [K L P] Lect (l 884 ba,ptisma for ai-ma) Old Latin Vulgate Syriac Coptic Armenian Ethiopic Georgian Slavic Clement (Origen) (Cyril) PsDionysiusvid (John-Damascus); Rebaptism Ambrose Augustine Quodvultdeus Frecundus 221 2318 (61 629 omit kai. oi` trei/j ))) eivsin; 61 88 429 629 636 918 with other minor Alt. Readings) lAD Vulgate Armenian Old Latin Vulgate (Cyprian) (Ps-Cyprian) (Priscillian) Speculum Varimadum Ps-Vigilius Fulgentius Western Old Latin Vulgate Syriac Slavic? Augustine Others Armenian Syriac Georgian (Cyril)

B. Distribution of Evidence Readings Byzantine Alexandrian [A] 18 minuscules K a A B Y 048vid L Byz Lect 33 81 323 1175 1739 2298 Coptic Ethiopic Clement (Origen) Alt. Reading 1 8 minuscules lAD Alt. Reading 2 C. Evaluation of Evidence Readings [A] 7o[ti trei/j eivsin oi` marturou/ntej( 8 to. pneu/ma kai. to. u[dwr kai. to.

Vulgate Old Latin Vulgate (Cyprian)

Armenian

Rationale Wider geographic area, more accepted and earlier witnesses, more witnesses in agreement

ai]ma( kai. oi` trei/j eivj to. e[n eivsin) marturou/ntej evn tw/ ouvranw/( o` path.r o` lo,goj kai. to. a[gion pneu/ma( kai. ou-toi oi` trei/j e[n eivsin) 8kai. trei/j ei,sin oi` marturou/ntej evn th/ gh/( to/ pneu/ma kai. to. u[dwr kai. to. ai[ma testimonium dicunt (or: dunt) in terra, spiritus (or: spiritus et) aqua et sanguis, et hi tres unum sunt in Christo Iesu. 8et tres sunt, qui testimonium diunt in caelo, pater, verbum et spiritus Internal Evidence A. Transcriptional Probabilities Readings [A] 7o[ti trei/j eivsin oi` marturou/ntej( 8 to. pneu/ma kai. to. u[dwr kai. to. ai]ma( kai. oi` trei/j eivj to. e[n eivsin) marturou/ntej evn tw/ ouvranw/( o` path.r o` lo,goj kai. to. a[gion pneu/ma( kai. ou-toi oi` trei/j e[n eivsin) 8kai. trei/j ei,sin oi` marturou/ntej evn th/ gh/( to/ pneu/ma kai. to. u[dwr kai. to. ai[ma testimonium dicunt (or: dunt) in terra, spiritus (or: spiritus et) aqua et sanguis, et hi tres unum sunt in Christo Iesu. 8et tres sunt, qui testimonium diunt in caelo, pater, verbum et spiritus B. Intrinsic Probabilities Readings Authors Style 7 [A] o[ti trei/j o[ti clauses eivsin oi` repetition 8 marturou/ntej( to the water and the . pneu/ma kai. to. blood in prev. v. u[dwr kai. to. ai]ma( kai. oi` trei/j eivj to. e[n eivsin) marturou/ntej Repetition evn tw/ ouvranw/ ( o` path.r o` lo,goj kai. to. III.

Sparse witnesses, though not bound to one text type

Too isolated, derivative Gr manuscripts fabricated

Possible Error in Transcription Doctrinal changes?

Doctrinal changes

Doctrinal changes

Vocabulary marture,w, marturi,a pneu/ma u[dwr ai-ma

Theology In agreement

a[gion pneu/ma = infrequent

In agreement

a[gion pneu/ma( kai. outoi oi` trei/j e[n eivsin) 8kai. trei/j ei,sin oi` marturou/ntej evn th/ gh/( to/ pneu/ma kai. to. u[dwr kai. to. ai[ma Alt. Lat. reading

Repetition

in Christ Jesus = not In agreement Johannine Rationale Agrees with context of what John already wrote in v. 6; agrees with Johns theology; agrees best with Johns usual vocabulary and style Though still in agreement with Johns theology, the style and vocabulary is not reflective of Johns writing; does not fit the context of 1 John 5 as adequately as [A] Same as first alternative reading

C. Evaluation of Evidence Readings 7 [A] o[ti trei/j eivsin oi` marturou/ntej( 8 to. pneu/ma kai. to. u[dwr kai. to. ai]ma( kai. oi` trei/j eivj to. e[n eivsin) marturou/ntej evn tw/ ouvranw/( o` path.r o` lo,goj kai. to. a[gion pneu/ma( kai. ou-toi oi` trei/j e[n eivsin) 8kai. trei/j ei,sin oi` marturou/ntej evn th/ gh/( to/ pneu/ma kai. to. u[dwr kai. to. ai[ma testimonium dicunt (or: dunt) in terra, spiritus (or: spiritus et) aqua et sanguis, et hi tres unum sunt in Christo Iesu. 8et tres sunt, qui testimonium diunt in caelo, pater, verbum et spiritus IV.

Summary and Conclusion A. [A]: The accepted reading in UBS4 is prevalent across a wide geographical area as well as among earlier manuscripts of the three readings. The Alt. Reading agrees best with Johns style, vocabulary, and theology. The content maintains the context of 1 John 5. B. Alt. Reading 2: This readings prevalence is limited in its geographical area and to later manuscripts. Few Greek witnesses testify to this reading, and the style and vocabulary is not unquestionably Johannine. The context of 1 John 5 does not lend to a testimony of the Trinity in heaven, though such a testimony is consistent with Johannine theology. C. Alt. Reading 3: The scarcity of external evidence (limitation to one text type and few manuscript support) and the inconsistency with Johannine vocabulary makes this reading unlikely as original.

[B]

Preliminaries A. Biblical reference: James 2:20 B. Greek text involved in variation as found in UBS4: qe,leij de. gnw/nai( w= a;nqrwpe kene,( o[ti h` pi,stij cwri.j tw/n e;rgwn a`rgh evstin* C. Literal rendering: [Do you] intend and [to] learn, O man vain, that the faith apart [from] the works idle is? D. NRSV rendering: Do you want to be shown, you senseless person, that faith without works is barren? E. NKJV rendering: But do you want to know, O foolish man, that faith without works is dead? F. NASB rendering: But are you willing to recognize, you foolish fellow, that faith without works is useless? G. ESV rendering: Do you want to be shown, you foolish person, that faith apart from works is useless? H. Delineation of problem: 1. List any alternative readings: a. nekra, b. kenh, 2. Label each alternative as to the kind of variation is involved (e.g., omission, addition, transposition of words, substitution) a. Substitution b. Substitution 3. Translate the alternatives so as to bring out the differences in meaning each conveys Alternative Readings Kind of Variation Translation nekra, Substitution dead kenh, Substitution vain II. [B] Alt. Reading 1 External Evidence A. Accumulation of Evidence Readings

I.

Evidence B C 322 323 945 1175 1243 1739 Old Latin Vulgate Coptic Augustine

a A C Y 33 81 436 1067 1241 1292 1409

1505 1611 1735 1852 2138 2298 2344 2464 Byz [K L P] Lect Vulgate Syriac Coptic Ethopic Slavic Ps-Athanasius Didymus Cyril; Faustus Salvian Cassiodonus P. 74 Old Latin Western Old Latin Vulgate Augustine Others

Alt. Reading 2 B. Distribution of Evidence Readings Byzantine Alexandrian [B] avrgh, 322 945 B C 323 1175 1739 Coptic idle, useless (Sahidic)

nekra, daed

436 1067 1241 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1852 2138 2344 2464 Byz [K L P] Lect Syriac Peshitta Didymus?

a A C Y 33 81
2298 Coptic (Bohairic) Ethiopic

Vulgate Syriac (Harclean) Slavic

kenh, vain P. 74 C. Evaluation of Evidence Readings [B] avrgh, idle, useless nekra, dead kenh, vain Internal Evidence A. Transcriptional Probabilities Readings [B] avrgh, idle, useless nekra, dead kenh, vain B. Intrinsic Probabilities Readings Authors Style [B] avrgh, idle, useless nekra, dead kenh, vain C. Evaluation of Evidence Readings [B] avrgh, idle, useless nekra, dead, useless kenh, vain III.

Old Latin Rationale A couple early and trustworthy witnesses; wide geographical area; probably developed in Alexandrian region first A few early and trustworthy witnesses; wide geographical area; strong Byzantine and Alexandrian support One early papyri witness; remote reading

Possible Error in Transcription Doctrinal precision Homoeoteleuton (v. 26) Transposition of letters?; doctrinal precision Vocabulary only used here used three times in this passage only only use as voc. in same v.; verb form used once in Ch. 4 Theology In agreement In agreement In agreement

Rationale Vocabulary not typical of James yet not conflicting w/ James writing; could be a play on words (Metzger 681) Honors James vocabulary and theology conveniently; possible homoeoteleuton and partially synonymous w/ avrgh, Possible intentional change (voc. form used earlier in v.); possible transposition if nekro,j is original

IV.

Summary and Conclusion A. [B]: The accepted reading in UBS4 is prevalent across a wide geographical area with a couple early witnesses (e.g., Codex Vaticanus). Possible error in transcription seems unlikely. Theology represented by the text corresponds with James theology. B. Alt. Reading 1: This reading encompasses a wide geographical area as well with strong Byzantine and Alexandrian support, including a few early witnesses (e.g., Codeces Sinaiticus, Ephraemi, and Bezae). The use of nekro,j is no surprise for James, but error in transcription, whether accidental or intentional, could account for this reading. C. Alt. Reading 2: This reading is unlikely because of the little manuscript evidence available. The Old Latin manuscript that contains this word was probably translated from the only other piece of evidence, P. 74.

[C]
I. Preliminaries A. Biblical reference: Acts 2:43 B. Greek text involved in variation as found in UBS4: dia. tw/n avposto,lwn evgi,neto C. Literal rendering: through the apostles were happening (were being done) D. NRSV rendering: Awe came upon everyone, because many wonders and signs were being done by the apostles. E. NKJV rendering: Then fear came upon every soul, and many wonders and signs were done through the apostles. F. NASB rendering: Everyone kept feeling a sense of awe; and many wonders and signs were taking place through the apostles. G. ESV rendering: And awe came upon every soul, and many wonders and signs were being done through the apostles. H. Delineation of problem: 1. List any alternative readings: a. dia. tw.n avposto,lwn evgi,neto evn vIerousalh,m b. dia. tw.n avposto,lwn evgi,neto evn vIerousalh,m fo,boj te h=n me,gaj evpi. pa,ntaj c. dia. tw/n ceirw/n tw/n avposto,lwn evgi,neto evn vIerousalh,m d. dia. tw/n ceirw/n tw/n avposto,lwn evgi,nonto eivj vIerousalh,m fo,boj te h=n me,goj evpi. pa,ntaj auvtou,j 2. Label each alternative as to the kind of variation is involved (e.g., omission, addition, transposition of words, substitution) a. Addition b. Addition c. Addition d. Addition 3. Translate the alternatives so as to bring out the differences in meaning

each conveys Alternative Readings dia. tw.n avposto,lwn evgi,neto evn vIerousalh,m dia. tw.n avposto,lwn evgi,neto evn vIerousalh,m\ fo,boj te h=n me,gaj evpi. pa,ntaj dia. tw/n ceirw/n tw/n avposto,lwn evgi,neto evn vIerousalh,m dia. tw/n ceirw/n tw/n avposto,lwn evgi,nonto eivj vIerousalh,m\ fo,boj te h=n me,goj evpi. pa,ntaj auvtou,j II. [C]

Kind of Variation Addition Addition

Translation through the apostles were happening (were being done) in Jerusalem through the apostles were happening (were being done) in Jerusalem; and awe was great over (among) all through the hands of the apostles were happening (were being done) in Jerusalem through the hands of the apostles into Jerusalem; and awe was great over (among) all (of) them

Addition Addition

External Evidence A. Accumulation of Evidence Readings

Alt. Reading 1 Alt. Reading 2

Evidence B D 81 945 1739 1891 Byz [P] Lectpt, AD (Lectpt evge,neto) Old Latin (several) Syriac (Harclean) Coptic (Sahidic) (Armenian) (Ethiopic) Chrysostom 33 1409 (2344 evge,neto) Syriac Peshitta P. 74vid a (A C evge,neto tw/n avposto,lwn) (36 eivj vIerousalh,m and pa,ntaj auvtou,j) (1175 evge,neto dia. tw/n avposto,lwn) (l 884 evge,neto) Old Latin (several) Vulgate (several) (Slavic) (E evgi,nonto) 181* (181 add) (614 omit) Old Latin (Y evn for ei,j) 307 453 610 1678 (Coptic [Bohairic, Meg]) (Georgian) Western D 1739 Old Latin Vulgate Syriac (Harclean) Others (Armenian)

Alt. Reading 3 Alt. Reading 4

B. Distribution of Evidence Readings Byzantine Alexandrian [C] 945 1891 Byz [P] B 81 Coptic Lectpt, AD (Lectpt (Sahidic) evge,neto) Ethiopic Chrysostom Alt. Reading 1 1409 (2344 33 evge,neto) Syriac Peshitta

Alt. Reading 2

(l 884 evge,neto)?

P. 74vid a (A C evge,neto tw/n avposto,lwn) (1175)

(36) Old Latin (several) Vulgate (several) (Slavic)

Alt. Reading 3 Alt. Reading 4

(181 add)? 307 453 610 1678 (Y evn for ei,j) (Coptic [Bohairic, Meg])

(E evgi,nonto) (614 omit) Old Latin (Georgian)

C. Evaluation of Evidence Readings [C] Alt. Reading 1 Alt. Reading 2 Alt. Reading 3 Alt. Reading 4 Internal Evidence A. Transcriptional Probabilities Readings [C] dia. tw/n avposto,lwn evgi,neto dia. tw.n avposto,lwn evgi,neto evn vIerousalh,m dia. tw.n avposto,lwn evgi,neto evn vIerousalh,m\ fo,boj te h=n me,gaj evpi. pa,ntaj dia. tw/n ceirw/n tw/n avposto,lwn evgi,neto evn vIerousalh,m dia. tw/n ceirw/n tw/n avposto,lwn evgi,nonto eivj vIerousalh,m\ fo,boj te h=n me,goj evpi. pa,ntaj auvtou,j B. Intrinsic Probabilities Readings Authors Style [C] Seamless Alt. Reading 1 Repetition atypical of Luke Alt. Reading 2 Different grammatical III.

Rationale Broad reliable support; one early witness; widespread version support Little support; 33 first (9th c.) then to Byz (2344 1409) Strong Alexandrian and Western support only Many discrepancies in witnesses; limited in geographical distribution; no early witnesses No early witnesses; mostly minuscule support; probably originated w/ 307 or 044

Possible Error in Transcription Doctrinal changes (if omission of tw/n ceirw/n) (not possible in light of external evidence) Conflation?; Clarity from scribe Improvement (clarity) on behalf of the scribe; metathesis of 5:12; cf. 5:5 Doctrinal changes Conflation; doctrinal changes; grammatical improvements; itacism (evgi,nonto for evgi,neto); cf. 5:5, 19:17 Vocabulary Consistent Consistent Consistent Theology In agreement In agreement In agreement

construction from similar verses Alt. Reading 3 Seamless Alt. Reading 4 Same as Var. 2 C. Evaluation of Evidence Readings [C]

Consistent Consistent

In agreement (5:12) In agreement (5:12)

Alt. Reading 1

Alt. Reading 2 Alt. Reading 3 Alt. Reading 4

Rationale Transcriptional errors unlikely and consistent with Lukan style, vocabulary, and theology; fits the immediate context of Acts 2; the shorter and harder reading Possible conflation for purpose of clarity, specificity, and/or harmonization; introduces repetition that is atypical of Luke; Lukan vocab and theology upheld Possible metathesis of 5:12; discrepancy in style but vocab and theology consistent tw/n ceirw/n could have been added for doctrinal emphasis; consistent w/ Lukan writing; fits immediate contextmatches 5:12 Many possibilities for transcriptional errors; discrepancy in style; agrees with doctrine represented in 5:12

IV.

Summary and Conclusion A. [C]: Shows the best manuscript support and is seamless with Lukan style, vocabulary, and theology; the omission of tw/n ceirw/n from Var. 3 for doctrinal reasons is unlikely given external evidence; fits immediate context; shorter reading B. Alt. Reading 1: External evidence carries almost no weight; possible error in transcription makes this Alt. Reading less likely original from other Alt. Readings C. Alt. Reading 2: Wider circulation than [C]; weak internal evidence D. Alt. Reading 3: Weak in both respects E. Alt. Reading 4: Lack of early manuscript support makes this reading unlikely original; many possible transcriptional errors further adds doubt to originality; copied from 5:12?

[D]
I. Preliminaries A. Biblical reference: Romans 14:19 B. Greek text involved in variation as found in UBS4: a;ra ou=n ta. th/j eivrh,nhj diw,kwmen kai. ta. th/j oivkodomh/j th/j eivj avllh,louj) C. Literal rendering: So then, therefore, these of the peace let us pursue and these of the building up of it into one another. D. NRSV rendering: Let us then pursue what makes for peace and for mutual

edification. E. NKJV rendering: Therefore let us pursue the things which make for peace and the things by which one may edify another. F. NASB rendering: So then we pursue the things which make for peace and the building up of one another. G. ESV rendering: So then let us pursue what makes for peace and for mutual upbuilding. H. Delineation of problem: 1. List any alternative readings: a. diw,komen b. diw,kete 2. Label each alternative as to the kind of variation is involved (e.g., omission, addition, transposition of words, substitution) a. Substitution b. Substitution 3. Translate the alternatives so as to bring out the differences in meaning each conveys Alternative Readings Kind of Variation Translation diw,komen Substitution So then, therefore, these of the peace we pursue (are pursuing) and. diw,kete Substitution So then, therefore, these of the peace pursue and. / So then, therefore, these of the peace you pursue (you are pursuing) and. External Evidence A. Accumulation of Evidence Readings [D] diw,kwmen II.

Evidence C D Y 33 81 104 256 365 424 436 459 1175 1241 1319 1506 1573 1739 1852 1881 1912 1962 2127 2200cvid Byz Lect Old Latin (several) Vulgate Syriac (Palestinian) Coptic (Sahidic, Bohairic) Armenian Ethiopic Goergian Origen (Latin) Chrysostom Ambrosiaster Pelagius Augustine Speculum

diw,komen

a A B F G L P 048 0150 0209 6 263 2200*vid

l 60 l 147 l 165 l 422 l 592 l 593 l 597 l 603 l 884 l 1154 l 1356 l 921 l 1021 l 1439 Georgian Western D 1912 Old Latin (several) Others Syriac (Palestinian)

diw,kete

B. Distribution of Evidence Readings Byzantine Alexandrian [D] 14 minuscules C Y 33 81 104 diw,kwmen Chrysostom 1175 1739

Coptic (Sa, Bo) Ethiopic?

diw,komen

L P 0150 0209 2 minuscules 11 lectionaries diw,kete 3 lectionaries C. Evaluation of Evidence Readings [D] diw,komen diw,kete

a A B 048 6

Vulgate Origen (Latin) Ambrosiaster Pelagius Augustine Speculum? FG

Armenian Georgian

Georgian Rationale Broad geographical support; high circulation; C (5th c.) earliest witness Great uncial support; earliest witnesses 4th c. No early supportweak

Internal Evidence A. Transcriptional Probabilities Readings [D] diw,kwmen diw,komen diw,kete B. Intrinsic Probabilities Readings Authors Style [D] diw,kwmen Consistent w/ context diw,komen Consistent w/ other a;ra ou=n clauses diw,kete Consistent C. Evaluation of Evidence Readings [D] diw,kwmen diw,komen diw,kete IV.

III.

Possible Error in Transcription Itacism Itacism Grammatical improvement Vocabulary Consistent Consistent Consistent Theology In agreement In agreement In agreement

Rationale Fits the broad context the best (cf. vv. 3, 13) Typical of a;ra ou=n clauses Not atypical of Pauline writing, but not the expected reading

Summary and Conclusion A. [D]: Manuscript evidence spans a wide geographical area and best fits the broad context B. Alt. Reading 1: Best and earliest manuscript support and consistent w/ Pauls usual a;ra ou=n construction C. Alt. Reading 2: Weak external evidence and not as readily suitable for context