Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 2
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Applications of Thermodynamics
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Closed System
Also known as control mass(amount of matter inside control remains constant with time) consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. That is, no mass can enter or leave a closed system, but energy, in the form of heat or work, can cross the boundary
Lecture 1
Closed System
Lecture 1
Open System
is a properly selected region in space. It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle. Both mass and energy(in the form of work and/or heat) can cross the boundary.
Lecture 1
Open System
Lecture 1
Open System
Lecture 1
Open System
Lecture 1
Isolated System
A system that is not influenced in any way by the surroundings or environment no mass and energy flow across the system boundary
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
State of a Substance
State
Indentified or described by certain observable, macroscopic properties called properties
Lecture 1
Property of a Substance
Any quantity that depends only on the state of the system Independent of the path by which the state is arrived at. *Given a state , each property has only one definite value
Lecture 1
Property of a Substance
Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m. The list can be extended to include less familiar ones such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity, thermal expansion coefficient, electric resistivity,and even velocity and elevation. A property of a system has significance for the entire system only when the system is in equilibrium.
Lecture 1
Property of a Substance
2 General Class of Properties
Intensive Properties
independent of mass Examples: Pressure, Temperature, Color, Odor, Ductility etc.
Extensive Properties
dependent of mass Examples: Mass, Weight, Volume, Length
Lecture 1
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
A system is in equilibrium when it is in thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium Thermal equilibrium uniform temperature throughout the system. Mechanical equilibrium pressure at any point in the system does not vary with time when system is isolated Chemical equilibrium no tendency to change composition
A Thermodynamic Equilibrium a system condition that precludes all possible changes of state all equilibrium conditions are satisfied
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Processes
Non-Quasi-Equilibrium Process
Lecture 1
Processes
Quasi-Equilibrium Process(ideal process)
When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times.
Lecture 1
Processes
The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process which a particular property remains constant. Isothermal-Constant Temperature Isobaric(Isopiestic)-Constant Pressure Isochoric(Isometric)-Constant Volume
Lecture 1
Cycle
a series of processes, one after the other, such that the initial and final states are the same initial and final system compositions are similar.
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
The mass of a body remains the same regardless of its location in the universe. Its weight, however, changes with a change in gravitational acceleration
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Substances with SG of less than 1 are lighter than water, thus they would float on water The weight of a unit volume is called specific weight
Lecture 1
Pressure
Of a liquid or gas is defined as the normal component of force per unit area Fn P lim A A' A where A = a differential area of a system A = smallest area over which the fluid can be considered as a continuum Fn = component of force normal to A Typical units, SI: 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 Newton / m2 (N/m2) English: pound-force / ft2 (lbf/ft2), pound-force / in2 (lbf/in2) Others: 1 bar = 105 Pa = 0.1 Mpa atm = 101,325 Pa = 14.696 lbf/in2
Lecture 1
Pressure
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Pressure
Pressure is typically measured or indicated relative to either of two references which are Atmospheric Pressure typically sea level pressure at standard conditions; measured by a barometer Gauge pressure - indicates how much actual pressure is above atmospheric pressure; measured by a pressure gauge Vacuum pressure - indicates how much actual pressure is below atmospheric pressure; measured by a vacuum gauge Absolute Zero Pressure zero pressure or perfect vacuum; measured by an absolute pressure gauge or calculated from gauge/vacuum pressure
Lecture 1
Pressure
Lecture 1
Pressure Measurement
Using a Column of Fluid (Manometer)
P P2 1 P2 Patm gh
where = density of measuring fluid inside manometer h = difference in level of measuring fluid inside manometer g = gravitational constant = 9.80665 m/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2
Lecture 1
Pressure Measurement
Using Dial Gauges Consider the following
Tube side
Dial side
a. Pi b. Pi
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Equality of Temperature
Two bodies have equality of temperature if, when they are in thermal equilibrium, no change in any observable property occurs.
Lecture 1
Lecture 1