Expt.

No: Date: Aim:

Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

To perform amplitude modulation & demodulation using circuit elements and to plot the observed waveforms. Components Required: S.No Components Range / Specification 1 Transistor BC 107 2 Resistors 10K, 470 , 1K, 22K, 2.2K, 4.7K 3 Diode 0A79 4 Capacitor 0.1F, 0.01F, 0.001F 5 Signal (0-3)MHz Generator 6 CRO 7 DC RPS (0-30)V Theory: Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics of a carrier signal is varied in accordance with a modulating signal. The base band signal is referred to as the modulating signal and the output of the modulation process is called as the modulation signal. Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which is the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the message signal. The envelope of the modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the following two requirements are satisfied. Quantity 1 1 each 1 3,1,1resp 2 1 1

1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater than the highest frequency components fm of the message signal m (t) i.e. fc >> fm 2. The modulation index must be less than unity. if the modulation index is greater than unity, the carrier wave becomes over modulated. The process of detection provides a means of recovering the modulating Signal from modulating signal. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The detector circuit is employed to separate the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the envelope of an AM wave has the same shape as the message, independent of the carrier frequency and phase, demodulation can be accomplished by extracting envelope. Procedure: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. Separate signal generators provide the carrier signal and the input signal. 3. The output is observed in the CRO. 4. The amplitude and the time period of the amplitude modulated and demodulated signals are tabulated. 5. The input and output waveforms are plotted.

Circuit Diagram: Amplitude Modulation

Demodulation

Tabular Column: Vmax Vmin % modulation

Result Thus the amplitude modulation and demodulation circuits are constructed and their output waveforms are observed and plotted.

Expt. No: Date: Aim:

Frequency Modulation

To perform frequency modulation for a given message using circuit elements and to plot the observed results. Components Required: S.No Components 1 Monolithic function generator IC 2 Resistors 3 4 5 6 7 Pot Capacitor Signal Generator CRO DC RPS Range / Specification XR 2206 100K, 33K, 150 , 4.7K, 20K, 100K 0.1F, 0.001F, 1F, 10F (0-3)MHz (0-30)V Quantity 1 1,1,1,3 resp 1 each 1 each 1 1 1

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. AF generator provides the input modulating signal. The output is observed in the CRO. The amplitude and the time period of the frequency modulated signal are tabulated. 5. The input and output waveforms are plotted.

Circuit Diagram:

Tabular Column:

Signal amplitude frequency

Result Thus the frequency modulation was performed and the results were observed and plotted.

Expt.No: Date:

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AIM To construct a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) circuit and to observe the waveforms.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED S.No Components Range / Specification 1 Transistor BC 107 2 Resistors 47K, 22K, 4.7K 3 Signal (0-3)MHz Generator 4 CRO 5 DC RPS (0-30)V CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Quantity 1 1 each 2 1 1

PROCEDURE 1. Wire up the circuit as shown 2. Connect the test modulating signal (input signal) of the required amplitude and frequency. 3. Provide the pulse carrier signal to the circuit. 4. Power supply and CRO are switched on. 5. Observe and measure the PAM signal on the CRO. 6. Readings are noted.

RESULT Thus, a PAM circuit was constructed and the waveforms were observed and plotted.

Expt No: Date: AIM

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

To construct a pulse width modulation circuit using 555 timer IC and to observe the necessary waveforms. COMPONENTS REQUIRED S.No Components 1 2 3 4 5 6 Timer IC Resistors Capacitor Signal Generator CRO DC RPS Range / Specification NE555 47K, 10K 0.01F (0-3)MHz (0-30)V Quantity 1 1 each 1 2 1 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PIN DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE 1. Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Set the frequency and amplitude of the pulses using proper resistors and capacitors. 3. Apply the modulating signal to pin-5 of the timer. 4. Verify the pulse width modulated output in the CRO (amplitude and frequency of the pulses should be constant.)

TABULATION

RESULT Thus pulse width modulation circuit is constructed using 555 timer and the output waveforms are observed and plotted.

Expt No: Date: AIM

PULSE POSITION MODULATION

To perform pulse position modulation using 555 timer IC. COMPONENTS REQUIRED S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Components Timer IC Resistors Capacitor Signal Generator CRO DC RPS Bread board, wires Range / Specification IC 555 10K, 1K, 100K 0.01F (0-3)MHz +5V Quantity 1 1 each 1 1 1 1 As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PIN DIAGRAM

TABULATION

PROCEDURE 1. Wire up the circuit as shown. 2. Without providing the input message signal to the circuit, observe the pulse generated by the circuit. 3. Connect the message signal as input to the circuit. 4. Observe the output in the oscilloscope. 5. Vary the input amplitude and note down the variations in the output. 6. Draw graph with the noted values and verify it.

RESULT Thus PPM signal is generated for the given message signal using 555 timer and the output is observed and plotted.

Expt No: Date: TESTING OF PREEMPHASIS AND DEEMPHASIS CIRCUITS AIM To construct and verify the preemphasis and deemphasis circuits. COMPONENTS REQUIRED S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Components Resistors Capacitor Signal Generator CRO Bread board, wires Range / Specification 10K, 100 0.01F (0-3)MHz Quantity 2,1 resp 1 1 1 As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM PREEMPHASIS

DEEMPHASIS

TABULATION PREEMPHASIS Input frequency (Hz) Output amplitude (Volts) Gain (dB)

DEEMPHASIS Input frequency (Hz) Output amplitude (Volts) Gain (dB)

PROCEDURE 1. 2. 3. 4. Wire up the circuits as shown in the circuit diagrams. Vary the input frequency and observe the output voltage. Calculate the gain in tabulations. Plot the frequency response.

RESULT Thus the preemphasis and deemphasis circuits were tested and their corresponding frequency response were plotted.

Expt No: Date: PULSE CODE MODULATION AIM: To study the principle of Pulse Code Modulation using PCM trainer kit. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: 1. PCM Kit 2. CRO 3. Patch Cords CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Give the connections as shown in the connection diagram. 2. Set the input voltage to 0.5V and check the output at both transmitter side and the receiver side. 3. Increase the input voltage by 0.5V in steps upto 5V. 4. Tabulate the digital values for each of the input voltage. 5. Plot the I/O characteristics in the graph sheet.

RESULT: Thus the PCM technique is studied using trainer kit and the I/O characteristics is plotted.

Expt No: Date: LINE CODING AIM: To study the principle of various line coding techniques. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: 1. Line Coding Experimental Kit DCL05. 2. CRO 3. Patch Cords CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Give the connections as shown in the connection diagram. 2. Set the required input signal in the input of the trainer kit. 3. Set the mode to NRZ-L and observe the input and the output waveforms. 4. Similarly repeat the experiment for different modes of operation. 5. Plot the input data and the line coded output in the graph.

RESULT: Thus various line coding techniques are studied using trainer kit and the necessary waveforms are plotted.