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Q1 MASONARY/BRICKS a. The material used in the construction of our hostel are as follows below Bricks.

Cement Paint Steel Nails Screw Wood Asbestos (roof) PVC pipes Copper wire (electrification) Aluminum (window frame) tiles re-bars irons mortar About whether bricks are used or not are, bricks are used in the construction of the hostel. This is the advantages that have been gain.  Good thermal conductivity- it makes the room warm during the winter and cold during the summer.  Sound proof-it makes the whole of the building sound proof; you cannot hear any noise from outside because of the brick used in the construction of the hostel.  It makes the building to last long because it is stronger and solid than blocks.  It makes the building to be termite resistance.  And it is fireproof. And the following are the disadvantages that would have been gained.      It adds a lot of weight to the foundation due to its solid nature. The initial cost is very high. Extreme weather may cause degradation of the surface due to frost (cold). Plastering is required. Where brick is porous if its a serious one, a crack that follows a brick work is a sure sign of structural or foundation construction defect, this often happens as a result of water due to improper sealing.  The brick should be built on a very good and strong foundation to avoid potential cracking and settling. PRESS, C. H. 2006
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b.

The process of making bricks via a video transcript

Clay is the principal material raw material, is been collected from the river (Hugli) which is fast silting up, box feeder is the first machine in a big plant, clay is mechanically dumped into the box feeder , it holds, supplies the clay to the mix-grinding inlet. From the grading inlet clay is conveyed through belt conveyor layer to a long mixing machine where the clay is mixed with water, steam if required. Through another belt conveyor clay is transported to the extruder where it is extrude as a shape of a brick of desired dimensions, automatic shaping machine, it cuts multiple bricks at a time and pushes the wet cut bricks to the conveyor belt, where the series of conveyors specially manufactured to soft handle the wet bricks up to the steel furniture. By the wet brick has set on top of the others. Were the wet bricks has transported into the hot drying chamber mechanically by fork car (fork lift), wet bricks have dried within a pre determine time. Dry bricks are been transported by fork cars (fork lift) inside the kiln where dry bricks are set as per a pre determine pattern and fired from the top, the existing kiln name as modified Hoffman kiln, the feeding of fuel may be sold, liquid or gas is mechanically operated and the fueling is done automatically by auto cold feeder with auto recorder system which controls, monitors and pick out temperature inside the firing room, 250 to 300 finished bricks will be strapped by a steel strapping machine and each unit of strapped material is been transported to the store yard by fork cars (fork lift) and loaded on a truck when desired . The finished product are three hole perforated brick, hollow brick, ten hole perforated brick, common solid brick and wall tiles. The above expiation is a transcript from a video explaining how the bricks are being produce. Video from youtube.com c. The properties and type of bricks The following are the types of bricks and their properties. TYPES OF BRICKS i. Modular bricks PROPERTIES -rough in appearance. - Very strong. -they have holes on them to reduce weight. DIAGRAME

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

vii.

-they look denser than the other bricks. -its wide face is visible. Fire brick -they are yellowish off-white in appearance. -they are made up of special clay. -they are always used in fire place Face brick -they are uniform in color, texture and size. -they look like old bricks. They are various shades of gray, red, yellow and white in appearance. Clinker brick -they are over burnt -they are usually rough. -they are also hard and durable. Pressed bricks -They are made from dry press process. -they have regular, smooth faces, sharp edges and perfectly square corners. -they are used like face bricks Glazed bricks -they are generally found in places like hospitals and lavatories. -they are coated with white or colored ceramic glazing -they are glass like

Paving bricks

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Sand lime brick

-made from mixture of lean of slaked lime and fine sand. -they are extensively used in Germany. Dr. Omid S.R. 2011

Table 1.

d. The extend bricks are been used in the Malaysian construction industry. According to what the contractor told me, bricks are frequently used in the Malaysian construction industry to the extent that you hardly see house built with block, brick are mostly used in the construction of external wall (fence) of the house. He told me various reasons why bricks are frequently used in the Malaysian construction industry which Ive listed below. i. When bricks (mud) are used in construction of a house, no further painting or plastering is required, because its already has its own beauty. ii. House build with bricks doesnt needs much maintenance, because it doesnt have paint to be repainted and plaster to cater for. iii. House build with brick is stronger than the ones build with blocks, because brick is solid without any hallow on them while blocks have hallows in them which make them not as strong as the bricks. So brick are durable than blocks. iv. And finally the aesthetic aspect of the bricks. Bricks look more pleasant to eyes than blocks because bricks come in so many forms, color and shape, so with that if a house is well design with brick it give the perfect appearance for the eye. So the above reasons I mentioned are what the contractor told me, about why Malaysian construction industry used bricks frequently than blocks for building.

e. The current status of bricks utilization in my country. The current utilization of brick is my country Nigeria is not all that much; I will give it 10% out of 100%. Someone hardly see a house build by bricks in my country. Brick are the main building material used in my country. I think the following reasons I will give are the main reason why brick are not used in my country. i. The cost of bricks make it impossible for a common man to use, block are cheaper than brick so thats why everyone is using it for construction. ii. Some places is because of the availability of raw material which is mud, it makes it very difficult to produce the bricks. iii. One of the biggest challenging we are facing is lack of technological knowhow, on how to produce the better quality, different forms of the brick and color, so that people will be convince it is very good for building.

iv.

Lack of exposure of the people makes them not to welcome a new development , so even if someone or group of people come out to enlighten the people about the good side of bricks people dont usually welcome such development because they are used with blocks or mud house for people in the rural area.

Q2 GLASS a. The manufacturing process of glass Raw materials Glass is mainly consist of silica which is gotten from pure sand, the sand will be washed to remove shell, large grain of sand and unwanted materials , before it is mixed with other materials which controls the color and other characteristics. Step1 Glass is made up of different ingredients in different proportion depending on what they want to produce. Must consist of the majors mixed with a little amount of the minors. The minors are weigh in a special weighing hopper and then added to the major with a little amount of water, water is very important in every dry mix the fines can blow off the batch as it enters the furnace and chop up the furnace tubes . The two tone batch will be mixed with the batch mixer for like 2 to 3 minutes before being transported to the batch hopper from which is gradually fed into the furnace. The mix of raw materials strictly depends on type of glass desired, and also the color has to do with the choice of minors, color result from two factors, the specific colorant addictives used and the oxidation state of the glass. The oxidation is promoted by adding carbon while some using colorant.

Figure 1.

Is showing a batch mixer

Step 2 the ingredients mixture is been continuously fed into the furnace run by natural gas, and when necessary boosted by electricity, the glass is first heated up to 1540c, at which
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temperature the mixture melts. The glass is then held above 1400c while it is been refined and CO2 and SO3 evolve, the glass is ready to be formed into the final product when no gas evolve. The furnace are kept at a specific temperatures by a cross fired system which lessen the heat loss and promotes equal heat distribution in the molten gas in the furnace as follows bellow. i. ii. iii. iv. Preheated air that has been heated up by passing up through the generator parking and so cooling the parking is blown into the furnace by large fans. The air mix with natural gas and combust. The flow of air pushes the tube gasses across the furnace, over the glass and down opposite regeneration heating up its packing. After half hour, the opposite regenerator is used and recycled reverse.

Figure 2. Showing the systematic diagram of glass manufacturing process Shaping plate glass The cooled molten glass from the furnace flowed into extension of the tank known a drawing canal, where the molten glass is been cooled off to 100c before drawn up into the drawing tower by dipping an iron grill into the glass, unto which the glass stuck. The 2.5 meters wide sheet of glass was drawn up into the tower by asbestos roller, cooling as it rises up, plate glass as thin as 2mm can be made. By the time the glass reaches the tower top it is tem meters above the molten glass and only 280c the glass is monitored to ensure its constant thickness, and then scored and snapped off by break off machine. With the help of a rubber suction pad they lifted to the
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conveyor belt where their rough edge is snapped off and they cooled off at same time before they are transported to the warehouse. Molding glass containers When the glass is removed from the furnace through the fore hearts where it is cooled off to bellow 1100c and 1150c, the temperature varies depends on the product to be formed, then fed into forming machine where sheet cut off weighed lump of red hot glass, single, two, or three as required, they are molded inside the machine, held for a short period of time to cool off after that transported to the annealing lehrs. The annealing lehrs are further stage in the cooling process of the glass, where the bottles are reheated to 600c and slowly cooled off to remove the stress point and prevent the glass from becoming brittle, finally they are coated with shinny, slippery spray on coating, that protects them for a while from being scratched, and then park them for delivery to the client.

Figure 3. The figure above is showing the annealing process of glass bottle. . Callan, Louise, 1989.

b. The advantages and disadvantages of glass in the building sector Advantages  Glass adds beauty (aesthetics) to the building.  It is use fulfill the architectural view for external decoration.  One of the important features of glass block wall is its fire resistivity because of its thickness.  It is an excellent material of thermal insulation, because its water proof and energy conversing.  Glass block wall are also resistant to graffiti art work and they are easy to clean.  Glass block wall bring light and privacy at same time into the building because it lets light in to the building and sill have privacy, because its not pure transparent. Disadvantages It is not safe in earthquake prone places. If used in hilly and desert areas it may cause more maintenance cost. The use of glass may also increase the cost of security It is a very costly material; it may increase the budgeted cost of construction work.  Smooth transparent glass are non resistance to pollution especially dust.  The installation of the glass is only done by the professional and you have to pay more for installing. WIGGINTON, M. 2002 c. The various connections of the glasses are shown below.    

Figure glass wall connection

Figure showing the glass sliding wall connection

Figure showing the connection of curtain wall

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d. The type of glass used in the construction industry and their properties are shown on the table below.

i.

Types of glass Self cleaning glass

ii.

Laminated glass

iii.

Clear white glass

iv.

Embossed pattern glass

v.

Fire resistance glass

vi. Georgian wired glass vii. Toughened glass -

Properties The glass brakes down and wash stubborn dirt that sticks on it. It has high performance of solar control, it blocks up to 78% of heat going into it. They converts sound wave into heat. They are two or more glass bonded together by interlayers. They provide protection fabrics and other interior object because it does not allow the sun effect to pass through it. They are transparent; its the most transparent architectural glass. It allows the passage of light through it, it provide possible visible light in to the building. They have a decoration embossed on them. It is decorative; it adds aesthetic to the building. They can fully allow light into the building and the same time limit clear view. It is fire resistance as the name implies, and the most important property of it. It also reduce sound, it is also a sound insulation. Mostly found in the interior of the building. This type can be clear or obstruct. The glass is embedded with wire mesh. The glass is also rated as a fire resistant glass. This is a safety glass, because when it brakes, it breaks into smaller pieces which make it less dangerous.

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viii.

Screen printed glass

Super They glass have high mechanical strength and impact resistance than most the common glass. They glass is moisture and acid resistance. The glass can shine for the rest of its life. They are vivid, colorful and some even pattern.

e. The behavior of glass wall in an earth quake prone places The glass wall within a stiffer aluminum frames were less tolerant of glass-to-aluminum collisions and were associated with glass fallout at lower drift magnitude than were the same glass types tested in more flexible aluminum frame. Glazing detail were also found to have significant effects on the seismic performance of the glass wall using a structural silicone glaze on two sides exhibited higher seismic resistance than did Identical glass specimens dry glassed on all four sides within a comparable wall framing system. f. Considering the light and thermal factors, the use of curtain wall and glass wall in my country. Considering the thermal and lighting factor, glass wall is extensively used in my country, because glass is a very good thermal conductor, it makes the room warm during winter and makes it cool during summer, glass has a great U-value which makes it a good thermal conductor. Glass is very good at lighting issues, because it allows the flow of light through them, thereby making very good material for bringing light into the building and at same time with privacy because the glass walls are not clear or pure transparent they are a kind of blur. Glass wall is very good in terms of both light and thermal conduction.

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Q3 POLYMER a. The ten type of polymer materials. They are as follows below I. Coatings i.e. Varnish and paints. II. Sewer and waste water pipes, rain water control i.e. drainage. III. Putty, Caulking, weather stripping i.e. sealant. IV. Glues and resin i.e. adhesive. V. Foam, beads, sheeting i.e. thermal insulation materials. VI. Trim and fixtures i.e. Door and window frames, base board and lighting fixtures. VII. Tapes i.e. Electrical insulation. VIII. Tiles, linoleum, asphaltic and polymer concrete, carpeting i.e. flooring and paving. IX. Shingles, roofing membrane, siding vapor barriers, ceiling tiles i.e. cladding.

b. The advantages and the disadvantages of polymer in five building components are.

Building components i. Roofing material

ii.

Adhesive

Advantages - It helps to insulate, cover and protect the surface of the building against the environment. - It gives high architectural quality. - It is very light in weight especially the polymeric membrane. - Some adhesive can with stand harsh weather. - Adhesive are effective even at high temperature.

disadvantages - It needs an expert workmanship if not the work will not be done correctly. - It can easily be puncture by a sharp object.

- Some can easily fail when the join become very damp. - Adhesive cannot be used on all materials; they can only be used on wood and paper.

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iii.

Paints and coating

iv.

PVC pipes

-it makes the building more resistance to weather. - And also it makes the building to look more beautiful. -they are tough and durable; they withstand hard nock without breaking. -they are light in weight, lighter than iron, it weight makes it easy to install. - They are cheaper than steel and iron pipes and the installation is very cheap.

- Some of the paints and coating can easily be washed away by water.

-because of their light weight they are prone to cracking. -they are available in small number of size. -it also has an environmental effect according to savvy caf, they contain traces of compound which are harm full to the environment.

v.

carpeting

Table2.

-carpet provides very good -Carpet has a health risk to insulation for underfoot everyone living in the making it the best option building according to U.S. for cold rooms. environmental Protection -basically carpet is one of Agency, because it the cheapest if not the accumulates dust and dust cheapest flooring material. mite. And also new carpet -unlike other floor emits chemicals causing finishing, carpets use to head ache. come along with -carpet get spoiled easily manufacturers warranty. because it is made from -carpet is very good at rebounding material sound reduction, when - they are made of you reside near a busy synthetic material which traffic carpet will help you give them short life span reduce the sound. Ramachandran V.S and James J.B 2003

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c. Ten photo of polymer component at KLCC and Pavilion shopping mall.

Figure4. exit sign made by polymer figure5. showing water closet tank

Figure6. PVC pipes for sewage

Figure7 showing electric switch

Figure8. Insulating material

figure9. carpeting

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Figure10. PVC

Figure11. Caulking in a toilet

Figure12. Roof insulating material

Figure13.sealant use the building

The advantages of the above polymer material used in the building are as follows below,  They are durable, that is they last very long.  Some have high tensile, flexure and comprehensive strength.  They have wide range of application.  They are resistant to corrosion, they dont rust.  They also require low maintenance.  They also serve as thermal insulators example fiber glass And the following are the disadvantages.  In the aspect of adhesives most of them are not stable at a temperature above 177C.  PVC pipe are Sensitivity to ultra violet (UV).  It has high exothermic reaction when used neat.  Some of the polymer materials cannot be used in a moist or damp environment.
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 Most the polymer materials have a limited thickness.

d. The advantages and the disadvantages of newly introduced polymer material. The following are the advantages  The newly introduce polymer materials in construction industry are durable and flexible. They do not rust break and they degrade slowly.  They are resistant to chemicals.  They have load bearing capacity.  They are very good sound and thermal insulators.  They have simpler mode of construction.  And they require less maintenance. The following are the disadvantages,  One disadvantages of plastic material is its tendency to soften at very high temperature.  Some of them are difficult to recycle.  Some safety issues arise from the use of polymer concrete.  The cost of some is extremely high; it more expensive than cement and the production is very complicated.  It can cause allergic reaction to workers when installing. HOLLAWAY, L. 1990

e. Ten photos of polymer materials in Linton University College.

Figure14.

PVC pipe

Figure15. Water closet tank


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Figure16. Insulating material

Figure17. Carpet

Figure18. Exit sign by polymer

Figure19. Electric switch

Figure20. PVC pipes for electric

Figure21. Roofing membrane

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Figure22. Sealant

Figure23. Caulking

The following are the function of the above polymer materials - A PVC pipes are use for sewage collection from the lavatories or kitchen to the septic tank. - Water closet tank is used for holding water in the toilet. - Fiber glass insulating material is used as insulating materials it is been place or blown into the cavity walls; it makes the room warm during winter and cools during summer. - Carpeting, carpeting is very important in terms of sound insulation, it keeps the room warm, and it makes the room comfortable. Above all it gives the room beauty. - The exit sign on figure number 18 shows the way out in building in case of emergency, it is made by polymer. - Electric switch make it possible to switch ``on`` and ``off`` the light. - PVC pipes is different from the above this one is use for electrification they are smaller than the ones used for sewage transportation. - Roofing membrane is used in roofing it is use to prevent leaking and move rain water off the roof. - Sealant are also use as water proofing material, they are use to seal off small spaces mostly on glass, metal, concrete. It main uses are around doors and windows. - Caulking materials are a kind of same with sealant, they are use to seal off joints in piping and to seal up space between masonry (bricks or blocks).

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Q4 TIMBER a. Explanation on how timber is produced The first process of manufacturing a timbers is started at the forest, where the timber log are been harvested they weigh about 1tone/m3, when the finish harvesting the log it will be transported from the forest in a truck, most of the saw mills are located in the forest where the trees are been grown. If the distance between the saw mill and where the tress are been harvested is long, the logs are to be transported using trains or by ship. Once the log arrives to the saw mill the manufacturing process begins. It starts with conversion of logs into use full product, which is timber.

Figure24. Showing the forest.

Figure25. Showing how timber log is been sawn in wood. Hard wood has more irregularities than soft wood, such as hollow cores the logs are needed to be cut (sawn) in a particular manner so that the timber can properly be seasoned (dried). High tech yielding saw milling and drying are been developed to
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improve the proportion of high value recovery , the materials that are not used up in the timber are regarded as by product such as saw dust and wood chip, so no waste present in the timber manufacturing process . After the logs are been cut into timber at the saw mill, the timber is been left to dry either naturally in an open air or artificially in an oven called kiln, this process is called seasoning. Seasoning provides a stable product for use in a range of building areas.

Figure26. The figure above is showing the natural method of timber seasoning. Air or natural drying is slow because it uses the solar (sun) energy for drying, but the artificial method which is being the kiln is faster and require high amount of energy, in this stage no preservatives are used except for maintaining the equipment and treatment of some material. When the timber is finally dry either naturally or artificially, it can be dress, mould or sold rough. Dressing is the process of paining the wood while molding is the shaping of wood into another form other than rectangular. So the above explanation is the manufacturing process of wood

b. Different method which can make a timber durable. The ways we can make timber durable are i. Preventing the timber from weather- this means that a timber That is exposed to the environment should be painted if not, the timber will rot, crack and lose its surface color. But by painting the timber it will prevent it from the above defects there by making it to last long (durable). ii. Choosing the right material for the right job- choosing the right wood for the right job is very important, if we want to have the maximum life span of our
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iii.

timber we have to choose wisely while choosing for a job. For example we want to use timber for stair case; a very good quality of wood should be use preferable hardwood because people will be trampling on it so it needs to be strong so that it can withstand the trampling and the weight of people using the building. If the material used is not strong enough it will not last long it will get spoil because it doesnt have the capacity to do withstand that kind of strength. Prevention of insects- insect are the number one treat for timber, insect such as termites, lyctive beetles and anobild borers use to destroy timber in a short period of time. So the ways to get rid of this destructive insect is by the use of chemicals called preservative (preservative are solution, mixture or compound used for preservative treatment of wood) and the preservative exist in three forms.  Water borne preservative  Oil borne preservative example creosote and pigment emulsified creosote. Other ways to prevent the insect are as follows bellow Eliminating or minimizing of crack in concrete foundation and slabs. Untreated timber soil contact should be minimized, because it may be the potential source of termites. Ensure the building site is free of debris after building and landscaping have been completed. If the above is done it will eliminate or minimize the insect attack there by increasing the durability of the wood.

c. The anatomy of wood. A wood is made up of hallow elongated spindle shaped cell, they are apparel to each other, the thing that affects the strength properties appearance, resistance to penetration by chemical and water is the characteristic of cell and arrangement. The feature of a wood beneath the bark of a wood, lays a very thin layer called cambium, it cannot be seen with naked eyes. Here the cell divide, within some time discern to form the bark tissue to the outside of the cambium and the wood (xylem) and wood tissue to the inside. The wood that has being formed new is termed as sap wood it contains living cell in it and conducts sap (nutrients) upward in the tree. After a while, the inner sap wood will be inactive and transformed into heart wood. The formation usually string along by the formation of extractive that darkens the wood, make it less porous and sometimes provides more resistance to decay. The center of

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the trunk is the pith, the soft tissue which the first wood growth take place in the newly formed twigs. The combined band of dark and light areas are the annual growth rings, it determine the age of the tree very year a ring is been added to a tree, these ring varies in shape, width and shape. The width is influenced by the environment. McGraw-Hill 2002.

Figure27. Showing the annual rings of the wood

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Figure28. Showing the side vies of the wood

Figure29. Showing the anatomy of the wood in detail d. The utilization of timber in the building industry in the context of sustainable development Over the years the concept of new building is to make sustainable in the sense that they will consume less energy, to reduce the negative human health impact and to shape the future. For us to achieve that the right building materials are to be used and timber is one of them. The reasons why timber is considered as a sustainable building material are as follows below.
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Carbon impact- carbon has a negative impact on our environment and general good of our planet. Forest play and all other green plant a big role in earth carbon cycle by eliminating the carbon and introducing oxygen in the atmosphere by what is called photosynthesis. This process helps to purify our atmosphere with oxygen and take off the carbon in it. Forest helps our ecosystem through this way. ii. Sustainability- our forest is renewable unlike metal and fossil-fuel based product, with a proper management of the forest, wood flow will be indefinite that means the future generation will have something to use. iii. Embodied energy- the word embodied energy means the total energy required to harvest, mine, manufacture, and transport to the point of use of the material. Wood need a little amount of energy to perform all the processes, it has a very low compare to other building materials such as steel, copper aluminum and e.t.c. the sun provide the energy to grow the threes and rain to nourish them. e. Photos of 5 building material made from wood found in Linton University College.

i.

Figure30. Showing a wooden frame of a glass in the library

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Figure31. Showing a wooden whiteboard in the class

Figure32. Showing a wooden door

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Figure34. Showing a well polished wooden door

Figure35. Showing a partition made with a wall in the school lobby

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f. The three reasons why wood is used in Malaysian construction industry more frequent than china or Middle East are. The three reasons why timber is used frequently in Malaysia than china and the Middle East are as follows bellow.  Availability of land- Malaysia an abounded land, the availability of land make it possible for the forest which supply them with wood (timber) that is extensively used in their construction industry. As for the chimes the dont have the land in excess due to rapid population growth, the number one use of land is human settlement and the available forest they have cant satisfy the high demand of public due to the number of their population.  Good weather- one of the major successes of forestry in Malaysia is their weather. They have a tropical rain forest with rain throughout the year. Such weather really supports the growth of plants. In the case of the middle east, their weather is not suitable for the plants growth, the rain fall is not all year round like that of Malaysia their rain is usually fall for 5,6, months which is not that frequent and heavy, they live in on the desert. And some part of china also has the desert issue. So due to their weather they dont have forest that is why timber (wood) is not used in their construction industry as the Malaysia construction industry.  Good management- the Malaysian forestry is properly managed, that is why it is still gives out much. Things like exploitation of the forest is very minimal here in Malaysia, deforestation is very minimal too, and when the threes are been harvested they are being replace with smaller one in order to keep forest going. But places like the middle east and china have problem of exploitation of the forest by the people which is illegal, and the replacement of the plants if they are been harvested is not that good as the Malaysian. So that is why wood (timber) is not usually used in the Middle East and chinas construction industry like the Malaysian construction industry.

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Reference 1. CALLAN & LOUISE 1989. Looking into glass, New Zealand Geography. 2. HOLLAWAY, L. 1990. Polymers and polymer composites in construction, T. Telford. 3. MCGRAW-HILL 2002. Encyclopedia Of Science And Technology, New York. 4. OMID S. R. 2011. 5. PRESS, C. H. 2006. Ultimate guide to masonry and concrete: design, build, and maintain, Creative Homeowner. 6. RAMACHANDRAN, V. S. & BEAUDOIN, J. J. 2003. Handbook of thermal analysis of construction materials, Noyes Publications/William Andrew Pub. 7. WIGGINTON, M. 2002. Glass in Architecture, Phaidon.

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